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 DECEMBER 2018

ASHRAE
JOURNAL THE MAGAZINE OF HVAC&R TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS ASHRAE.ORG

Thermal Comfort in
Warehouses
Thermal Zoning for HVAC Design | Energy Analyses of a Window Retrofit
4-Pipe VAV vs. Active Chilled Beams | Sustainable Products Capabilities
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 CONTENTS VOL. 60, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2018

STANDING COLUMNS
54
57 ENGINEER’S NOTEBOOK
4-Pipe VAV vs. Active Chilled
Beams for Labs
By Steven T. Taylor, P.E.

64 IEQ APPLICATIONS
Changes in IAQ
68 12 Caused by Corona
Discharge Air Cleaner
FEATURES By Todd Crawford; Patricia Fritz;
Thomas Wainman
12 Thermal Comfort in Heated-and-
Ventilated-Only Warehouses 68 REFRIGERATION APPLICATIONS
By Christian Taber; Donald Colliver, Ph.D., P.E.
Born With a Silver Spanner
In Her Hand
20 Thermal Zoning for HVAC Design By Andy Pearson, Ph.D., C.Eng.

By Brian A. Rock, Ph.D., P.E.

SPECIAL SECTIONS
32 Thermal Comfort and Energy 71 Sustainable Products
Capabilities
Analyses of a Window Retrofit with
2018 Indices
Dynamic Glazing 139

By Rodrigo Mora, Ph.D., P.Eng.; Robert Bean, R.E.T., P.L.(Eng.)

44 Commissioning an Existing Heat 4

DEPARTMENTS
Commentary
Recovery Chiller System 6 Industry News
By Lei Wang, Ph.D., P.E.; Yasuko Sakurai, Dr.Eng.; Steven J. Bowman; 8 Meetings and Shows
David E. Claridge, Ph.D., P.E. 143 Classified Advertising
144 Advertisers Index
54 NIST’s Testbed for Optimizing
Building System Performance
By Mary Kate McGowan, Associate Editor, News

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D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 3

 COMMENTARY
1791 Tullie Circle NE
Atlanta, GA 30329-2305
Phone: 404-636-8400
Fax: 404-321-5478 | www.ashrae.org Jay Scott
DIRECTOR OF ASHRAE PUBLICATIONS & EDUCATION
Mark S. Owen
EDITORIAL
Editor
Industry to Join Together in Atlanta
Jay Scott The 2019 AHR Expo arrives early this adjacent Mercedes-Benz Stadium three
jayscott@ashrae.org
Managing Editor
year, Jan. 14-16, with the Show roughly weeks later.
Sarah Foster 20 minutes (barring traffic) and 8.6 About 2,000 exhibitors will fill about
sfoster@ashrae.org
miles (13.8 km) away from ASHRAE 500,000 net ft² (about 46 451 net m²) of
Associate Editor
Rebecca Matyasovski headquarters in Atlanta. exhibit space, Stevens said.
rmatyasovski@ashrae.org
As a very large segment of the The 2019 ASHRAE Winter Conference
Associate Editor
Christopher Weems HVAC&R industry gathers, the Show will be based at the nearby Omni
cweems@ashrae.org has not lost any momentum from CNN Center Hotel. However, numer-
Associate Editor
Jeri Alger its record-breaking numbers from ous committee meetings, technical
jalger@ashrae.org Chicago in 2018. sessions, ASHRAE Learning Institute
Associate Editor
Mary Kate McGowan “We are thrilled to be back in Atlanta continuing education courses, and
mmcgowan@ashrae.org for the first time in 18 years,” Clay industry and ASHRAE certification
Assistant Editor Stevens, president of International exams will take place in the GWCC,
Tani Palefski
tpalefski@ashrae.org Exposition Company, which manages bringing conference attendees closer
Contributing Editor, Europe & Middle East the Show, said. “Atlanta, particularly to the Show.
W. Stephen Comstock
PUBLISHING SERVICES the Georgia World Congress Center
Publishing Services Manager (GWCC), is a hub for some of the coun- HVAC&R MANUFACTURERS
David Soltis
Production
try’s largest trade shows — a list that, reported positive sales growth in 2018,
Jayne Jackson for 2019, includes AHR. We are excited according to the latest AHR Expo and
ADVERTISING to be back in this region and to invite ASHRAE Journal Annual Economic
Associate Publisher,
ASHRAE Media Advertising professionals from all over the world to Outlook Survey of exhibitors. Clearly,
Greg Martin experience its energy and pace.” they have confidence coming into the
gmartin@ashrae.org
Advertising Production Coordinator Show.
Vanessa Johnson THE 2019 SHOW will be smaller Reports for business growth are at an
vjohnson@ashrae.org
CIRCULATION than Chicago because of construction all-time high, with 44% of respondents
Circulation Specialist to improve mobility between GWCC’s reporting a significant sales increase of
Ann Morris
amorris@ashrae.org two exhibit halls. The construction will more than 10% year-over-year. This is
ASHRAE OFFICERS not interfere with the Show and will up from a 2017 record of 35%.
President
Sheila J. Hayter, P.E. be limited to the hallways between the The survey found a 5% increase
President-Elect exhibit halls. at 64% (up from last year’s 59%) of
Darryl K. Boyce, P.Eng. “The Show has just as much vitality as respondents reporting their company’s
Treasurer
Charles E. Gulledge III, P.E. the Chicago Show did, but it’s limited intention to debut new products at the
Vice Presidents in space because of the space avail- 2019 Show.
Julia A. Keen, Ph.D., P.E.
Malcolm Dennis Knight, P.E. able,” Stevens said. Many of those new products can be
Farooq Mehboob, P.E. The 2019 Show will be the fifth found in this year’s Show Guide inside
Michael Schwedler, P.E.
Secretary & Executive Vice President
appearance in Atlanta and the first January’s Journal and will be available
Jeff H. Littleton since 2001. The early date is because on the floor of the Show.
POLICY GROUP the Super Bowl will be played in the Enjoy the issue.
2018 – 19 Chair
Publications Committee
José Correa, P.E.
Washington Office
washdc@ashrae.org
Mission Statement: ASHRAE Journal reviews current HVAC&R technology of broad interest through publica-
tion of application-oriented articles. ASHRAE Journal’s editorial content ranges from back-to-basics features
to reviews of emerging technologies, covering the entire spectrum of professional interest from design and
construction practices to commissioning and the service life of HVAC&R environmental systems.

4 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

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INDUSTRY NEWS

Mexico’s Interest in Energy Efficiency Grows

AHR Expo-Mexico Increases
Attendance, Showcases Innovation
MEXICO CITY—The increased attendance at this year’s AHR
Expo-Mexico parallels the country’s growing focus on
energy efficiency.
A total of 9,809 verified visitors—an AHR Expo-
Mexico record—attended the Show Oct. 2-4 in Mexico
City, according to the Expo. Besides the visitors, 3,851
attended the Show as registered exhibitor personnel,
representing 41 countries and 414 exhibiting companies.
All these numbers are AHR Expo-Mexico records.
“The more times that the AHR Expo-Mexico has been
held, the more momentum it has picked up and the
more commonly recognized it has become as a huge
asset for HVAC&R professionals in Mexico,” Clay Stevens,
Show manager, said.
The growing interest in Mexico’s HVAC&R industry
comes from both inside and outside the country.
Ana Cecilia Garay-Chaparro, Member ASHRAE,
former president of the ASHRAE Monterrey Chapter,
attributed the industry and Mexico’s increased focus on
energy efficiency to Mexico’s growing economy and the
number of buildings under construction.
She said tall buildings that house mixed-use develop-
ments are being built in cities. The increase in tall build-
ings in Mexico is contributing to the growth of district
cooling in the country, she said.
“There’s growing interest in Mexico, so they come here
(to the Show). Every year there are more companies
from other countries,” said Garay-Chaparro, who works
for Baltimore Aircoil Company.
The future of Mexico’s commercial sector looks prom-
ising, said Carlos Hermida, chief financial officer for
GREE Mexico. As the Mexican economy continues to
grow every year, he expects the market to double in size
in the next 10 years.
Another exhibitor, Dave Thomas, a national sales man-
ager for Sporlan/RAC Platform at Parker Sporlan, said
he has seen significant growth in the supermarket and
residential HVAC sectors.
The Mexican government is becoming more aware
about energy efficiency, Garay-Chaparro said, because
Andres Valles and Eric McClure present the Parker Sporlan V300 Rapid Purger to rid
noncondensables for greater efficiency in refrigerated warehouses. It tracks number of
purges and loss of ammonia.
the price of electricity has increased.
“We cannot keep doing the same kind of things—
design, operation of a building—because the cost of elec-
tricity increases a lot,” she said.
The Mexican government is developing the Norma
Oficial Mexicana (NOM), a series of official, compul-
sory standards and regulations, including for energy
efficiency.
“Those standards are going to get tougher and tougher
and tougher, which is good for us,” said Luis Gerard of
Bohn.
Products
Industry professionals are looking for ways to increase
energy efficiency on projects and systems, and exhibit-
ing companies shared ideas of how to achieve that goal,
said Garay-Chaparro.
Companies at this year’s Show displayed innovative
products from condensing units to fans.
Multi-Wing high-efficiency EMAX4 Fans offer up to
77% total efficiency. EMAX4 decreases noise by 2-3 dB
and reduces energy consumption in air-cooled condens-
ers, commercial refrigeration, chillers, cooling towers,
evaporators and more.

6 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

 INDUSTRY NEWS

The fans have a computer-optimized blade design for

maximum performance, said Alejandro Trevino from
Multi-Wing Mexico.
The industrial market for ammonia and CO2 refriger-
ants is growing, said Eric McClure, a division sales man-
ager for Parker Sporlan.
The company showcased its V300 Rapid Purger, which
is designed for refrigeration systems and will purge
non-condensable gas that can negatively affect system
performance and improve the equipment’s overall
efficiency.
Ammonia is the refrigerant of choice in Mexico and is
popular for large applications such as food storage, cold
storage warehouses and breweries, he said. The purger Luis M. Gerard of BOHN shows the new condensing unit FB digital scroll for the Mexico
is used in ammonia applications and is designed to be a and South American marketplace. It includes electronically commuted motors and slim
footprint suitable for convenience store application.
plug-and-play device where the operator inputs several
points of information such as the date and the number that would have the highest density of noncondensables.
of purge points, he said. Bohn introduced a condensing unit, the FB Digital
“It takes away the programming on-site,” said Scroll, for its South American market, said Gerard. The
McClure, adding that the equipment has a learning product’s EC motors with digital scroll make it more
control and the capability of singling out the condensers energy-efficient, he said.

