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BAB 6 FIZIK NUKLEAR

CHAPTER 6 NUCLEAR PHYSICS

6.1 REPUTAN RADIOAKTIF


RADIOACTIVE DECAY
1. Reputan radioaktif ialah proses nukleus tidak stabil menjadi nucleus stabil dengan
memancarkan sinaran radioaktif
Radioactive decay is a process in which an unstable nucleus becomes more stable by
emitting radioactive radiation.
2. Proses ini berlaku secara rawak dan spontan.
This process is random and spontaneous.
3. Ia berlaku secara spontan kerana ia TIDAK dipengaruhi oleh sebarang faktor-faktor fizikal
seperti suhu, tekanan, masa dan sebagainya.
A radioactive decay is random and spontaneous because it is not influenced by
temperature, pressure and other physical factors.
4. Terdapat tiga jenis sinaran radioaktif iaitu :
There are three types of radioactive radiation :
• Zarah alfa / Alpha particle
• Zarah beta / Beta particle
• Sinar gamma / Gamma ray

Persamaan Bagi Reputan Alfa


Equation Of Alpha Decay
• Zarah alfa ialah nukleus helium yang
terdiri daripada dua proton dan dua
neutron.
Alpha particle is a helium nucleus which
consist of two protons and two neutrons.
• Dalam reputan alfa, nukleus yang tidak
stabil mengeluarkan satu zarah alfa untuk
menjadi nukleus unsur baharu yang lebih Pereputan Alfa / Alpha Decay
stabil.
During alpha decay, an unstable nucleus
releases an alpha particle to become a
more stable nucleus of a new element.
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• Nukleus induk mempunyai nombor
proton, Z dan nombor nukleon, A.
Parent nucleus has proton number, Z and
nucleon number, A.
• Selepas reputan a, nukleus anak
mempunyai nombor proton, Z – 2 dan
nombor nukleon, A – 4
After α-decay, the daughter nucleus has
proton number, Z – 2 and nucleon
number, A – 4

Persamaan Bagi Reputan Beta


Equation Of Beta Decay

• Zarah beta ialah elektron yang bergerak pantas.


Beta particle is a fast-moving electron.
• Dalam reputan beta, sebiji neutron dalam nukleus
yang tidak stabil terurai kepada satu proton dan
satu elektron.
During beta decay, a neutron in an unstable
nucleus decomposes into one proton and one
electron. Pereputan Beta / Beta Decay
• Proton yang terhasil kekal dalam nukleus
manakala elektron akan terpancar keluar dengan
tenaga kinetik yang tinggi sebagai zarah b.
The resulting protons remain in the nucleus while
the electrons will be emitted out with high kinetic
energy as particles b
• Selepas reputan b, nombor proton bagi nukleus
anak menjadi Z + 1 dan nombor nukleon, A tidak
berubah
After b-decay, the proton number for the daughter
nucleus becomes Z + 1 but the nucleon number, A
does not change.

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Persamaan Bagi Reputan Gama
Equation Of Gamma Decay
• Sinar gama ialah sinaran elektromagnet yang
berfrekuensi tinggi.
Gamma rays are high-frequency electromagnetic
wave.
• Suatu nukleus radioaktif yang tidak stabil
membebaskan tenaga lebihannya untuk menjadi
lebih stabil.
An unstable nucleus releases its excess energy
to become more stable.
Pereputan Gama / Gamma Decay
• Sinaran gama tidak berjisim dan bersifat neutral
(tidak bercas).
Gamma rays have no mass and are neutral (not
charged).
• Selepas reputan gama, tiada perubahan nombor
proton dan nombor nukleon berlaku pada
nucleus.
After g-decay, there are no changes in the proton
number and nucleon number for the nucleus.
• Nukleus kurang bertenaga selepas reputan
gama.
The nucleus is less energetic after gamma decay.

