Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Latihan Radioaktif t5 2022
Latihan Radioaktif t5 2022
41
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
Persamaan Bagi Reputan Gama
Equation Of Gamma Decay
• Sinar gama ialah sinaran elektromagnet yang
berfrekuensi tinggi.
Gamma rays are high-frequency electromagnetic
wave.
• Suatu nukleus radioaktif yang tidak stabil
membebaskan tenaga lebihannya untuk menjadi
lebih stabil.
An unstable nucleus releases its excess energy
to become more stable.
Pereputan Gama / Gamma Decay
• Sinaran gama tidak berjisim dan bersifat neutral
(tidak bercas).
Gamma rays have no mass and are neutral (not
charged).
• Selepas reputan gama, tiada perubahan nombor
proton dan nombor nukleon berlaku pada
nucleus.
After g-decay, there are no changes in the proton
number and nucleon number for the nucleus.
• Nukleus kurang bertenaga selepas reputan
gama.
The nucleus is less energetic after gamma decay.
Separuh Hayat
Half Life
42
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
• Apabila suatu nukleus radioaktif yang
tidak stabil mereput, nukleus baharu
yang terbentuk juga mungkin tidak
stabil. When an unstable radioactive
nucleus decays, the new nucleus that is
formed may also be unstable.
• Nukleus baharu akan mengalami satu
siri reputan berterusan sehingga
nukleus yang stabil terbentuk.
Uranium-238 Decay Series
The new nucleus will experience a
series of continuous decay until a stable
nucleus is formed.
Menentukan Separuh Hayat Bahan Sumber Radioaktif Daripada Graf Lengkung Reputan
To Determine The Half-Life Of A Radioactive Substance From Its Decay Curve
1. Suatu unsur radioaktif akan mengalami reputan radioaktif secara rawak dan spontan.
Radioactive substance will experience random and spontaneous radioactive decay.
2. Bilangan nukleus yang belum mereput akan berkurang dengan masa.
The number of nuclei which has not disintegrated decreases with time.
3. Unsur radioaktif yang berlainan mereput pada kadar yang berlainan.
Different radioactive substances decay at different rates.
4. Sifat ini boleh dipaparkan dalam bentuk graf lengkung reputan
A decay rate can be determined from a decay curve
Nilai separuh hayat boleh ditentukan daripada graf lengkung keaktifan melawan masa atau graf
bilangan atom, N radioaktif melawan masa.
The half -life value can be determined from a activity curve graph against time or a graph of the
number of atoms, radioactive N against time.
Graf lengkung bagi reputan radioaktif adalah seperti yang dipaparkan dalam Rajah (a). Semakin singkat
masa separuh hayat suatu sampel radioaktif (T’ ½ < T ½ ), semakin tinggi kadar reputannya seperti yang
ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (b).
43
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
The curved graph for a radioactive decay is as shown in Figure (a). The shorter the half-life of a
radioactive sample (T’ ½ < T ½ ), the higher the rate of decay as shown in Figure (b).
44
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
LATIHAN
EXERCISE
Kertas 1 (Objektif)
Paper 1 (Objective)
1 Rajah 1 di bawah menunjukkan pembebasan sinar alfa, beta dan gama dalam medan magnet
Diagram 1 shows the emission of alpha, beta and gamma rays in a magnetic field.
Rajah 1/ Diagram 1
Apakah yang diwakili oleh P, Q dan R?
What do P, Q and R represent?
P Q R
A Gama Alfa
Beta
Gamma Alpha
B Gama Alfa
Beta
Gamma Alpha
C Alfa Gama
Beta
Alpha Gamma
D Alfa Gama
Beta
Alpha Gamma
2 Sebuah meter kadar mencatatkan bacaan 1300 aktiviti per minit suatu sumber radioaktif pada
pukul 1.00 petang. Pada pukul 2.30 petang hari yang sama, kadar bilangan telah berkurang
kepada 325 aktiviti per minit. Berapakah setengah hayat sumber radioaktif itu?
A rate meter recorded a reading of 1300 activity per minute of a radioactive source at 1.00 pm.
At 2.30 pm the same day, the number rate had been reduced to 325 activities per minute. What
is the half -life of the radioactive source?
45
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
3 Rajah 2 menunjukkan lengkung reputan bagi satu bahan radioaktif, Ruthenium-106.
Diagram 2 shows the decay curve of a radioactive substance, Ruthenium-106.
Aktiviti / bilangan per minit
Activity / counts per minute
4 000
3 000
2 000
1 000
Masa / tahun
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Time / year
Rajah 2/ Diagram 2
Tentukan masa yang diambil untuk bahan tersebut mereput sebanyak ¾ daripada jumlah asalnya.