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D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 7

MEETINGS AND SHOWS FULL CALENDAR: WWW.ASHRAE.ORG/CALENDAR
2019
JANUARY
Building Innovation 2019, Jan. 7–10, Washing-
ton, D.C. Contact the National Institute of Building
Sciences at 202-289-7800, nibs@nibs.org or www.
nibs.org/conference2019.
ASHRAE Winter Conference, Jan. 12–16, Atlan-
ta. Contact ASHRAE at 800-527-4723, meetings@
ashrae.org or www.ashrae.org/atlanta.
AHR Expo, Jan. 14–16, Atlanta. Cosponsored by
ASHRAE. Contact the International Exposition
Company at 203-221-9232, info@ahrexpo.com or
www.ahrexpo.com.
IAQA Annual Meeting, Jan. 14–16, Atlanta. Contact
the International Air Quality Association at 844-
802-4103, info@iaqa.org or www.iaqa.org/iaqa2019.
ABMA Annual Meeting, Jan. 18–21, Palm Beach
Gardens, Fla. Contact the American Boiler Manu-
facturers Association at 703-356-7172, info@abma.
org or www.abma.com/annual-meeting.
FEBRUARY
CTI Annual Meeting, Feb. 10–14, New Orleans.
Contact Virginia Manser, Cooling Technology In-
stitute, at 281-583-4087, vmanser@cti.org or www.
coolingtechnology.org/meetings.
Hydraulic Institute Annual Meeting, Feb. 24–28,
St. Petersburg, Fla. Contact Pamela Roccabruna,
conference director, at 973-267-9700 ext. 1211,
proccabruna@pumps.org or http://pumps.org/
conferences.aspx.
AAMA Annual Conference, Feb. 25–28, Palm
Springs, Calif. Contact the American Architec-
tural Manufacturers Association at 847-303-5664,
customerservice@aamanet.org or www.aamanet.
org.
MARCH
IIAR Natural Refrigeration Conference & Expo,
March 3–6, Phoenix. Contact the International In-
stitute of Ammonia Refrigeration (IIAR) at 703-312-
4200, annualmeeting@iiar.org or www.iiar.org.
MCAA Annual Convention, March 3–7, Phoe-
nix. Contact the Mechanical Contractors As-
sociation of America at 301-869-5800, help@
mcaa.org, or www.mcaa.org/events/calendar/
mcaa-annual-convention-5.
ACCA Conference & Expo, March 4–6, San An-
tonio. Contact the Air Conditioning Contractors
of America at askeete@ntpevents.com or www.
accaconference.com.
NADCA Annual Meeting & Exposition, March
31–April 2, Nashville, Tenn. Contact the Nation-
al Air Duct Cleaners Association at 856-380-6810,
info@nadca.com or https://annualmeeting.nadca.
com.
APRIL
National Home Performance Conference & Trade
Show, April 1–4, Chicago. Contact the Home Per-
formance Alliance at www.homeperformance.org/
conferences/HPC19.
AGC Equipment, Technology & Construction So-
lutions Expo, April 2–4, Denver. Contact the Asso-
ciated General Contractors of America at 703-548-
3118, info@agc.org or https://expo.agc.org.
8 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18
NAFA Technical Seminar, April 2–4, Irving, Texas.
Contact the National Air Filtration Association at
608-310-7542, nafa@nafahq.org or https://www.
nafahq.org/event/2019-technical-seminar.
NEBB Annual Conference, April 4–6, San Antonio.
Contact the National Environmental Balancing Bu-
reau at 301-977-3698 or www.nebb.org.
American Society of Thermal and Fluids Engi-
neers (ASTFE) Conference, April 14–17, Las Vegas.
Contact the ASTFE at 212-288-9200, info@astge.org
or www.astfe.org/tfec2019.
Cx Energy Conference & Expo, April 15–18, Or-
lando, Fla. Contact Anna Kosova, show organizer, at
202-737-7775, anna@commissioning.org, or www.
cxenergy.com.
MAY
AHRI Spring Meeting, May 6–8, Baltimore. Con-
tact the Air-Conditioning, Heating, & Refrigeration
Institute at 703-524-8800, nrich@ahrinet.org or
www.ahrinet.org.
Eastern Energy Expo, May 19–22, Hershey, Pa.
Contact the organizers at 973-467-1400 or www.
easternenergyexpo.com.
Lightfair International, May 21–23, Philadelphia.
Contact organizers at 404-220-2220, info@lightfair.
com or www.lightfair.com.
JUNE
AIA Conference on Architecture, June
6–8, Las Vegas. Contact the American In-
stitute of Architects at (800)-242-3837,
register@conferenceonarchitecture.com or
www.conferenceonarchitecture.com.
ASHRAE Annual Conference, June 22–26,
Kansas City, Mo. Contact ASHRAE at 800-527-
4723, meetings@ashrae.org or www.ashrae.org/
kansascity.
AUGUST
The 25th IIR International Congress of Refrigera-
tion, Aug. 24–30, Montreal, QC, Canada. Endorsed
by ASHRAE. Contact organizers at 450-550-3488,
ext. 114, info@icr2019.org or http://icr2019.org.
OCTOBER
ACEEE National Conference on Energy Efficiency
as a Resource. Oct. 15–17, Minneapolis. Contact the
American Council for an Energy-Efficient Econo-
my (ACEEE) at 202-507-4000 or http://aceee.org/
conferences/2019/eer.
OUTSIDE NORTH AMERICA
FEBRUARY
51st AiCARR International Conference, Feb.
20–22, Venice, Italy. Endorsed by ASHRAE. Con-
tact Gabriella Lichinchi at +39.02.67479270,
gabriellalichinchi@aicarr.org or https://tinyurl.
com/AiCARR2019.
ACREX India 2019, Feb. 28—March 2, Mum-
bai, India. Contact organizers at +91-11-47168831,
mansi.chawla@nm-india.com or www.acrex.in.
MARCH
Futurebuild, March 5–7, London. Contact Mar-
tin Hurn, organizer, at +44 (0)20 3011 2541, martin.
hurn@futurebuild.co.uk or www.futurebuild.co.uk.
CALLS FOR PAPERS
ASHRAE JOURNAL
ASHRAE Journal seeks applications arti-
cles of 3,000 or fewer words. Submissions
are subject to peer reviews and cannot
have been published previously. Submit
abstracts before sending articles to Jay
Scott, Editor, at jayscott@ashrae.org.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
ASHRAE’s Science and Technology for the Built
Environment seeks papers on original, com-
pleted research not previously published.
Papers must discuss how the research con-
tributes to technology. Papers should be
about 6,000 words. Abstracts and papers
should be submitted on Manuscript Cen-
tral at www.ashrae.org/manuscriptcentral.
Contact Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D.,
Editor, at raderm@umd.edu.
ASHRAE CONFERENCE PAPERS
For the 2020 Winter Conference in Orlan-
do, Conference Paper abstracts, full Tech-
nical Papers and paper session requests
are due March 4, 2019. For more infor-
mation, contact tcox@ashrae.org or tel:
678-539-1137.
ISH 2019, March 11–15, Frankfurt, Germany. Con-
tact Stefan Seitz, Director ISH Brand Management,
at +49 69 75 75-65 69, stefan.seitz@messefrankfurt.
com or https://ish.messefrankfurt.com.
APRIL
China Refrigeration Expo, April 9–11, Shanghai,
China. Contact Xue Longyun at +86-10-58565888
ext. 625, xuelongyun@biec.com.cn or www.
cr-expo.com.
MAY
CLIMA 2019, May 26–29, Bucharest, Romania. En-
dorsed by ASHRAE. Contact the Federation of Euro-
pean Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning As-
sociations (REHVA) at +32-2-5141171, info@rehva.eu
or www.clima2019.org.
AUGUST
5th International HVAC/R Congress, Aug.
28–30, Barranquilla, Colombia. Endorsed by
ASHRAE. Contact organizers at +57 318 7349026,
direcciontecnica@acaire.org or https://acaire.org/
congreso.
SEPTEMBER
Building Simulation 2018, Sept. 2–4, Rome,
Italy. Contact organizers at +39 06 39725540,
secretariat@buildingsimulation2019.org or http://
buildingsimulation2019.org.
OCTOBER
European Heat Pump Summit,Oct. 22–23,
Nuremberg, Germany. Contact Nürnberg-
Messe GmbH at +49 9 11 86 06-49 06 or www.
hp-summit.de/en.
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TECHNICAL FEATURE

Simulated Impact of Energy Codes

Thermal Comfort in
Heated-and-Ventilated-
Only Warehouses
BY CHRISTIAN TABER, MEMBER ASHRAE, BEMP, HBDP; DONALD COLLIVER, PH.D., P.E., PRESIDENTIAL/FELLOW/LIFE MEMBER ASHRAE

Building energy codes and standards contain minimum requirements that provide a
path to energy efficient buildings and building systems. ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1
and the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) are the main national build-
ing code models in the United States. Both Standard 90.1 and the IECC are updated on
three-year cycles with the goal of reducing building energy consumption.
Decreased energy consumption in each update is
achieved through a variety of energy conservation mea-
sures including: increased insulation levels, reduced
lighting power density and reduced solar heat gain from
fenestration. These measures not only save energy, they
also have potential to improve thermal comfort of occu-
pants in non-air-conditioned spaces.
So let’s examine the predicted thermal comfort
level using a prototype warehouse and compare using
Standard 90.1-2004, 2010 and 2016 energy efficiency
levels.
The Fanger and Adaptive comfort models will be used
to determine occupant thermal satisfaction. The OSHA
Heat Index will also be used to evaluate frequency of
high-risk hours for occupants and impacts on produc-
tivity will be examined.
Christian Taber is principal engineer-codes and standards for Big Ass Fans in Lexington, K.Y. Donald Colliver, Ph.D., P.E., is professor and director of graduate studies for Biosystems
Engineering at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, K.Y.
Using EnergyPlus, a warehouse building model that
prescriptively complied with Standard 90.1-2004,
-2010, and -2016 for each of the seventeen climate zones
(for a total of 51 prototypes) were simulated and the
results were compiled for analysis.1–3 The simulations
included the Fanger4 and Adaptive Comfort5 models to
determine occupant thermal comfort levels and predict
worker productivity impact. The NOAA Heat Index was
also used to determine the frequency of high-risk hours
for the warehouse occupants.6 An additional 17 models
were simulated to evaluate elevated air speed impact on
worker productivity.
Methods and Procedures
The modeled warehouse (Figure 1) is approximately
the same as the warehouse used by PNNL in the