Separuh Hayat
Half Life

• Separuh hayat, T 1/2 ialah masa yang


diambil untuk separuh daripada
bilangan asal nukleus radioaktif bagi
suatu sampel radioaktif mereput.
The half-life, T1 2 is the time taken for a
sample of radioactive nuclei to decay to
half of its initial number. Penentuan Usia Batu Granit
• Selepas satu separuh hayat, bilangan Determining The Age Of Granite Rock
nukleus yang belum mereput akan
menjadi separuh daripada nilai asal.
After one half-life, the number of nuclei
that are not decayed will be half of its
initial value

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• Apabila suatu nukleus radioaktif yang
tidak stabil mereput, nukleus baharu
yang terbentuk juga mungkin tidak
stabil. When an unstable radioactive
nucleus decays, the new nucleus that is
formed may also be unstable.
• Nukleus baharu akan mengalami satu
siri reputan berterusan sehingga
nukleus yang stabil terbentuk.
Uranium-238 Decay Series
The new nucleus will experience a
series of continuous decay until a stable
nucleus is formed.

Menentukan Separuh Hayat Bahan Sumber Radioaktif Daripada Graf Lengkung Reputan
To Determine The Half-Life Of A Radioactive Substance From Its Decay Curve

1. Suatu unsur radioaktif akan mengalami reputan radioaktif secara rawak dan spontan.
Radioactive substance will experience random and spontaneous radioactive decay.
2. Bilangan nukleus yang belum mereput akan berkurang dengan masa.
The number of nuclei which has not disintegrated decreases with time.
3. Unsur radioaktif yang berlainan mereput pada kadar yang berlainan.
Different radioactive substances decay at different rates.
4. Sifat ini boleh dipaparkan dalam bentuk graf lengkung reputan
A decay rate can be determined from a decay curve

Nilai separuh hayat boleh ditentukan daripada graf lengkung keaktifan melawan masa atau graf
bilangan atom, N radioaktif melawan masa.
The half -life value can be determined from a activity curve graph against time or a graph of the
number of atoms, radioactive N against time.

Graf lengkung bagi reputan radioaktif adalah seperti yang dipaparkan dalam Rajah (a). Semakin singkat
masa separuh hayat suatu sampel radioaktif (T’ ½ < T ½ ), semakin tinggi kadar reputannya seperti yang
ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (b).
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The curved graph for a radioactive decay is as shown in Figure (a). The shorter the half-life of a
radioactive sample (T’ ½ < T ½ ), the higher the rate of decay as shown in Figure (b).

Graf lengkung bagi reputan radioaktif


Curved graph for a radioactive decay

Ciri-Ciri Lengkungan Pereputan Radioaktif:


The Characteristic Of The Radioactive Decay Curve:

• Kecerunan graf mewakili kadar reputan radioaktif


The gradient of graph represents the rate of radioactivity decay
• Radioaktif berkurang secara eksponen dengan masa
Radioactivity decreases exponentially with time
• Masa separuh hayat = paksi -x
Magnitude of Half – life = x-axis
• Radioaktif tidak akan menjadi sifar.
Radioactivity will not be zero

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LATIHAN
EXERCISE

Kertas 1 (Objektif)
Paper 1 (Objective)

1 Rajah 1 di bawah menunjukkan pembebasan sinar alfa, beta dan gama dalam medan magnet
Diagram 1 shows the emission of alpha, beta and gamma rays in a magnetic field.

Rajah 1/ Diagram 1
Apakah yang diwakili oleh P, Q dan R?
What do P, Q and R represent?

P Q R
A Gama Alfa
Beta
Gamma Alpha
B Gama Alfa
Beta
Gamma Alpha
C Alfa Gama
Beta
Alpha Gamma
D Alfa Gama
Beta
Alpha Gamma

2 Sebuah meter kadar mencatatkan bacaan 1300 aktiviti per minit suatu sumber radioaktif pada
pukul 1.00 petang. Pada pukul 2.30 petang hari yang sama, kadar bilangan telah berkurang
kepada 325 aktiviti per minit. Berapakah setengah hayat sumber radioaktif itu?
A rate meter recorded a reading of 1300 activity per minute of a radioactive source at 1.00 pm.
At 2.30 pm the same day, the number rate had been reduced to 325 activities per minute. What
is the half -life of the radioactive source?