Determine the time taken for the suvstance to decay by ¾ from its initial value.
A 0.5 tahun / years C 2.0 tahun / years
B 1.0 tahun / years D 2.9 tahun / years
4 Rajah 3 menunjukkan graf kadar bilangan bagi suatu sumber radioaktif dalam tempoh beberapa
jam. Apakah kadar bilangan yang mungkin selepas 20 jam?
Diagram 3 shows a graph of the number rate for a radioactive source over a period of several
hours. What is the possible number rate after 20 hours?
Rajah 3/ Diagram 3
A 0 min-1 C 250 min-1
B 125 min-1 D 500 min-1
46
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
5 Apakah zarah-zarah yang terdapat dalam nuklues ?
202
What are the particles found in the nucleus?
X
80
Tiub-GM
GM-tube
Rajah 4/ Diagram 4
Jadual menunjukkan bacaan-bacaan meter kadar apabila empat sumber radioaktif J, K, L dan
M diletakkan dihadapan tiub-GM tanpa penyerap dan dengan kertas dan aluminium sebagai
penyerap.
The table shows the rate meter readings when four radioactive sources J, K, L and M were placed
in front of a GM-tube without absorbers and with paper and aluminum as absorbers.
Tanpa penyerap Penyerap
Sumber radioaktif Absorbers
Without
Radioactive
absorbers Kertas Aluminium
Resources
Paper Aluminium
J 600 600 600
K 600 400 250
L 600 600 250
M 600 250 250
47
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
7 Satu nukleus X dihasilkan oleh 230
91Z. Nukleus Z mengeluarkan satu zarah alfa, α dan kemudian
satu zarah beta, β. Apakah nuklid X?
A nuclide X is represented by 230
91𝑍 . Nucleus of Z emits one alpha, α particle and then one beta,
β particle. What is the Nuclide X?
A 226 C 226
88X 90X
B 226 D 226
89X 91X
Rajah 5/ Diagram 5
48
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
9 Rajah 6 menunjukkan seorang ahli bomba sedang mengesan sinaran melalui dinding plumbum
yang nipis bilik stor. Sinaran tersebut dihasilkan oleh bahan radioaktif .
Diagram 6 shows a fireman detecting radiation through lead walls of the store room. The radiation
was emitted by the radioactive material.
Rajah 6/ Diagram 6
Apakah jenis sinaran yang dikesan ?
Which type of radiation was being detected?
A Zarah α C Zarah γ
α particle β particle
B Sinar β D Sinar-X
γ ray X-ray
Rajah 7/ Diagram 7
Berapakah separuh hayat bagi bahan radioaktif tersebut?
What is the half-life of the radioactive substance?
A 9 jam / hours C 18 jam / hours
B 12 jam / hours D 72 jam / hours
49
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
Kertas 2 (Bahagian A)
Paper 2 (Section A)
1 Iodin-131 adalah satu radioisotop bagi iodin.Suatu sampel radioisotop yang mengandungi 200 g
Iodin-131 mengalami proses reputan. Setengah-hayat Iodin-131 adalah 8 hari.
Iodine-131 is a radioisotope of iodine.A radioisotope sample that contains 200 g of Iodine-131
undergoes a decay process. The half-life of Iodine-131 is 8 days.
………………………..........................………………………………………………………………
[1 m]
(b) Beri satu sebab mengapa Iodin-131 mengalami proses reputan.
Give one reason why Iodine-131 undergoes a decay process.
…………………………………………………………………………………..........................……
[1 m]
[2 m]
(ii) Pada Rajah 1, lakar graf untuk menunjukkan proses reputan Iodin-131.
On Diagram 1, sketch a graph to show the decay process of Iodine-131.
Rajah 1/ Diagram 1
[2 m]
50
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
2 Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan symbol nuklid untuk satu unsur.
Diagram 2.1 shows the nuclide notation of an element.
Jadual 2 menunjukkan persamaan untuk proses pereputan radioisotope uranium dan radium.
Table 2 shows equation of the decay process of radioisotopes uranium and radium.
Jadual 2/ Table 2
………………………………………........................................................………………………..
[1 m]
b) Dengan menggunakan kedua-dua persamaan dalam Jadual 2.1, hitung perbezaan nombor
nukleon antara
By using both equations in Table 2.1, calculate the difference of nucleon number between:
...................................................………………………………………………………………..
[1 m]
(ii) Radium, Ra and Radon, Rn.
Radium, Ra and Radon, Rn.
..............................................………………………………………………………………..