12 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18


development of the Advanced Energy Design FIGURE 1 Warehouse layout.7
Guide for Small Warehouses and Self-Storage
Buildings.7 It is 50,000 ft2 (4645 m2), has a
floor-to-ceiling height of 28 ft (8.5 m) and
has three thermal zones. The office zone is
2 2
2,550 ft (237 m ). The fine-storage zone of
the warehouse is 12,450 ft2 (1157 m2). The Office
bulk zone of the warehouse is 34,500 ft2
(3205 m2).
The warehouse occupant count was
assumed to be zero in the PNNL models.8
Based on the internal load assumption of
three operating forklifts, it was determined the num-
ber of occupants in the bulk warehouse area should be
increased. Various sources were evaluated and signifi-
cantly different occupant densities were noted.
Based on widely varying occupant densities, a conser-
vative value of 5,000 ft (465 m ) per occupant was used and 783 cfm (22 m3/min.) per open dock door with a
2 2
to determine the number of occupants in the fine and
bulk storage zones. Occupants are present from 6 a.m.
until 6 p.m., with the building fully occupied from 8
a.m. to 12 p.m. and 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. The heat gain for the Document for the Warehouse Advanced Energy Design
warehouse occupants was calculated to be 730 Btu/h per Guide.7
person based on an average metabolic rate of 2.0 met,
heat generation of 5.4 W/ft2 (58.15 W/m2) of skin and 20
ft2 (1.84 m2) of skin.9
The remaining internal loads were unchanged from
8
the PNNL models. These loads include 0.75 W/ft (8.1 2
W/m2) of plug loads in the office, 2.7 kW of heat gain
for each of the three forklifts in bulk storage; lighting
power densities were determined by Standard 90.1.
Schedules applied to the internal loads were similar
to the occupancy schedule, with the exception of the
forklifts which included charging during unoccupied
hours.
Minimum ventilation rates were set for each of the
three zones based on the version of ASHRAE Standard
62.1 referenced in Standard 90.1; and a well-mixed
space was assumed.10 The PNNL models also include
3
80,000 cfm (2265 m /min.) of comfort ventilation
(exhaust fans and dampers) in bulk storage. 80,000 cfm Document.7
(2265 m3/min.) equates to a ventilation rate of approxi-
mately five air changes per hour.8 With no data source or Comfort Analysis, Productivity and Heat Index
remarks listed for this assumption, the mechanical ven-
tilation was reduced to 1.5 air changes per hour (24,150
cfm (684 m3/min.), which was more typical of minimum metabolic rate for the warehouse tasks were assumed
code construction.
TECHNICAL FEATURE
Bulk Storage
Fine
Storage
Infiltration rates and schedules were unchanged from
the PNNL models with general infiltration based on a
combination of 0.038 cfm/ft2 (0.193 L/s·m2) of wall area,
500 cfm (14 m3/min.) of leakage from each of the relief
dampers, 32 cfm (0.91 m3/min.) per closed dock door,
truck in place.8 Three dock doors are assumed to be
open with a truck in place during the occupied hours
for the entire year per the PNNL Technical Support
Single-zone, rooftop units were assigned to the office
and fine storage zones, while unit heaters were used in
bulk storage. Thermostats were set to 75°F (24°C) for
occupied cooling and 70°F (21°C) for occupied heating
with a 10°F (5.6°C) reset during unoccupied hours in the
office and fine storage zones. The heating setpoint was a
constant 55°F (13°C) in the bulk storage during heating
and an on-point of 85°F (29°C) was set for the comfort
ventilation fans.
The building envelope’s thermal properties were deter-
mined by the requirements set forth in Standard 90.1-
2016. Construction types consistent with a metal building
were selected. Windows were provided only in the office
area and seven dock doors were located in bulk storage.
An internal mass of 19 million pounds (8 618 255 kg) was
input in the bulk area to represent the goods stored on
the racking as described in the PNNL Technical Support
Comfort calculations for the occupant in the bulk stor-
age area were based on the following assumptions: The
to be 75% of the time spent lifting and packing and 25%
D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 13
TECHNICAL FEATURE

FIGURE 2 NOAA heat index chart.6

Relative Humidity (%)

General Affect on People in High-Risk Groups

Cat. Classification Heat Index/Apparent Temperature
IV* Extremely Hot ≥130°F
III† Very Hot 105°F to 129°F
II‡ Hot 90°F to 104°F
I§ Very Warm 80°F to 89°F
Temperature (°F)

*Heat/Sunstroke HIGHLY LIKELY with Continued Exposure | †Sunstroke, Heat Cramps or Heat Exhaustion LIKELY and Heatstroke POSSIBLE with Prolonged Exposure
and/or Physical Activity | ‡Sunstroke, Heat Cramps or Heat Exhaustion POSSIBLE with Prolonged Exposure and/or Physical Activity | § Fatigue Possible with Prolonged
Exposure and/or Physical Activity

walking.11 Clothing insulation was based on a dynamic Financial impacts of productivity loss were based on
clothing insulation model. the occupancy level for each hour and an hourly wage of
Two different comfort models were included in the $15.12.13
building simulations. The first model, Fanger’s Comfort Indoor air temperature and relative humidity were
Model, is used to determine the occupants’ predicted also used to determine the number of hours in each heat
mean vote (PMV) and the predicted percent dissatisfied stress category of NOAA’s Heat Index Chart.6 The Heat
(PPD).4 PMV values of greater than 0.5 indicate discom- Index Chart is used by employers to avoid employee heat
fort due to warm thermal sensation and PMV values of stress/heat stroke (Figure 2).
less than –0.5 indicate discomfort due to cool thermal
sensation. Comfort Analysis and Productivity
The second model, the Adaptive Comfort Model, is The Fanger Comfort Model was applied to the repre-
used to determine if space conditions meet the 80% sentative worker in the bulk storage part of the ware-
acceptability level based on a seven-day mean, outdoor- house and PMV values were calculated for each hour of
air temperature and the calculated indoor operative the year. The comfort zone is between 0.5 and –0.5 on
temperature.5 the Thermal Sensation Scale.14 Bulk storage has 3,636
The impact of thermal comfort on productivity was occupied hours per year. The number of occupied hours
determined based on the Fanger Comfort Model PMV where occupants were predicted to be uncomfortable
and Equation 1 established by Srinavin and Mohamed.12 due to heat (PMV > 0.5) for each building simulation are
Equation 1: Productivity Loss Based on Thermal presented in Figure 3.
Discomfort While the number of hours where occupants were
uncomfortably warm decreased slightly with the 2010
Pl = 99.91 – 0.796 × PMV – 1.843 × PMV2
and 2016 versions of Standard 90.1, nearly all climate
Variables zones maintained a significant percentage of hours out-
Pl = Productivity level (%) side of the comfort zone per the Fanger Comfort Model
PMV = Predicted Mean Vote noted in Figure 4.

14 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

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TECHNICAL FEATURE

As an alternate to the Fanger FIGURE 3 Annual occupied hours with PMV greater than 0.5 for three code versions of building.
Comfort Model, the Adaptive
4,000
Comfort Model Based on European
3,500 2004
Standard EN15251 was also used.15

Annual Occupied Hours PMV >0.5

2010
While occupants’ activity levels are 3,000
2016
higher than the 1.3 met limit for the 2,500
Adaptive Comfort Model, the adap- 2,000
tive method was applied since the 1,500
occupants can adjust clothing levels, 1,000
the dock doors can be opened and
500
closed, and there is no active cooling
0
system in bulk storage. Figure 5 pres- 1A 1B 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 5C 6A 6B 7 8
ents the number of occupied hours Climate Zone
where the occupants were predicted
to be uncomfortable by the Adaptive FIGURE 4 Fraction of annual occupied hours with PMV greater than 0.5 for three code versions of building.
Model method. 100%
The Adaptive Model shows
2004
reduced uncomfortable hours com-
Fraction of Annual Occupied Hours

80% 2010
pared to the Fanger model, but still 2016
shows a significant number of hours 60%
outside the comfort zone.
40%
Financial Impact
20%
The impact on productivity loss of
adding 160 fpm (1.8 mph [2.9 kph])
0%
of elevated air speed was evaluated 1A 1B 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 5C 6A 6B 7 8
for all climate zones for the Standard Climate Zone
90.1-2016 buildings and is presented
in Table 1. 160 fpm (48.77 m/min.) is FIGURE 5 Annual occupied hours with less than 80% acceptance due to hot conditions for three code versions of building.
a typical, average air speed used in
3,000
cooling comfort applications with
2004
circulator fans and is the upper 2,500
2010
limit of air speed when occupants do 2,000 2016
not have control of the fan in ANSI/
Hours

1,500
ASHRAE Standard 55.16 The number
of uncomfortable hours, and the 1,000
financial impact on productivity, 500
decreased significantly with the 0
addition of 160 fpm (48.77 m/min.) 1A 1B 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 5C 6A 6B 7 8
of elevated air speed. Climate Zone

Heat Index Figure 6 presents the number of hours in each Heat Index
Heat index combines relative humidity and tempera- Category the warehouse workers would experience for
ture to create “apparent” temperature, which provides each version of Standard 90.1.
an estimate of how warm indoor air will feel to an occu- The hours in the Extremely Hot category are essen-
pant. High Heat Index values indicate an increased tially eliminated for Climate Zones 1A and 1B with 2010
likelihood of workers experiencing heat-related illness. and 2016 revisions to Standard 90.1. The hours in the