A 15 minit / minutes C 45 minit / minutes


B 25 minit / minutes D 60 minit / minutes

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3 Rajah 2 menunjukkan lengkung reputan bagi satu bahan radioaktif, Ruthenium-106.
Diagram 2 shows the decay curve of a radioactive substance, Ruthenium-106.
Aktiviti / bilangan per minit
Activity / counts per minute

4 000

3 000

2 000

1 000

Masa / tahun
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Time / year
Rajah 2/ Diagram 2
Tentukan masa yang diambil untuk bahan tersebut mereput sebanyak ¾ daripada jumlah asalnya.
Determine the time taken for the suvstance to decay by ¾ from its initial value.
A 0.5 tahun / years C 2.0 tahun / years
B 1.0 tahun / years D 2.9 tahun / years

4 Rajah 3 menunjukkan graf kadar bilangan bagi suatu sumber radioaktif dalam tempoh beberapa
jam. Apakah kadar bilangan yang mungkin selepas 20 jam?
Diagram 3 shows a graph of the number rate for a radioactive source over a period of several
hours. What is the possible number rate after 20 hours?

Rajah 3/ Diagram 3
A 0 min-1 C 250 min-1
B 125 min-1 D 500 min-1
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5 Apakah zarah-zarah yang terdapat dalam nuklues ?
202
What are the particles found in the nucleus?
X
80

A 80 elektron dan 122 proton C 80 elektron dan 202 neutron


80 electron and 122 proton 80 electron and 202 neutron

B 80 elektron dan 122 neutron D 122 proton dan 202 neutron


80 electron and 122 neutron 122 proton and 202 neutron

6 Rajah 4 menunjukkan tiub-GM mengesan sinaran daripada suatu sumber radioaktif.


Diagram 4 shows a GM-tube detecting the radiation from a radioactive source
Penyerap Meter kadar
Absorber Ratemeter
Sumber radioaktif
Radioactive
source

Tiub-GM
GM-tube
Rajah 4/ Diagram 4
Jadual menunjukkan bacaan-bacaan meter kadar apabila empat sumber radioaktif J, K, L dan
M diletakkan dihadapan tiub-GM tanpa penyerap dan dengan kertas dan aluminium sebagai
penyerap.
The table shows the rate meter readings when four radioactive sources J, K, L and M were placed
in front of a GM-tube without absorbers and with paper and aluminum as absorbers.
Tanpa penyerap Penyerap
Sumber radioaktif Absorbers
Without
Radioactive
absorbers Kertas Aluminium
Resources
Paper Aluminium
J 600 600 600
K 600 400 250
L 600 600 250
M 600 250 250

Sumber manakah memancarkan zarah beta sahaja?


Which source emits only beta particles?
A J C L
B K D M

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7 Satu nukleus X dihasilkan oleh 230
91Z. Nukleus Z mengeluarkan satu zarah alfa, α dan kemudian
satu zarah beta, β. Apakah nuklid X?
A nuclide X is represented by 230
91𝑍 . Nucleus of Z emits one alpha, α particle and then one beta,
β particle. What is the Nuclide X?

A 226 C 226
88X 90X

B 226 D 226
89X 91X

8 Rajah 5 menunjukkan lengkung reputan bagi satu sampel radioaktif.


Diagram 5 shows the decay curve of a radioactive sample.

Rajah 5/ Diagram 5

Berapakah separuh hayat bagi sampel radioaktif tersebut?


What is the half life of the radioactive sample?

A 0.2 tahun / years C 1.0 tahun / years


B 0.4 tahun / years D 1.2 tahun / years

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9 Rajah 6 menunjukkan seorang ahli bomba sedang mengesan sinaran melalui dinding plumbum
yang nipis bilik stor. Sinaran tersebut dihasilkan oleh bahan radioaktif .
Diagram 6 shows a fireman detecting radiation through lead walls of the store room. The radiation
was emitted by the radioactive material.

Rajah 6/ Diagram 6
Apakah jenis sinaran yang dikesan ?
Which type of radiation was being detected?

A Zarah α C Zarah γ
α particle β particle
B Sinar β D Sinar-X
γ ray X-ray

10 Rajah 7 menunjukkan satu lengkung reputan bagi suatu bahan radioaktif.


Diagram 7 shows a decay curve for a radioactive substance.

Rajah 7/ Diagram 7
Berapakah separuh hayat bagi bahan radioaktif tersebut?
What is the half-life of the radioactive substance?
A 9 jam / hours C 18 jam / hours
B 12 jam / hours D 72 jam / hours

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Kertas 2 (Bahagian A)
Paper 2 (Section A)

1 Iodin-131 adalah satu radioisotop bagi iodin.Suatu sampel radioisotop yang mengandungi 200 g
Iodin-131 mengalami proses reputan. Setengah-hayat Iodin-131 adalah 8 hari.
Iodine-131 is a radioisotope of iodine.A radioisotope sample that contains 200 g of Iodine-131
undergoes a decay process. The half-life of Iodine-131 is 8 days.