[1 m]
c) Dengan menggunakan kedua-dua persamaan dalam Jadual 2.1, hitung perbezaan nombor
proton antara
By using both equations in Table 2.1, calculate the difference of proton number between:
51
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
(i) Uranium, U and Thorium, Th.
................................................………………………………………………………………..
[1 m]
(ii) Radium, Ra and Radon, Rn.
.................................................………………………………………………………………..
[1 m]
(i) Dalam Rajah 2.2, lengkapkan lintasan zarah alfa apabila memasuki kawasan antara
dua plat logam.
In Diagram 2.2, complete the path of the alpha particle when it enters the region
between the two metal plates.
[1 m]
……….................................................………………………………………………………..
[1 m]
52
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
Kertas 2 (Bahagian B)
Paper 2 (Section B)
1 Rajah 1 menunjukan dua jenis runut yang terbentuk dalam kebuk awan. Runut-runut itu terbentuk
disebabkan sinaran daripada radioisotop.
Diagram 1 shows two types of tracks formed in a cloud chamber. The tracks are formed due to the
radiation from radioisotope.
Rajah 1/ Diagram 1
............................................................................................................................................
[1 m]
(ii) Namakan sinaran yang menyebabkan runut-runut dalam kebuk awan M dan kebuk awan
N.
Name the radiation that causes the tracks in cloud chamber M and cloud chamber N.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
[2 m]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
[2 m]
53
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
b) Radioisotop digunakan sebagai penyurih untuk menentukan kadar penyerapan baja oleh
tumbuhan. Anda dikehendaki untuk menyiasat ciri-ciri radioisotop seperti ditunjukkan dalam
Jadual 1.
Radioisotope is used as a tracer to determine the rate of absorption of fertilisers by plants. You
are required to investigate the characteristics of radioisotope as shown in Table 1.
54
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
c) Satu tindak balas nuklear diwakili oleh persamaan berikut:
A nuclear reaction is represented by the following equation:
Jisim:
Mass of:
[2 m]
(ii) tenaga yang dibebaskan.
the energy released..
[3 m]
55
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
6.2 TENAGA NUKLEAR
NUCLEAR ENERGY
DEFINASI Tenaga Nuklear: Tenaga atom yang dibebaskan semasa tindak balas nuklear
seperti pereputan radioaktif, pembelahan nukleus dan pelakuran nukleus.
DEFINITION of Nuclear Energy: Atomic energy released during a nuclear reaction such as
radioactive decay, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
Berkomunikasi tentang tindak balas nuklear:
Communicate about nuclear reactions:
(i) pembelahan nukleus( Nuclear Fission)
(ii) pelakuran nukleus (Nuclear Fusion
56
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
Reaktor nukleur dan bom atom Aplikasi Pembuatan bom hydrogen
Nuclear reactors and atomic bombs Application Manufacture of hydrogen
bombs
Persamaan pembelahan nukleus bagi Contoh
Uranium Example
Rajah
Diagram
▪ Memerihalkan hubungan antara tenaga yang dibebaskan semasa tindak balas nuklear
dengan cacat jisim: E = mc2
Describe the relationship between the energy released during a nuclear reaction
with a mass defect: E = mc2
▪ Unit u.j.a ialah unit yang sesuai untuk menyatakan jisim atom,proton dan neutron.
Unit u.j.a is a suitable unit for expressing the mass of atoms, protons and
neutrons.
▪ 1 unit jisim atom @ 1 u ialah 1/12 daripada jisim satu atom karbon -12.
1 the unit mass of an atom @ 1 u is 1/12 of the mass of one carbon atom -12
▪
Jisim satu atom karbon 12 ialah 1.99265 x 10-26
The mass of one carbon atom 12 is 1.99265 x 10-26
▪ Hubungan antara tenaga yang dibebaskan semasa tindak balas nuklear dengan cacat
jisim.
The relationship between energy released during a nuclear reaction with mass defects.
▪ TENAGA yang dibebaskan ini hasil daripada kehilangan jisim semasa tindak
balas nukleur.
The ENERGY released is the result of the loss of mass during the action
nuclear response.
57
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
▪ Jumlah jisim sebelum tindak balas > jumlah jisim selepas tindak balas.
Total mass before reaction> total mass after reaction.
▪ CACAT JISIM= Jumlah jisim sebelum tindakbalas- jumlah jisim selepas tindakbalas.
MASS DEFECT = Total mass before reaction- total mass after reaction.
▪ Hubungan antara jisim yang hilang ditukarkan dan tenaga yang dibebaskan diberikan
oleh persamaan Einstein.(E= mc2 )
The relationship between the lost mass is converted and the energy released is
given by Einstein's equation. (E = mc2)
58
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
Contoh Soalan Pelakuran Nukleus
Example Of A Nuclear Fusion Question
Persamaan pelakuran nukleus Penyelesaian:
Equation of nuclear fusion
i) Jumlah jisim sebelum tindakbalas.