16 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

 TECHNICAL FEATURE

Very Hot and Hot categories are generally reduced and TABLE 1 Annual cost of productivity loss due to high PMV.
moved closer to outdoor air conditions. The general shift 90.1-2016 AND
CLIMATE ZONE 90.1-2004 90.1-2010 90.1-2016
to lower categories will provide decreased risk of heat 160 FPM/48.77 M/MIN.

stress to warehouse workers and potentially provide 1A $53,409 $21,203 $20,923 $17,047
financial benefit to employers. 1B $63,676 $27,318 $27,113 $26,956
OSHA recommends a work-rest schedule be developed 2A $16,975 $14,083 $13,829 $11,383
for times when the Heat Index is above 90°F (32°C), 2B $17,909 $14,931 $14,738 $14,331
Category II – Hot.17 Table 2 presents an example work-rest 3A $7,504 $6,813 $6,580 $4,803
schedule used to mitigate the likelihood of heat related 3B $9,444 $8,720 $8,470 $6,963
illness/injury.18 3C $2,001 $1,633 $1,484 $334
Based on the number of rest minutes per hour for a 4A $4,233 $3,914 $3,772 $2,375
moderate work schedule, the cost of Category II, III, 4B $4,675 $4,328 $4,149 $2,867
and IV Heat Index break time was estimated. Table 3 4C $456 $375 $341 $44
summarizes annual cost for each location and version 5A $1,585 $1,340 $1,237 $431
of 90.1.
5B $2,406 $2,052 $1,897 $862
While the cost of breaks decreases dramatically in
5C $75 $36 $24 $0
the 2010 and 2016 versions of Standard 90.1, in climate
6A $1,421 $1,117 $1,021 $276
zones 1A through 3A, the annual lost wages are still sig-
6B $822 $603 $538 $126
nificantly high and could be used to financially justify
7 $735 $536 $476 $66
the addition of some ECM to decrease worker heat stress.
8 $77 $49 $34 $0

Summary and Discussion

FIGURE 6 Heat index hours and categories by climate zone.
The impact of hot and
humid conditions on the 6,000
1B
occupants of heated- and- 5,000
Extremely Hot
1A Very Hot
ventilated-only warehouses Hot
4,000 2A
in climate zones 1 through 2B Very Warm
Hours

4 is significant and costly. 3,000

While the 2010 and 2016 ver- 3B
2,000
sions of Standard 90.1 have 3A
increased worker comfort 1,000 4A 4B
and productivity levels, six 0
3C 4C 5A 5B 5C 6A 6B 7 8
climate zones still showed Note: Bars are grouped by climate zone for the years 2004, 2010 and 2016.
more than forty percent of
the occupied hours outside TABLE 2 Example work-rest schedule.
of the comfort zone for the HEAT INDEX CATEGORY LIGHT WORK MODERATE WORK HEAVY WORK
“Typical Meteorological Year.”
Up to 60 Work Min/Hr Up to 60 Work Min/Hr Up to 50 Work Min/Hr
The lost productivity and I – Very Warm
0 Rest Min/Hr 0 Rest Min/Hr 10 Rest Min/Hr
wages from the high PMV
Up to 60 Work Min/Hr Up to 50 Work Min/Hr Up to 40 Work Min/Hr
conditions represent a large II – Hot
0 Rest Min/Hr 10 Rest Min/Hr 20 Rest Min/Hr
opportunity for financial Up to 50 Work Min/Hr Up to 40 Work Min/Hr Up to 30 Work Min/Hr
justification of incorporating III – Very Hot
10 Rest Min/Hr 20 Rest Min/Hr 30 Rest Min/Hr
additional thermal comfort Up to 40 Work Min/Hr Up to 30 Work Min/Hr Up to 20 Work Min/Hr
IV – Extremely Hot
measures into the design of 20 Rest Min/Hr 30 Rest Min/Hr 40 Rest Min/Hr
warehouses.
If thermal comfort continues to be ignored by energy occupants will seek thermal comfort by adding addi-
codes, and in initial designs of buildings, building tional equipment to the building.

D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 17

TECHNICAL FEATURE

TABLE 3 Annual wage cost of breaks due to high heat index hours.
The example comfort measure of elevated air speed
CLIMATE ZONE 90.1-2004 90.1-2010 90.1-2016
resulted in significant reductions in uncomfortable
hours and productivity losses in Climate Zones 1A, 2A,
1A $30,718 $2,842 $2,709
3A, 3B, 3C, 4A, 4B, 5A, and 5B. Air speeds of 250 fpm (76
1B $40,152 $22,925 $22,771
m/min.) are relatively practical to achieve in warehouse
2A $12,963 $9,808 $9,439
environments. The increased air speed would pro-
2B $6,082 $3,124 $2,946
vide increased occupant comfort and improve worker
3A $2,129 $1,558 $1,330 productivity.
3B $35 $0 $0
3C $0 $0 $0 References
4A $574 $321 $174 1. ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2004, Energy Standard for
Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings.
4B $0 $0 $0 2. ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2010, Energy Standard for
4C $0 $0 $0 Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings.
3. ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2016, Energy Standard for
5A $0 $0 $0 Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings.
5B $0 $0 $0 4. Fanger, P. 1967. “Calculation of Thermal Comfort: Introduction
of a Basic Comfort Equation.” ASHRAE Transactions, 73(2).
5C $0 $0 $0
5. de Dear, R. J., et al. 1998. “Developing an adaptive model of
6A $0 $0 $0 thermal comfort and preference.” ASHRAE Transactions 104, p. 145.
6B $0 $0 $0 6. NOAA. 2018. Heat Index Chart. Retrieved from National
Weather Service: https://www.weather.gov/media/jetstream/global/
7 $0 $0 $0 heatindex_rh_f_11x17.pdf.
8 $0 $0 $0 7. Liu, B.,et al. 2007. “Technical Support Document:
Development of the Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small
Warehouse and Self-storage Buildings.” PNNL-17056. Richland, WA:
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. https://www.pnnl.gov/main/
publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-17056.pdf.
8. U.S. Department of Energy. 2018. “New Construction—
Commercial Reference Buildings.” Retrieved from https://www.
energy.gov/eere/buildings/new-construction-commercial-
reference-buildings.
9. Parsons, K. 2003. Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of
Hot, Moderate, and Cold Environments on Human Health, Comfort And
Desiccant and Energy Recovery wheels Performance. London and New York: Taylor & Francis.
10. ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2016, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air
available in standard and custom sizes. Quality.
11. 2017 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals.
Call or email us for a quote today! 12. Srinavin, K., Mohamed, S. 2003. “Thermal environment
effects on construction workers’ productivity: some evidence from
Thailand.” Building and Environment, 339–345.
13. U.S. Department of Labor. 2018. “Warehousing and Storage:
NAICS 493.” Retrieved from Earnings by Occupation from https://
www.bls.gov/iag/tgs/iag493.htm.
14. Fanger, P.O. 1970. Thermal Comfort Analysis and Applications in
Environmental Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill.
15. EN. 2007. EN 15251, Indoor environmental input parameters
for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings-
addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and
acoustics. Brussels: European Standard.
16. ASHRAE Standard 55-2107, Thermal Environmental Conditions for
Human Occupancy.
17. U.S. Department of Labor. 2018. “Protective Measures to
Take at Each Risk Level.” Retrieved from Occupational Safety and
Health Administration: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/heatillness/
225 -753 -1700
1700 heat_index/protective_measures.html.
18. Kestrel. 2018. Kestrel Heat Index Reference Guide. Retrieved
info@rotorsource.com | www.rotorsource.com from https://kestrelinstruments.com/mwdownloads/download/
link/id/10/.

18 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

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TECHNICAL FEATURE

Art or Science?

Thermal Zoning
For HVAC Design
BY BRIAN A. ROCK, PH.D., P.E., FELLOW ASHRAE

A novice is often surprised that the HVAC system types and thermal zones must be
selected before detailed load or energy calculations can be performed. Electrical-
power systems engineers determine the electrical loads before making equipment
decisions, and structural engineers find their “live” and “dead” loads long before
selecting their structural elements, don’t they? However, for HVAC design, as well
as for energy-use modeling, a building’s performance is dependent on the HVAC
systems and how spaces interact. Therefore, load and energy calculation software
need these characterizations as input.
Making good systems and zoning decisions early
improve acceptability of projects, while poor decisions
lead to, at times, discomfort in spaces that don’t have
thermostats, or possibly reduced indoor air qual-
ity. Energy consumption can be higher or lower with
suboptimal decisions made so early in the design pro-
cess.1,2 This article defines and discusses thermal zon-
ing for HVAC system design, and the factors affecting
zoning decisions.
Spaces within buildings have varying thermal loads.
To maintain the desired indoor temperature and
humidity under transient sensible and latent heat
gains and losses, these spaces need HVAC equip-
ment with different capacities and separate control
loops. For example, in many temperate climates it
is common, during the fall and spring seasons, that
one side of a building requires heating while another
requires cooling. Or two similar, adjacent offices may
require different levels of heating or cooling because
one office is densely occupied while the other is not.
Ideally, every space in a building would have a separate
HVAC system.3 Such an approach is often cost-prohibi-
tive, so compromises must be made.
Core spaces are those on the interior of the building,
with little to no exposure to the outdoors except via
ventilation. Core spaces on the top floor of a building do
have heat gains and losses via the roof and any skylights,
and the lowest-level core spaces do exchange heat and
moisture with the soil, or if exposed, the air beneath.
Perimeter
erimeter spaces interact strongly with the outdoors, and,

Brian A. Rock, Ph.D., P.E., is an associate professor for architectural engineering at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.