(a) Apakah maksud bagi separuh hayat?


What is the meaning of half-life?

………………………..........................………………………………………………………………
[1 m]
(b) Beri satu sebab mengapa Iodin-131 mengalami proses reputan.
Give one reason why Iodine-131 undergoes a decay process.

…………………………………………………………………………………..........................……
[1 m]

(c) (i) Hitung jisim Iodin-131 selepas 32 hari.


Calculate the mass of Iodine-131 afer 32 days.

[2 m]

(ii) Pada Rajah 1, lakar graf untuk menunjukkan proses reputan Iodin-131.
On Diagram 1, sketch a graph to show the decay process of Iodine-131.

Rajah 1/ Diagram 1
[2 m]
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2 Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan symbol nuklid untuk satu unsur.
Diagram 2.1 shows the nuclide notation of an element.

Rajah 2.1/ Diagram 2.1

Jadual 2 menunjukkan persamaan untuk proses pereputan radioisotope uranium dan radium.
Table 2 shows equation of the decay process of radioisotopes uranium and radium.

Jadual 2/ Table 2

a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan radioisotop?


What is the meaning of radioisotope?

………………………………………........................................................………………………..
[1 m]

b) Dengan menggunakan kedua-dua persamaan dalam Jadual 2.1, hitung perbezaan nombor
nukleon antara
By using both equations in Table 2.1, calculate the difference of nucleon number between:

(i) Uranium, U and Thorium, Th.


Uranium, U and Thorium, Th.

...................................................………………………………………………………………..
[1 m]
(ii) Radium, Ra and Radon, Rn.
Radium, Ra and Radon, Rn.

..............................................………………………………………………………………..
[1 m]

c) Dengan menggunakan kedua-dua persamaan dalam Jadual 2.1, hitung perbezaan nombor
proton antara
By using both equations in Table 2.1, calculate the difference of proton number between:

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(i) Uranium, U and Thorium, Th.

................................................………………………………………………………………..
[1 m]
(ii) Radium, Ra and Radon, Rn.

.................................................………………………………………………………………..
[1 m]

d) Berdasarkan jawapan dalam (b) dan (c), lengkapkan ayat di bawah.


Apabila berlaku pereputan ................... nombor nukleon berkurang sebanyak .........,…
nombor proton berkurang sebanyak ...................
Based on the answers in 6(b) and 6(c), complete the sentence below.
When ……………. decay occurs, the nucleon number decreases by ………….,the proton
number decreases by …………….
[1 m]
e) Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan satu radioisotop yang mengeluarkan zarah alfa.
Diagram 2.2 shows a relationship which emits alpha particle.

Rajah 2.2/ Diagram 2.2

(i) Dalam Rajah 2.2, lengkapkan lintasan zarah alfa apabila memasuki kawasan antara
dua plat logam.
In Diagram 2.2, complete the path of the alpha particle when it enters the region
between the two metal plates.
[1 m]

(ii) Beri satu sebab bagi jawapan anda di (e)(i).


Give one reason for your answer in (e)(i).

……….................................................………………………………………………………..
[1 m]

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Kertas 2 (Bahagian B)
Paper 2 (Section B)

1 Rajah 1 menunjukan dua jenis runut yang terbentuk dalam kebuk awan. Runut-runut itu terbentuk
disebabkan sinaran daripada radioisotop.
Diagram 1 shows two types of tracks formed in a cloud chamber. The tracks are formed due to the
radiation from radioisotope.

Rajah 1/ Diagram 1

a) (i) Apakah maksud radioisotop?


What is the meaning of radioisotope?

............................................................................................................................................
[1 m]

(ii) Namakan sinaran yang menyebabkan runut-runut dalam kebuk awan M dan kebuk awan
N.
Name the radiation that causes the tracks in cloud chamber M and cloud chamber N.

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
[2 m]

(iii) Terangkan jawapan di (a)(ii).


Explain the answer in (a)(ii).