Total mass before reaction.
(2.014102 u) x 2=4.028204
59
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
Pembelahan nukleus Air dipam ke dalam teras Pendidihan air
uranium-235 dan reaktor bagi menyerap menghasilkan stim yang
tindakbalas berantai tenaga haba yang bertekanan tinggi. Stim ini
menghasilkan tenaga dihasilkan oleh akan disalurkan ke turbin.
haba. pembelahan nukleaus Water boiling produces a
The nucleus division of Water is ehoused into the high-pressure stim. This
uranium-235 and chain- reactor core to absorb the stim will be fed to the
action produce heat heat generated by the turbine.
power. cleavage of the nucleaus
60
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
LATIHAN
EXERCISE
Kertas 1 (Objektif)
Paper 1 (Objective)
2. Proses menggabungkan dua nukleus yang ringan untuk membentuk satu nukleus
yang lebih berat dikenali sebagai
The process of combing two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus is known as
Rajah 1/ Diagram 1
Tindak balas berantai berlaku kerana
A chain reaction takes place because
61
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
4 Apabila satu sampel Radium-226 mereput, tenaga yang dibebaskan ialah
7.81 × 10-13 J. Berapakah cacat jisim?
When a sample of Radium-226 decays, the energy released is 7.81 × 10-13 J.
What is the mass defect?
x y
A 0 1
B 1 1
C 1 2
D 2 2
6 Jumlah tenaga yang besar dibebaskan semasa dua nukleus yang ringan bergabung
membentuk satu nukleus yang berat.
A large amount of energy is released when two light nuclei combine to form a heavy
nucleus.
Apakah nama proses ini?
What is the name of this process?
62
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
Kertas 2 (Bahagian A)
Paper 2 (Section A)
.........................................................................................................................
[1 m]
(ii) Nyatakan satu syarat yang diperlukan untuk tindak balas dalam (a) (i)
berlaku.
State one conditions that is required for the reaction in (a) (i) to accur.
.........................................................................................................................
[1 m]
b) 4
Nyatakan cas bagi 2 He
4
State the charges of 2 He
.........................................................................................................................
[1 m]
(c) 4
Nyatakan bilangan neutron pada 2 He
4
State the number of neutron in 2 He
..................................................................................................................................
[1 m]
63
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
2. Satu tindakbalas nuklear diwakiliolehpersamaan berikut :
A nuclear reaction is represented by the following equation :
235
92U + 10 n→ 141
55 Cs +
93
37 Rb + 𝟐 10 n + energy
141
55 Cs = 140.91963 u
93
37Rb =92.92157 u
1 u = 1.6 x 10-27 kg
[2 m]
[2 m]
64
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5
3. Jadual 3 menunjukkan jumlah jisim bagi nuklid-nuklid yang terlibat sebelum dan selepas
tindak balas P dan Q
Table 3 shows the total mass of the nuclides involved before and after the reactions P
and Q.
Tindakbalas Jumlah jisim / unit jisim atom, u Tenaga
nuklear Total mass / atomic mass unit, u dihasilkan /
Nuclear reaction Sebelum Selepas Energy produced
tindakbalas tindakbalas
Before reaction After reaction
P 4.02820 4.02467 3.296
Q 236.05259 235.86653 164.48
Jadual 3/ Table 3
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 m]
ii) Bandingkan kehilangan jisim nuklid selepas tindak balas bagi kedua-dua
tindakbalas nuklear itu.
Compare the loss of mass of nuclides after reaction for the two nuclear
reactions.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 m]
iii) Hubungkait tenaga yang dihasilkan dalam tindak balas nuklear dengan
kehilangan jisim nuklid.
Relate the energy produced in the nuclear reaction to the loss of mass of
nuclides.
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 m]
b) Namakan konsep fizik yang terlibat di 6(a)(iii)
Name the physics concept involved in 6(a)(iii)
.......………………………………………………………………………………….........….
[1 m]
c) (i) Write the nuclear equation for the nuclear reaction P and Q.
Tulis persamaan nuklear bagi tindakbalas nuklear P dan Q.
P : ………………………………………………………………………………………
Q : ……………………………………………………………………………………....
[2 m]
(ii) Tindak balas nuklear manakah boleh menyebabkan tindak balas berantai?
Which nuclear reaction can cause a chain reaction?
……………………..……………………………………………..………………………
[1 m]
65
| MODUL KSSM FIZIK TINGKATAN 5