20 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18


due to solar energy penetration, are typically defined as
being within 15 ft (4.6 m) of a window, or less if a room
is narrower; the 15 ft depth assumes the typical office
ceiling height of about 9 to 10 ft (2.7 to 3 m), and should
be deeper for spaces with taller windows. Once the core
and perimeter spaces are identified, next is to deter-
mine if any or all can be grouped together for HVAC
purposes.
What is Thermal Zoning?
The online, open-access ASHRAE Terminology web page4
states that a zone is “(1) a separately controlled heated
or cooled space. (2) one occupied space or several occu-
pied spaces with similar occupancy category, occupant
density, zone air distribution effectiveness, and zone
primary airflow per unit area. (3) space or group of
spaces within a building for which the heating, cooling,
or lighting requirements are sufficiently similar that
desired conditions can be maintained throughout by a
single controlling device.”
The last printed version of Terminology,5 published
in 1991, defined thermal zoning as the “1. division of a
building or group of buildings into separately controlled
spaces (zones), where different conditions can be main-
tained simultaneously. 2. practice of dividing a building
into smaller sections for control of heating and cooling.
Each section is selected so that one thermostat can be
used to determine its requirements.”
ASHRAE’s five “load calculation manuals” (LCMs) are
somewhat surprisingly almost silent on thermal zoning,
with the first LCM, the 1979 “bumblebee book” by Rudoy
and Cuba, having a definition for zones similar to the
second definition from the 1991 Terminology book.6
For this paper’s HVAC-design intent, thermal zoning is
the design-process of grouping spaces together that have similar
HVAC needs. As compared to having a separate system
for each space, the purpose of zoning is to reduce the
number of HVAC systems or subsystems to reduce ini-
tial cost while still maintaining comfort. It is also pos-
sible that the total equipment capacity can be reduced,
too. For a particular project, defining more instead
of fewer thermal zones implies more complexity and
higher construction cost, but hopefully improved
indoor conditions at times in more of the occupied
spaces.7,8 Defining fewer zones instead implies lower
initial cost, but more hours per year of suboptimal con-
ditions in more spaces. For energy modeling purposes,
TECHNICAL FEATURE
zoning is to divide a building into parts that respond
fairly similarly; their zones may or may not be the
actual HVAC zones because a proposed building has yet
to be fully designed or to simplify an existing building
to obtain modeling results more rapidly. The “Energy
Estimating and Modeling Methods” chapter of the
ASHRAE Handbook gives more information on zoning for
that purpose. The chapter also includes a brief litera-
ture review toward automating zoning decisions, but
states “a truly automated, one-size-fits-all approach
remains to be developed.”9
So is the process of thermal zoning currently an art,1 or
is it a science? The Merriam-Webster online dictionary’s
first definition of art is a “skill acquired by experience,
study, or observation, e.g., the art of making friends.”10
For science, its fourth definition is “a system or method
reconciling practical ends with scientific laws, e.g., cook-
ing is both a science and an art.” If zoning is a science,
the ultimate goal may be to automate all HVAC design
zoning decisions via software, while, if an art, remov-
ing all human involvement would likely yield doubtful
results in many cases.
Poor zoning decisions are responsible for some com-
fort problems in buildings. However, once a building
is completed, it is often difficult to make significant
changes to the zoning because the installed equipment
may not be highly flexible.8 Recirculating constant air
volume (CAV) systems with slightly questionable zoning
tends to generate few complaints due to their consistent
mixing provided by recirculation, but at the cost of high
fan energy use. Variable air volume (VAV) systems are
more sensitive to zoning decisions due to reduced air-
flow rates at most hours; cold air-distribution systems,
with their still lower flow rates and inter-zonal mixing,
are even more vulnerable to poor zoning choices. With
overhead VAV and many underfloor air-distribution
systems, correcting a zoning problem, or adapting for a
change of use, can often be accomplished by dividing the
branch ductwork, adding a terminal unit, and install-
ing another local controller to create an additional zone.
Access to the branch ductwork via suspended ceilings or
modular raised floors improves the ease of making such
a change.
Thermostats
While it is possible for a thermal zone to have multiple
temperature, humidity, or air quality sensors in various
D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 21
TECHNICAL FEATURE
places, by far the most common is to have only one
device in one location, the most common being wall-
mounted and for dry-bulb temperature only. For analog
control systems, this temperature sensor is part of a
thermostat, aka a “T-stat,” that controls the operation of
the attached terminal unit, air handler, or zone pump,
as well as usually allowing adjustment of the setpoint
temperature by the occupant. For digital systems such
in-room devices are often just sensors, but some have
system adjustment capabilities, too. All are called ther-
mostats here for convenience.
For a thermal zone that includes multiple spaces,
only one will have the zone’s thermostat. The designer
needs to make this choice, and to show on the mechan-
ical plans where the T-stat should be placed. Typically
the symbol used is a circled-T. When deciding where to
put the thermostat, seek the zone’s space that has con-
trolling interest, for example in a classroom instead of
its attached storage room; deciding between multiple
offices is more challenging, and is discussed later. If
the designer determines that a single sensor won’t
provide acceptable comfort in the multiple rooms of
a zone, then either the rooms can be separated into
more zones, or a control system that allows multiple
sensors, and appropriate control sequences, can be
specified to reduce but not eliminate a problem. A past
attempt was to put the sensor in the return duct after
the confluence of airflows from the zone’s rooms, but
occupants were typically annoyed by the lack of a vis-
ible thermostat.
Where one of these devices is placed in a space is
important for the acceptability of a thermal zone.
Comfort complaints can occur at times if a thermostat is
placed on an exterior wall, on a high mass wall, in direct
sunlight, or in a location with obstructed room air cir-
culation such as in a corner, for example. Also consider
furnishings such as markerboards and other interfer-
ences when specifying T-stats’ locations in rooms, as
well as accessibility issues.
Factors Affecting Zoning Decisions
When addressed elsewhere,e.g., 1-3,6-9 a discussion
of thermal zoning typically includes only a few of the
following effects. However, other, sometimes compet-
ing, factors must be considered as well. Experience is
very helpful, so a new HVAC designer’s zoning abilities
should improve with time.
22 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18
Solar Exposure
The solar heat gains through windows, and to a lesser
degree through opaque materials, will have a large effect
on a space’s conditioning needs. A space with mainly
large easterly facing windows or glazed doors will have
their maximum, “peak” solar-gains in the morning,
where an otherwise-the-same, but west-facing space
should peak in late afternoon. Horizontal surfaces, such
as flat roofs and many skylights will often have peak
solar heat gains at midday. Sloping surfaces require
closer study, but may have much higher peak solar heat
gains per unit area than equivalent vertical surfaces,
for example. Various high-performance windows and
external shading devices can reduce the influence of
solar energy on zoning decisions, but solar gains will
likely remain a large factor.
Construction of the Enclosure
In addition to the windows’ materials, the thermal
resistances of each space’s exterior walls and its roof, if
any, must be considered. A super-insulated living room
will not respond similarly to a poorly or uninsulated
enclosed porch that is adjacent to it, for example. For
a well-insulated wall or roof, the order of the materi-
als in each, e.g., where the primary insulation is versus
any masonry, will have some effect, too, on the dynamic
response of the space to changes in outdoor or indoor
conditions.
Mass
All building materials, finishes, and furnishings have
mass that store and release heat and thus affect how
spaces respond to heat gains or losses. For HVAC load
and energy calculations, normally only the largest, most
easily characterized masses are considered, e.g., the
walls and floors. Historically, before transient analy-
ses, only the masses that received direct sunlight were
considered, so typically were only the floors within 15 ft
(4.6 m) of the exterior. However, improved models and
increased computing capacity have allowed many more
“thermal masses” to be included. Spaces are still often
categorized early as low (e.g., wood-framed), medium
(light steel), or high (concrete/masonry) mass to char-
acterize their responses. Such should be considered in
zoning decisions, e.g., where a light room is next to one
with high mass. The low mass room will likely warm and
cool much faster than the high mass one, for example,
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TECHNICAL FEATURE
when a wood-framed addition is made to a masonry
building.
Internal Loads
People, lights, and equipment are the internal heat
gains; not only their magnitudes but also their schedules
in each space are important in zoning decisions. For
example, two auditoria or classrooms may otherwise be
very similar, but their times-of-use may be significantly
different. If linked to form one zone, only one room will
get the thermostat. That room should be comfortable,
but the other won’t at times, e.g., when it is in full use
but the controlling room is unoccupied. The second
room will get warm and maybe stuffy. The reverse situ-
ation, where the controlling room is in high use but
the second is only lightly loaded, the second room will
become cool and possibly over-ventilated. Instead, con-
sider making the rooms separate thermal zones.
Use, and Ventilation Needs
Ventilation rates for spaces should be determined via
their intended use and ASHRAE Standards 62.1 or 62.2.
However, with all-air HVAC systems, the flow rate of out-
door air for each space is combined with those for other
spaces attached to the same air handler. So spaces with
similar outdoor air needs should be grouped together,
and the standard’s multiple spaces equation employed
to determine the optimal ventilation rate when using
62.1’s Ventilation Rate Procedure. With demand-con-
trolled ventilation, where the ventilation rate at the air
intake is adjusted via measurements of trace gases in
the zones, for example, too few air handlers may result
in excessive ventilation in some zones due to the worst
zones’ behavior. Placing high-occupancy spaces on their
own air handlers may be desirable from energy and
humidity-control perspectives too.
Infiltration
In typical U.S. design practice, unless active neutral air
pressure management is employed, designers choose
to slightly positively pressurize their commercial build-
ings. This is done to eliminate, or at least minimize
infiltration of unconditioned air into the perimeter
spaces. Certain spaces, such as conditioned garages with
large overhead doors, or entrance-areas with frequently
used exterior doors, can easily lose this pressurization
and thus have greater conditioning needs relative to
24 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18
a better-enclosed neighboring space. As is commonly
observed, even having operable windows can cause
comfort problems when misused by occupants. When
otherwise similar, if one perimeter room has many or
large operable openings and another has none or few,
consider if the particular building’s occupants can use
those large openings wisely; if such cannot reasonably
be concluded, consider zoning the spaces separately.
In North American housing, buildings are typically not
pressurized, and, at times, are depressurized by exhaust
fan operation thus increasing infiltration to exterior
spaces. For multistory housing, the stack effect can lead
to significant thermal discomfort, especially on the
higher floors. Zoning residences, at least floor-by-floor,
often improves comfort and may improve energy effi-
ciency, too.
Ground Contact
Except for a partially above-ground story such as a
walkout basement, fully below-grade spaces have no
direct exposure to the outdoor air. They do transfer heat
and moisture with the soil through their walls, the low-
est level floor slab, and their foundations. As such, their
spaces’ conditioning needs are not very dependent on
cardinal direction, and, if their exterior walls are insu-
lated reasonably well, often both perimeter and core
spaces can be combined within a particular below-grade
zone. In cold climates these zones can get quite cool
when unused, so provide heating and possibly humidi-
fication capacity for them. In cooling seasons, below-
grade zones can need dehumidification even when
naturally at acceptable temperatures.
Comfort Goals
Depending strongly on the climate and the desires
of a particular client, most regularly occupied spaces
will need systems with heating, humidifying, cooling,
dehumidifying, and significant filtration capabilities.
Neighboring spaces, such as warehouses, storage rooms,
some restrooms, kitchens, or laundries may need or
get only heating capacity and minimal air filtration, for
example. Putting these other spaces on different zones
with simpler systems is often appropriate. Or if using
a “primary air-secondary air” or dedicated outdoor air
(DOAS) system, where the terminal units provide much
or all of the heating or cooling at the zone level instead of
centrally, include only the relevant coils for each zone.