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
[2 m]

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b) Radioisotop digunakan sebagai penyurih untuk menentukan kadar penyerapan baja oleh
tumbuhan. Anda dikehendaki untuk menyiasat ciri-ciri radioisotop seperti ditunjukkan dalam
Jadual 1.
Radioisotope is used as a tracer to determine the rate of absorption of fertilisers by plants. You
are required to investigate the characteristics of radioisotope as shown in Table 1.

Radioisotop Keadaan jirim Setengah-hayat Jenis Jenis pengesan


Radioisotope State of matter radioisotop sinaran Type of detector
Half-life of Type of
radioisotope ray
W Pepejal 5 minit Gama Pembilang bunga api
Solid 5 minutes Gamma Spark counter
X Cecair 2 tahun Beta Pembilang bunga api
Liquid 2 years Beta Spark counter
Y Cecair 14 hari Beta Tiub G-M
Liquid 14 days Beta G-M tube
Z Pepejal 20 tahun Gama Tiub G-M
Solid 20 years Gamma G-M tube
Jadual 1/ Table 1
Terangkan kesesuaian setiap ciri radioisotop untuk digunakan sebagai penyurih. Tentukan
radioisotop yang paling sesuai yang boleh digunakan untuk mengesan kadar penyerapan baja
oleh tumbuhan.
Beri sebab-sebab untuk pilihan anda.
Explain the suitability of beach characteristic of the radioisotope to be used as a tracer.
Determine the most suitable radioisotope that can be used to detect the rate of absorption of
fertilisers by plants.
Give reasons for your choice. [10 m]
CIRI – CIRI SEBAB
CHARACTERISTICS REASON

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c) Satu tindak balas nuklear diwakili oleh persamaan berikut:
A nuclear reaction is represented by the following equation:

Jisim:
Mass of:

Berdasarkan persamaan itu, hitung


Based on the equation, calculate
(i) cacat jisim,
the mass defect,

[2 m]
(ii) tenaga yang dibebaskan.
the energy released..

[3 m]

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6.2 TENAGA NUKLEAR
NUCLEAR ENERGY
DEFINASI Tenaga Nuklear: Tenaga atom yang dibebaskan semasa tindak balas nuklear
seperti pereputan radioaktif, pembelahan nukleus dan pelakuran nukleus.
DEFINITION of Nuclear Energy: Atomic energy released during a nuclear reaction such as
radioactive decay, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
Berkomunikasi tentang tindak balas nuklear:
Communicate about nuclear reactions:
(i) pembelahan nukleus( Nuclear Fission)
(ii) pelakuran nukleus (Nuclear Fusion

Perbandingan Antara Pembelahan Nukleus Dan Pelakuran Nukleus


Comparison Between Nuclear Fission And Nuclear Fusion
Pembelahan nukleus ialah proses Definasi Pelakuran nukleus ialah
pemecahan satu nukleus yang berat Defination proses percantuman dua
kepada dua nukleus yang lebih ringan nukleus yang ringan menjadi
Nuclear fission is the process of splitting nukleus yang lebih berat.
one heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei. Nuclear fusion is the process
of fusion of two light nuclei into
a heavier nucleus
Tidak berlaku secara semulajadi Proses Berlaku secara semulajadi di
Does not happen naturally kejadian matahari.
semulajadi Occurs naturally in the sun
The process
of natural
occurrence
Menghasilkan banyak zarah radioaktif. Hasil Tindak Menghasilkan sedikit zarah
# dua nukleus baru yang ringan balas radioaktif.
# 3 neutron baru Response Produces fewer radioactive
# membebaskan kuantiti tenaga yang Results particles.
besar.
Produces a lot of radioactive particles.
# two new light nuclei
# 3 new neutrons
# releasing large quantities of energy.