Setpoints and Setbacks
Zoning decisions can even be affected by desired set-
points, for example if one space in a data center needs
to be much cooler than another of its spaces. Similarly,
in many buildings, small information technology (IT)
rooms with servers and routers may need cooling year-
round, where neighboring spaces need heating at times.
Additionally, for example in a small manufacturing
facility with an attached front office, the air-conditioned
production floor may have certain days of nonuse, and
thus significant temperature setbacks can be employed,
while the office space is still occupied, or vice-versa.
Multiple Tenants
The U.S.’s Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA,
16 U.S.C. §2625(d)) of 1978 required, with exceptions,
separate electric metering in new buildings with multi-
ple units, and thus these buildings’ tenants should have
different, non-interconnected HVAC systems. People
also want their own control. Ventilation needs vary, and
HVAC airflows between tenants’ units should be avoided
for health, odor control, as well as fire safety reasons.
Provide separate zones, and systems, too, for shared or
fully public areas of multi-tenant buildings and meter
these systems to the building’s owner; the cost of such is
to be recovered through the tenants’ rent.
Cost and Expectations
The last factor, but not least by far, is the financial
resources of the owner. Building-projects are typically
classified, for preliminary HVAC design purposes, as
low, medium, or high initial construction cost. At the
upper end, highly controllable systems with liberal
zoning choices are appropriate, but most commercial
projects, at least in the U.S., are toward lower cost.
Spending more initially, if done wisely, can payback
many times over monetarily or via improved occupant
satisfaction, so it is worth trying to convince owners to
do more. However, when low initial cost is required by
owners, suboptimal zoning choices, such as grouping
even more offices together, are common. Owners need
to be made aware that such frugal zoning will result in
more hours per year of discomfort in the rooms without
thermostats.
Design Principles
The following HVAC-design guidance assumes that
TECHNICAL FEATURE
FIGURE 1 Thermal zoning will vary depending on the exposure to the outdoors
through the roof, walls, and sub-grade walls and floors. ©Rock Consulting
Engineers, used with permission
Extra Solar and Infiltration
Top Floor
Intermediate Floor
Extra Infiltration
Ground Floor
Underground Floor
Ground-Coupling
all spaces under consideration are to be conditioned
toward similar thermal comfort and ventilation goals.
Buildings, uses, and codes vary, so these guides may
need adjustment:
1) Zones are composed of spaces that are arranged horizon-
tally within a commercial building, and not vertically. This is
because floors between spaces are fire and smoke bar-
riers, thus openings or uncontrolled air movement
between stories defeat basic fire protection compart-
mentation principles. It also recognizes that loads do
vary floor-to-floor, as shown in Figure 1, and that there
may be different tenants by floor. Exceptions to this rule
include stair towers and atria. Also, in U.S. residences
thermal zones do frequently extend over two or more
levels, often resulting in poor comfort on the floors with-
out the thermostats, or over-conditioning on the floors
with them.
2) Zones are assembled from adjacent spaces. While two
spaces that are distant may have similar load profiles,
they may be so far apart that it is not practical to connect
them with zone-level ductwork or piping. Instead, such
distant spaces are connected to others nearby, or are
defined as separate zones.
3) Interior spaces are linked with other interior spaces. Having
little or no thermal communication with the exterior,
except via ventilation air and possibly the roof, usually
makes grouping interior spaces together easier than
with exterior spaces. Complications arise when skylights
are present, or spaces have significantly different uses,
setpoints, or ventilation needs. However, in smaller low-
and sometimes medium-cost commercial buildings, all
D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 25
TECHNICAL FEATURE
the spaces in the core are often grouped together into
one thermal zone, even if storage rooms and other low-
use spaces are over-conditioned.
4) Exterior spaces are linked with some other exterior spaces of
the same solar exposure. And perimeter spaces are never to
be linked with occupied interior spaces. Designers will
often put no more than three single-person perimeter
offices on one zone, but will increase this to five or pos-
sibly more offices when budgets are too tight.
5) If the construction and operation finances allow, transiently
occupied spaces can be designated as separate thermal zones for
improved comfort in them. For example, typically in high-
cost buildings, their hallways, restrooms, and storage
rooms, for example, can be made separate zones to give
them superior comfort. Hotels’ vending/ice-making
rooms for guests, with their high equipment heat gains,
are an example need for separate zoning and condition-
ing. However, in most buildings some or all of these
spaces are typically just linked to neighboring spaces
that have regular, higher-priority occupancy and some
or many hours of discomfort can be expected in those
support spaces. In the distant past, many interior spaces
such as hallways and storage rooms had little or no
conditioning or ventilation because then-conventional
wisdom decreed that these spaces were rarely used, and
were ventilated sufficiently by transfer air.
6) Thermal zones do not usually appear directly on finished
drawings. Readers of such bid, construction, or as-built
drawings must infer the thermal zones by tracing the
outlines of ducting or piping systems from each terminal
unit, pump, or control device, for example. HVAC draw-
ings can be very “busy” and thus difficult to read, so do
consider including separate thermal zoning diagrams,
even if shown at a much smaller scale, to be helpful to
others on complicated projects.
Automatic Zoning
In 2001 the author did an unpublished study on
whether then-current modeling software could be used
to “autozone” spaces of a building. A small, one story,
masonry, under-insulated office building was used, and
all its rooms included in DOE 2.1E11 as separate thermal
zones. Figure 2 shows the resulting hour-by-hour sen-
sible cooling loads on June 21st for three of the offices;
the entire building and year were modeled, however.
Offices 1 and 2 are internal spaces, but of differing floor
areas. Office 3 is a perimeter space, and also of different
26 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18
FIGURE 2 The sensible heating loads on June 21 for three office spaces in one
small, poorly insulated building. Office spaces one and two likely can be zoned
together, but the profile of office space three is too different.
6
5
Sensible Load (MBTU/h)
4
3
2
1
0
1a 2a 3a 4a 5a 6a 7a 8a 9a 10a11a12p1p 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p 8p 9p 10p11p12a
Office 1 Office 2 Office 3
floor area. Despite having similar internal loads per unit
floor area, none of the sensible loads are equal for this
day. However, for zoning decisions, the magnitudes of
the loads are not important, but instead the load profiles
must be similar so that the air or water flow rates, of
fixed proportion of the zone’s total, will keep each space
comfortable under various conditions.
For the single day shown in Figure 2, the cooling load
profiles for Interior Offices 1 and 2 are very similar and
suggest that they should be zoned together, at least based
on this traditional design-day. However Office 3, which
is exposed to the exterior via a high mass, low R-value
masonry wall, has a significantly different sensible
heat load profile for that day. This suggests that Office 3
should not be zoned with 1 or 2. Later, published studies
have created autozoning algorithms, with a mass, con-
struction, orientation, and perimeter- vs. core-weighted
version now included in at least one commercial prod-
uct’s algorithms, as an option. So far, these autozoners
are intended for the typically simpler zones used for
energy modeling and not necessarily those for HVAC
design.12,13
Special Challenges
Corner Offices
With solar-exposures on two or more sides, corner and
penthouse offices present design challenges, thermal
as well as social. Occupants of these spaces are usually
higher-ranked members of their organizations and
their comfort expectations often exceed that of others.
Making these spaces separate thermal zones, with their
own thermostats, is best. If they must be linked with
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TECHNICAL FEATURE
neighboring single-exposure offices the corner rooms
still get the T-stats; the other spaces’ occupants may suf-
fer at times especially when the different exposure of the
corner office is in sunlight. In the northern hemisphere,
the southwestern corner offices tend to be the most
problematic due to high late-afternoon air temperatures
outdoors, and low angle, from-the-west sunshine.
Hallways
In typical light commercial buildings, of low to moder-
ate cost, hallways are often subdivided and attached to
the nearest, often exterior rooms. Because hallways are
normally interior spaces, this can lead to their over-con-
ditioning and ventilating, and possibly too much varia-
tion in temperature as someone walks a long hallway,
passing zone to zone. Making hallways their own zones
improves comfort and potentially smoke management,
but budgets rarely allow this for low and moderate cost
projects. Attaching restrooms, storage, or other core
support spaces to the hallway zone is often a good solu-
tion, with the thermostat placed in the region of most-
frequent occupancy. Because thermostats protrude from
walls, when locating them in hallways watch for circula-
tion patterns that could interfere.
Conference Rooms
Many of these spaces go unused for hours or days, but
then are suddenly filled, or overfilled, with occupants.
Common complaints, typical for when zoned with other
spaces, are that conference rooms without thermostats
are too cold upon entry, then hot, humid, and stinky
by the latter part of a big meeting. When possible, such
rooms should be zoned separately and have rapidly
responding controls and systems.
Retrofitted Computer Labs
For new buildings, spaces with very high internal heat
gains such as from computing equipment can be zoned
and designed for appropriately. However, a change
of use of an existing space, e.g., from general-use to a
high density computer lab, often generates complaints.
Making the room a separate thermal zone may be
needed. However, owners often neglect to have their
HVAC systems evaluated for appropriate zoning and
enough cooling-capacity, or, worse, choose not to make
needed modifications due to cost. Hot, stinky rooms and
sticky keyboards result.
28 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18
Large, Open Spaces
One huge space can, and often should be divided into
separate zones. A wide perimeter room may, at times,
need heating at its exterior while simultaneously requir-
ing cooling the interior of its floor area. “Big box” stores
and conditioned warehouses are usually served by mul-
tiple smaller rooftop units, rather than one large unit,
so defining at least one zone per RTU is logical; their
thermostats are typically mounted on columns below,
often with perforated guards around them. Theaters
and enclosed arenas can benefit by defining one or more
zones for the entertainers or athletes, another for small,
close-in crowds, and one or more zones for large crowds
farther away.
High-Use Entrances and Loading Docks
These spaces, typically on ground-level, open to the
exterior and can have huge in-rushes of unconditioned
outdoor air. Vestibules, rotating doors, and active air
pressure management can reduce this infiltration, but
at times, such as the beginning of the workday or when
unloading a truck, this infiltration frequently over-
whelms an HVAC zone. If other spaces are connected,
discomfort can occur in them too due to over-condition-
ing. Consider not only making entrances separate zones,
but also subdividing or taking other measures so that,
for example, a receptionist doesn’t have to suffer on cold
winter mornings.
Restrooms and Janitor Closets
These spaces, as well as others that have high inter-
nal pollutant generation rates such as indoor smok-
ing rooms, paint booths, and welding areas, can have
none of their air recirculated, but instead all must be
exhausted outdoors. These spaces can, however, be
zoned with others for supply air purposes. Using some or
all transfer air for them, instead of all supply air, may be
more appropriate, though.
Unconditioned Spaces
In addition to the occupied spaces, unconditioned
spaces such as attics, crawlspaces, ceiling and floor
plena, attached garages and sheds, large chases, and
elevator shafts may need zoning too. With the advent of
transient thermal analyses, e.g., with the transfer func-
tion and now the heat balance calculation methods, it
is best to include unconditioned spaces in the overall