Neutron bergerak perlahan menghentam Syarat Memerlukan suhu yang tinggi.


nukleus Requirement Requires a high temperature.
Slowly moving neutrons hit the nucleus
Berlaku Tindak balas Tidak berlaku
Yes Berantai No
Chain
Response

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Reaktor nukleur dan bom atom Aplikasi Pembuatan bom hydrogen
Nuclear reactors and atomic bombs Application Manufacture of hydrogen
bombs
Persamaan pembelahan nukleus bagi Contoh
Uranium Example

Nuclear fission equation for Uranium

Rajah
Diagram

▪ Memerihalkan hubungan antara tenaga yang dibebaskan semasa tindak balas nuklear
dengan cacat jisim: E = mc2
Describe the relationship between the energy released during a nuclear reaction
with a mass defect: E = mc2

▪ Definasi unit jisim atom (u. j. a)


Definition of atomic mass unit (u. j. a)

▪ Unit u.j.a ialah unit yang sesuai untuk menyatakan jisim atom,proton dan neutron.
Unit u.j.a is a suitable unit for expressing the mass of atoms, protons and
neutrons.

▪ 1 unit jisim atom @ 1 u ialah 1/12 daripada jisim satu atom karbon -12.
1 the unit mass of an atom @ 1 u is 1/12 of the mass of one carbon atom -12


Jisim satu atom karbon 12 ialah 1.99265 x 10-26
The mass of one carbon atom 12 is 1.99265 x 10-26

▪ Hubungan antara tenaga yang dibebaskan semasa tindak balas nuklear dengan cacat
jisim.
The relationship between energy released during a nuclear reaction with mass defects.

▪ Pembelahan dan pelakuran nukleus membebaskan TENAGA yang banyak.


The fission and fusion of the nucleus releases a lot of ENERGY.

▪ TENAGA yang dibebaskan ini hasil daripada kehilangan jisim semasa tindak
balas nukleur.
The ENERGY released is the result of the loss of mass during the action
nuclear response.

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| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
▪ Jumlah jisim sebelum tindak balas > jumlah jisim selepas tindak balas.
Total mass before reaction> total mass after reaction.

▪ CACAT JISIM= Jumlah jisim sebelum tindakbalas- jumlah jisim selepas tindakbalas.
MASS DEFECT = Total mass before reaction- total mass after reaction.

▪ Jisim yang hilang ditukarkan kepada tenaga yang dibebaskan.


The lost mass is converted to the energy released.

▪ Hubungan antara jisim yang hilang ditukarkan dan tenaga yang dibebaskan diberikan
oleh persamaan Einstein.(E= mc2 )
The relationship between the lost mass is converted and the energy released is
given by Einstein's equation. (E = mc2)

▪ E= tenaga dibebaskan, unit joule,J


E= energy released, joule unit, J

▪ m= kehilangan jisim /cacat jisim,kg


m = mass loss /mass defect, kg

▪ c= laju cahaya = 3.0 x 108 m/s


c= speed of light = 3.0 x 108 m/s

Menyelesaikan Masalah Yang Melibatkan Tenaga Nuklear


Solve Problems Involving Nuclear Energy

Contoh Soalan Pembelahan Nukleus


Example Of A Nuclear Fission Question
Persamaan pembelahan nukleus uranium yang Penyelesaian:
dihentam oleh neutron.
Equation of fission of uranium nuclei struck by i) Jumlah jisim sebelum tindakbalas.
neutrons. Total mass before reaction.
235.04 u +1.01 u = 236.05

ii) Jumlah jisim selepas tindakbalas


Total mass after reaction.
140.91 u+91.93u+3(1.01 u) = 235.87
Hitung tenaga yang dibebaskan oleh atom
uranium -235. iii) Cacat jisim / Mass defects
Calculate the energy released by the atom
uranium -235. 236.05-235.87 = 0.18a.m.u
U-235 = 235.04 u
Ba-141=140.91 u Tenaga/Energy:
Kr-92=91.93u E = mc2
Neutron =1.01 u = 0.18x1.66x10-27 x( 3.0 x 108)2
27
1 u= 1.66x10- = 2.689 x 10-11 J

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Contoh Soalan Pelakuran Nukleus
Example Of A Nuclear Fusion Question
Persamaan pelakuran nukleus Penyelesaian:
Equation of nuclear fusion
i) Jumlah jisim sebelum tindakbalas.
Total mass before reaction.
(2.014102 u) x 2=4.028204

Hitung tenaga yang dibebaskan ii) Jumlah jisim selepas tindakbalas.


Calculate the energy released Total mass after reaction.
3.016049 u +1.007825 u = 4.023874
H-2=2.014102 u
H-3=3.016049 u iii) Cacat jisim/Body defects
H-1=1.007825 u m = 4.028204- 4.023874 = 0.00433
1 u= 1.66x10-27
Tenaga / Energy
E = mc2
= 0.00433 x 1.66x10-27x( 3.0 x 108)2
= 6.4 x 10-13 J

Memerihalkan Penjanaan Tenaga Elektrik Dalam Reaktor Nuklear


Describes The Generation Of Electricity In Nuclear Reactors.

Penjanaan Tenaga Elektrik Daripada Tenaga Nuclear


Generation Of Electricity From Nuclear Energy

Hanya proses pembelahan nuklear yang digunakan untuk


menghasilkan tenaga nuklear dalam reaktor nuklear
kerana proses pelakuran nuklear sukar dikendalikan dan
memerlukan suhu yang sangat tinggi. Di dalam reaktor
nuklear, tindak balas rantai terkawal berlaku dan tenaga
haba dibebaskan pada kadar tetap.
Only the process of nuclear fission is used to produce
nuclear energy in nuclear reactors because the process
of nuclear fusion is difficult to control and requires
extremely high temperatures. Inside the nuclear reactor,
a controlled chain reaction occurs and heat energy is
released at a fixed rate.

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| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
Pembelahan nukleus Air dipam ke dalam teras Pendidihan air
uranium-235 dan reaktor bagi menyerap menghasilkan stim yang
tindakbalas berantai tenaga haba yang bertekanan tinggi. Stim ini
menghasilkan tenaga dihasilkan oleh akan disalurkan ke turbin.
haba. pembelahan nukleaus Water boiling produces a
The nucleus division of Water is ehoused into the high-pressure stim. This
uranium-235 and chain- reactor core to absorb the stim will be fed to the
action produce heat heat generated by the turbine.
power. cleavage of the nucleaus

Turbin diputarkan oleh stim yang


bertekanan tinggi dan seterusnya
memutarkan magnet atau
Tenaga elektrik yang dijana
gegelung dalam penjana. Stim
dihantar melalui sistem
tersebut akan terkondensasi
penghantaran bekalan kuasa
menjadi air.
kepada pengguna
Turbines are rotated by a high-
Electricity generated is
pressure stim and so rotate
transmitted through the power
magnets or buzzes in the
supply transmission system to
generator. The stim will condense
the consumer.
into water.

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LATIHAN
EXERCISE

Kertas 1 (Objektif)
Paper 1 (Objective)

1. Persamaan berikut mewakili pelakuran nukleus.


The following equation represents a nuclear fusion.
Tenaga
Energy
Cacat jisim daripada tindak balas itu ialah 0.018863 u.
Berapakah tenaga yang dibebaskan semasa tindak balas itu?
The mass defect from the reaction is 0.018863 u.
What is the energy released in the reaction?

A 9.39 × 10–21 C 5.66 × 106


B 2.82 × 10–12 D 1.70 × 1015

2. Proses menggabungkan dua nukleus yang ringan untuk membentuk satu nukleus
yang lebih berat dikenali sebagai
The process of combing two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus is known as

A pelakuran nukleus C tindak balas berantai


nuclear fusion chain reaction
B pembelahan nukleus
nuclear fission

3. Rajah 1 menunjukkan permulaan suatu tindak balas berantai.


Diagram 1 shows the beginning of a chain reaction.

Rajah 1/ Diagram 1
Tindak balas berantai berlaku kerana
A chain reaction takes place because

A U mempunyai sifat keradioaktifan yang tinggi


U is highly radioactive
B kedua-dua nukleus Sr dan Xe masih bersifat radioaktif
the two nuclei Sr and Xe are still radioactive
C bilangan neutron yang dibebaskan berganda secara berterusan dengan
pertambahan masa.
the number of neutrons released is continuously multiplying as time increases
D tenaga yang dibebaskan semasa tindak balas nuklear adalah sangat tinggi.
the energy released during the nuclear reaction is very high

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| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
4 Apabila satu sampel Radium-226 mereput, tenaga yang dibebaskan ialah
7.81 × 10-13 J. Berapakah cacat jisim?
When a sample of Radium-226 decays, the energy released is 7.81 × 10-13 J.
What is the mass defect?

A 8.68 × 10-30 kg C 3.84 × 1020 kg


B 2.60 × 10-21 kg D 1.15 × 1029 kg.