FIGURE 3 An intermediate-level of a lower-cost multistory office building. The
core is a single thermal zone, while the entire perimeter of offices is divided into
only five zones. Occupants of the non-corner offices will be uncomfortable at
times because the two-exposure corner offices will get the thermostats. ©Rock
Consulting Engineers, used with permission
1 1
5 2
N N
4 3
simulation. These spaces’ temperatures, humidities,
and air qualities will float via their communication
with their neighboring conditioned spaces, and with
the outdoors. Traditionally, an overhead plenum in an
office space was included with the occupied room below
it, for example. However, ceilings can have significant
thermal resistances, and plena or attics just below roofs
can have very high heat losses and gains. They may have
high mass elements and equipment too, so they are, at
times, much warmer or cooler than the occupied spaces
below, especially if a roof above one has a low thermal
resistance or its exterior is dark in color.
Classical Example
Figure 3 shows a classical zoning design problem being
the intermediate floor of a high-rise office building in
the Northern Hemisphere; Figure 3 is for low-cost and
Figure 4 is for a moderate or higher cost design. The exte-
rior curtain-walls have much glass, so solar heat gains
are extremely high depending on the time of day and
year, weather, and exposure. Heat losses from the win-
dows during cold weather are substantial as well. This
building’s offices are placed around the perimeter of
each floor. The core of a building such as this may have
office spaces as well, but there are usually mail, copier,
break, conference, storage, building services, and IT
TECHNICAL FEATURE
FIGURE 4 The same intermediate floor as shown in Figure 3, but with a larger
HVAC budget so more perimeter and possibly more core zones can be defined.
With each two-exposure corner office having its own zone and thermostat, the
single-exposure offices should have few hours of discomfort by being in their own
zones.©Rock Consulting Engineers, used with permission
2 3 4
12 5
6
11
10 9 8 7
rooms, as well as janitorial spaces, restrooms, and cor-
ridors in them. Elevators and stair towers are frequently
in the core. Because of the lack of solar gains, many of
the core’s spaces are typically zoned together. However,
if the spaces are for different tenants, they should be
separated.
Because of the heat gains through the enclosure, the
perimeter typically requires more careful zoning than
the core. In the example shown in Figures 3 and 4, the
solar gains through the large windows, as well as the
desired low construction cost, will likely dominate the
perimeter zoning decisions. Under heat loss “worst-
case” design conditions—night, cold, and windy— all of
the offices would have similar patterns of heat losses,
except that infiltration will vary depending on several
factors. However, when solar energy is available the
perimeter spaces behave significantly different from
each other depending on exposure. On a cold, clear win-
ter morning, for example, the east-facing offices may
not need much heat, if any, due to solar heat gains. At
the same time the westerly offices may need significant
heating. In the afternoon, as the outdoor air warms and
the building’s thermal masses are “charged,” the west-
ern offices will likely need substantial cooling while the
eastern offices need a much lower rate of cooling, or
even some heating on very cold days.
D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 29
TECHNICAL FEATURE
The southern offices—or northern in the Southern
Hemisphere—should have their peak cooling loads in
the early- to mid-afternoon, and won’t peak with either
the east or west spaces. If the building is in the temper-
ate or colder regions of the Northern Hemisphere, the
north-facing offices won’t receive any direct sunlight in
the winter, so their loads are different from spaces in the
other exposures. From a purely solar energy point-of-
view, each exposure should at least be zoned separately.
The higher-cost zoning shown in Figure 4, and with
appropriate systems installed, should yield improved
occupant satisfaction and fewer occupant-conflicts over
their thermostats.
Conclusions
In manual and computer-based transient load calcula-
tions, HVAC designers usually must select the thermal
zones before the detailed loads are known. In select-
ing which rooms to group together to form a zone the
magnitude of the rooms’ heat gains and losses should
not be a factor, but instead the profile of those gains is
more important—the air or water flow to the zone is eas-
ily divided to meet each room’s needs. Fortunately, from
one point-of-view, certain software packages have added
autozoning capabilities at least for energy estimat-
ing, and these algorithms will increase in complexity
through time.
The “Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load
Calculations” chapter of the 2017 ASHRAE Handbook says
“… zones[,] as defined for load calculations and air-han-
dling units[,] ha[ve] no effect on room cooling loads.”14
This author must respectfully disagree; as discussed
here, a particular room without the zone’s thermostat
may have significantly different temperatures, humidi-
ties, or ventilation rates, and thus loads, at times as
compared to it having optimal indoor conditions. The
chapter does state that zone-selection may affect peak
loads for system sizing, and that one system with many
zones may have lower overall capacity than for the same
building with many small single-zone systems because
of zones peaking at different times. Having software
iterate to determine not only the comfort but also the
energy effects of various zoning choices would be a pow-
erful tool for HVAC designers.
So is thermal zoning an art, or is it a science? Like good
home cooking, it is both. A well-informed, experienced
HVAC designer will study each space’s intended use and
30 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18
occupancy, window and wall areas, construction, cardi-
nal orientation and area of exposure to the outdoor, and
its ventilation needs before making zoning decisions; if
automated zoning is used in software, the designer must
use the same knowledge, skills, and experience to evalu-
ate its suggestions. After construction, designers’ on-site
observations, and the feedback from owners, operators,
and occupants, can help improve future zoning deci-
sion-making and increase building performance.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Rock Consulting
Engineers and the University of Kansas, both of or near
Lawrence, Kan.
References
1. O’Brien, W., A. Athienitis, T. Kesik. 2011. “Thermal zoning
and interzonal airflow in the design and simulation of solar
houses: a sensitivity analysis,” Journal of Building Performance
Simulation,4(3):239–256, Taylor and Francis, London.
2. Smith, L. 2012. “Beyond the shoebox: thermal
zoning approaches for complex building shapes,” ASHRAE
Transactions,118(2):141–148, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.
3. Rose, R., J. Dozier. 1997. “EPA program impacts office zoning,”
ASHRAE Journal, 39(1), ASHRAE, Inc.
4. ASHRAE. 2018. ASHRAE Terminology. www.ashrae.org/
technical-resources/free-resources/ashrae-terminology, ASHRAE,
Inc.
5. ASHRAE. 1991. ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilation, Air-
Conditioning, and Refrigeration, ASHRAE, Inc.
6. Rudoy, W., J. Cuba. 1979. Cooling and Heating Load Calculation
Manual, ASHRAE, Inc. Also the four later ASHRAE “load calculation
manuals” by F. McQuistion and J. Spitler, 1992; Pedersen et al.,
1998; J. Spitler, 2009; and J. Spitler, 2011.
7. McFarlan, A. 2010, reprinted from 1959. “Improved zoning
betters department store air conditioning.” ASHRAE Journal,
52(2):42–48, ASHRAE, Inc.
8. Rock, B.A., C.A. Hillman. Sept. 1996. “Post-occupancy indoor
environmental quality evaluation of an institutional building,”
ASCE Journal of Architectural Engineering, 2(3):88–94, ASCE, Reston, VA.
9. ASHRAE. 2017. 2017 Fundamentals volume of the ASHRAE
Handbook, p. 19.14-15, ASHRAE, Inc.
10. Merriam-Webster. 2018. Online Dictionary. www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Inc.,
Springfield, Mass.
11. U.S. DOE. 2001. DOE-2.1E Energy Analysis Software, Lawrence
Berkeley (National) Laboratory, Berkeley, Calif.
12. T. Dogan, P. Michelatos, and C. Reinhart. 2015. “Autozoner: An
algorithm for automatic thermal zoning of buildings with unknown
interior space definitions,” Journal of Building Performance Simulation,
vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1-14, Taylor and Francis, London.
13. Autodesk. 2018. Revit® building information modeling
software, Autodesk, Inc., San Rafael, Calif.
14. ASHRAE. 2017. ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals, p. 18.41,
ASHRAE, Inc.
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TECHNICAL FEATURE

Thermal Comfort and

Energy Analyses of a
Window Retrofit with
Dynamic Glazing
BY RODRIGO MORA, PH.D., P.ENG., ASSOCIATE MEMBER ASHRAE; ROBERT BEAN, R.E.T., P.L.(ENG.), MEMBER ASHRAE