5 Persamaan berikut mewakili pereputan satu nukleus uranium.


Berapakah nilai x dan y?
The following equation represents the decay of a uranium nucleus
What are the values of x and y?

x y
A 0 1
B 1 1
C 1 2
D 2 2

6 Jumlah tenaga yang besar dibebaskan semasa dua nukleus yang ringan bergabung
membentuk satu nukleus yang berat.
A large amount of energy is released when two light nuclei combine to form a heavy
nucleus.
Apakah nama proses ini?
What is the name of this process?

A Tindak balas berantai C Pembelahan nuklear


Chain reaction Nuclear fission
B Tindak balas nuklear D Pelakuran nuklear
Nuclear reaction Nuclear fusion

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Kertas 2 (Bahagian A)
Paper 2 (Section A)

1. Persamaan di bawah adalah tindak balas yang berlaku diteras matahari.


The following equation represents the reaction that occurs in the core of the sun.

a) (i) Namakan fenomena yang telah berlaku.


Name the phenomena that have occurred.

.........................................................................................................................
[1 m]

(ii) Nyatakan satu syarat yang diperlukan untuk tindak balas dalam (a) (i)
berlaku.
State one conditions that is required for the reaction in (a) (i) to accur.

.........................................................................................................................
[1 m]

b) 4
Nyatakan cas bagi 2 He
4
State the charges of 2 He

.........................................................................................................................
[1 m]

(c) 4
Nyatakan bilangan neutron pada 2 He
4
State the number of neutron in 2 He

..................................................................................................................................
[1 m]

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2. Satu tindakbalas nuklear diwakiliolehpersamaan berikut :
A nuclear reaction is represented by the following equation :

235
92U + 10 n→ 141
55 Cs +
93
37 Rb + 𝟐 10 n + energy

Jisim bagi/ Mass of : ;


235
92 = 235.04392 u
1
0n = 1.00867 u

141
55 Cs = 140.91963 u
93
37Rb =92.92157 u
1 u = 1.6 x 10-27 kg

Halaju cahaya = c = 3.0 x 108ms-1


Speed of light,

(a) Berdasarkan persamaan itu, hitungkan


Based on the equation , calculate.

i) Kecacatan jisim dalam kg


The mass defect in kg.

[2 m]

ii) Tenaga yang dibebaskan.


The energy released.

[2 m]

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| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
3. Jadual 3 menunjukkan jumlah jisim bagi nuklid-nuklid yang terlibat sebelum dan selepas
tindak balas P dan Q
Table 3 shows the total mass of the nuclides involved before and after the reactions P
and Q.
Tindakbalas Jumlah jisim / unit jisim atom, u Tenaga
nuklear Total mass / atomic mass unit, u dihasilkan /
Nuclear reaction Sebelum Selepas Energy produced
tindakbalas tindakbalas
Before reaction After reaction
P 4.02820 4.02467 3.296
Q 236.05259 235.86653 164.48
Jadual 3/ Table 3

a) Berdasarkan maklumat dalam Jadual 3,


Based on the information in Table 3,
i) Bandingkan tenaga yang dihasilkan oleh kedua-dua tindak balas nuklear.
Compare the energy produced by the two nuclear reactions.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 m]
ii) Bandingkan kehilangan jisim nuklid selepas tindak balas bagi kedua-dua
tindakbalas nuklear itu.
Compare the loss of mass of nuclides after reaction for the two nuclear
reactions.

………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 m]
iii) Hubungkait tenaga yang dihasilkan dalam tindak balas nuklear dengan
kehilangan jisim nuklid.
Relate the energy produced in the nuclear reaction to the loss of mass of
nuclides.

…………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 m]
b) Namakan konsep fizik yang terlibat di 6(a)(iii)
Name the physics concept involved in 6(a)(iii)

.......………………………………………………………………………………….........….
[1 m]
c) (i) Write the nuclear equation for the nuclear reaction P and Q.
Tulis persamaan nuklear bagi tindakbalas nuklear P dan Q.

P : ………………………………………………………………………………………

Q : ……………………………………………………………………………………....
[2 m]
(ii) Tindak balas nuklear manakah boleh menyebabkan tindak balas berantai?
Which nuclear reaction can cause a chain reaction?

……………………..……………………………………………..………………………
[1 m]

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| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5

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