Dynamic glazing was installed in the windows of the south-facing faculty offices at the
top floor of an old university campus building in the Vancouver area to replace existing
clear-glass windows. The goal of the window retrofit project was to avoid using mechani-
cal cooling in the summer and shoulder seasons, while saving mechanical heating energy
in winter. This article uses this window retrofit case study to demonstrate the value of
thermal comfort analyses to assist in the selection of technologies affecting the indoor
environment. Dynamic building simulations are used to analyze the thermal comfort and
mechanical-cooling energy avoided by use of dynamic glazing in a sample group of offices.
The static whole-body balance comfort (WBC-PMV)
model is used to analyze the mechanical cooling and
heating energy required to maintain comfort, and the
dynamic Adaptive Thermal Comfort (ATC) model is
used to analyze the challenges in achieving comfort
without mechanical cooling. As described in the article
in the February 2018 ASHRAE Journal,1 these are the two
main types of thermal comfort models used in ASHRAE
Standard 55-2017.2 The results from these two models are
extended by the Standard Effective Temperature (SET)
model to account for the cooling effect of room fans.
The Building
The building is a two-story concrete building built in
1978, located in the greater Vancouver area. The floor
Rodrigo Mora, Ph.D., P.Eng., is a faculty member in the Building Science Graduate Program at the British Columbia Institute of Technology, Vancouver, BC, Canada and voting member
of SSPC 55. Robert Bean, R.E.T., P.L.(Eng.), is the president, Indoor Climate Consultants Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada and voting member of SSPC 55.
plan is rectangular and narrow, with its long dimension
oriented east-to-west. The top floor, subject of this study,
houses 50 private faculty offices, along with two reception
areas, a lounge for faculty, bathrooms and four mechani-
cal rooms. Half of the perimeter offices are facing north,
and half facing south (Table 1). Four air handlers serve
the floor; each air handler serves both north and south
facing offices, thus slicing the floor into four zones along
its longitudinal dimension. The air handlers operate in
the summer during occupied hours and at night, when
the ambient temperature exceeds 79°F (26°C), to supply
100% outdoor air to the offices. Heating is delivered to the
offices via hydronic units located below the windows.
The existing old windows are operable double-pane
clear-glass windows. All the south-facing windows were

32 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

 TECHNICAL FEATURE

TABLE 1 Building dimensions. TABLE 2 Specifications of the dynamic glazing windows.

Floor Dimensions (Interior) 315 ft × 35 ft Number of window panes Dual-pane tempered glass, 6 mm clear
Floor Area (Interior) 11,025 ft2 Cavity Width 0.5 in.
Floor to Ceiling Height 12 ft Gas Fill 90% Argon
Number of Offices in the Top Floor 50 U-Factor Center of Glazing: CoG U_CoG = 0.29 Btu/h·ft2·°F
(25 North-Facing and 25 South-Facing)
Frame Material Aluminum with Thermal Break
North-Facing Office Dimensions Approx. 13 ft × 10 ft
Spacer Type IGU T-shaped Silicon Foam
South-Facing Office Dimensions Approx. 15 ft × 10 ft
U-Factor Whole Window U_Whole = 0.41 Btu/h·ft2·°F
Standard Window Dimensions in Offices 5 ft Height × 8 ft Width (Including CoG, Edge, and Frame)
TINT LEVELS
Tint Levels 1 (Clear) 2 3 4
replaced in July of 2017 with dynamic glazing windows Visible Light 0.567 0.376 0.05 0.01
(see specifications in Table 2). Real-time data from the Transmittance
dynamic glazing operation is shared with the building Solar Heat Gain 0.416 0.256 0.092 0.076
energy manager. Coefficient
Emissivity 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84
Surface 1
Background on Dynamic Glazing and Solar Control Emissivity 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159
Figure 1 illustrates a double-pane window with dynamic Surface 2
solar control and low-e coating on Surface 2. The coating The outboard lite is clear with electrochromic coating on Surface 2, the inboard lite is clear.
blocks part of the incoming solar irradiance that strikes
on a window by reflecting a portion of it back to the exte-
FIGURE 1 Dynamic solar control and low-e coating.
rior, and reemitting to the exterior part of the absorbed
portion of solar irradiance.
Dynamic glazing varies the properties of the coating to
block selectively incoming solar irradiance, depending on
its intensity. In doing so, it becomes darker to block higher
intensity solar irradiance, and lighter when solar irradi-
ance gets weak. This selective variation of tint level has
the undesirable effect of affecting the optical properties
of the glazing, so that the darker the glazing becomes the
less natural light is transmitted through it; and the darker
the exterior becomes when viewing through the window
(close to resembling night conditions).
As a side effect, the solar control coating also blocks a
large portion of the incoming long-wave radiation from Scope
the interior. This is a desirable effect in the heating sea- Dynamic glazing can be considered a type of climate
son that helps conserve energy. However, in the cooling adaptive building shell (CABS) as described by Loonen
season blocking long-wave radiation from the interior et al.3 Figure 2 illustrates that CABS are complex systems
reduces the heat dissipation through the glass, and whose performance affects four interrelated physical
makes the interior windowpane and the room warmer. domains. This report focuses mainly on the thermal
However, the benefit of blocking short-wave solar irradi- domain. The analysis also considers the effects of dif-
ance outweighs the drawback of reducing the heat dissi- ferential airflows in thermal comfort. The motivation for
pation in cooling. Furthermore, suitably configured pas- this latter analysis is due to observations and measure-
sive ventilation and possibly also night-flush cooling can ments in the field indicating that airflows in offices were
ameliorate or cancel the heat-trapping effect of low-e highly affected by occupants’ habits of maintaining the
glazing. However, these two passive cooling strategies windows and doors open or closed. Optical and electri-
were not considered in this study. cal analyses are left for a future study.

D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 33

TECHNICAL FEATURE
FIGURE 2 Physical domains in studying climate adaptive building shells.3
Optical Airflow
Thermal
M N O
Materials and Methods
Historic thermostat data from eight offices before and
after the retrofit was obtained, and data from 18 offices
(six north-facing and 12 south-facing) was logged after
the retrofit, which includes air temperature, relative
humidity, and operative temperature. CO2 concentra-
tion data was also collected in a few offices to attempt to
infer which offices maintained their windows and doors
closed. Future monitoring could benefit from placing
window and door contact sensors in each office to learn
how their operation affect the office environment.
During site visits it was noticed that the mechanical
air-distribution system was unbalanced, and the air
distribution in the private offices was highly affected by
the opening and closing of windows and doors in indi-
vidual offices. Therefore, field tests were also conducted
to measure air speeds at the forced supply outlet in the
offices. The tests were intended to quantify the variation
in airflows caused by the opening of windows and doors
in offices.
Unfortunately, office occupants were not willing to
be disturbed with any type of comfort survey, so only
informal verbal feedback was obtained. Historic glazing
operational data was requested, but was not provided by
the dynamic glazing manufacturer.
Simulation Models: Inputs and Assumptions
Simulation models were created of 16 sample north-
and south-facing offices comprising a thermal zone in
the top floor of the building, and calibrated based on
34 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18
FIGURE 3 Sketchup image of the 16 sample offices and the lounge modeled in the
top floor.
Electrical
monitored room temperatures. However, the unbal-
anced mechanical system along with occupant indi-
vidualities caused great variabilities in temperatures
between “identical” offices, which, from the field data
collected, masked the benefits of dynamic glazing and
precluded a more formal validation of our models.
Figure 3 shows the 16 offices in a thermal zone, which
are served by one air handler. The Figure shows the
sun penetrating the south-facing offices as deep as
3.2 ft (1 m) (20% of office length) in July and 2.6 ft (2
m) (40% of office length) in September. Direct solar
gains were obviously considered in the simulations.
However, the effect of solar irradiation directly on the
occupants was not considered in this study because
there is no need to quantify how uncomfortable the
occupants felt before the windows retrofit, with or
without blinds closed. ASHRAE Standard 55-2017 can
be used to analyze the impacts of solar irradiation
on occupants if it is deemed necessary, as well as the
thermal comfort impacts of blinds in blocking solar
gains.
Two types of simulation models were built:
1. Model 1: For mechanical cooling and heating en-
ergy, analyses a dynamic thermal model of the 16 offices
was built in TRNSYS 18.4 The model assumed an air-
source heat pump (ASHP) for heating and cooling that
was sized to match the cooling loads of the zone. Because
the ASHP was sized to meet the cooling loads, auxiliary
electric heating was assumed to meet the peak heating
demand.
2. Model 2: For natural cooling analyses a coupled
airflow network (AFN) model (CONTAM 3.2)5 and a
dynamic thermal modes (TRNSYS 18) was created to
TECHNICAL FEATURE

demonstrate how the airflow variations due to the air TABLE 3 Modelling inputs.
system unbalancing and the operating of windows and
CONSTRUCTIONS
doors by occupants affect the thermal comfort condi-
tions in the offices. Walls Inside-Outside: Gypsum Board, XPS 2 in.,
Exposed Exterior Concrete 6 in., R-12
In Model 1 the air-handler is connected to an individ-
Roof Inside-Outside: Concrete 6 in., XPS 6 in.,
ual air-source heat pump (ASHP) system for mechanical Bitumen, R-30, Solar Absorption 0.78,
cooling. Performance data for the air-handler fan was Long-Wave Emission 0.9
taken from the existing fan specifications. The capac- Floor Concrete, Adiabatic to Floor Below
ity of the ASHPs was obtained from the cooling loads Old Deteriorated Windows U-Factor Whole: 0.78 Btu/h·ft2·°F, Solar
(Year 1978): Double-Pane, Clear Glass Transmittance = 0.70, SHGC = 0.74,
provided by the simulation program. The models were Aluminum Frame Without Thermal Break
calibrated using room air and operative temperatures
ACH Model 1: All Offices are Perimeter Low Rate = 0.4 ACH Under Mechanical
collected during the summer of 2017. Model calibrations And Assumed to Have the Same ACH Cooling (Average for All Offices)
aimed at making the simulated office temperatures and High Rate = 1.3 ACH Under Natural Cooling
(Average for All Offices)
their daily fluctuations match approximately the ones
Interior Thermal Mass (Per Floor Area) 36 kJ/m2·k
from the field. Therefore, the ambient temperature (Interior Constructions, Furniture, Books)
and solar irradiation data used in the climate file was MECHANICAL
obtained from a weather station nearby. Table 3 presents Fan Flow (From Actual Equipment) 3,189 cfm
the modeling inputs.
Fan Power (From Actual Equipment) 2 hp
The natural ACH cannot be practically measured, as
Total Cooling Power (TRNSYS 18) Air-Source Heat-Pump 32 kW, 109 kBtu/h
well as the actual U-value of the old windows. Therefore,
Sensible Cooling Power (TRNSYS 18) Air-Source Heat-Pump 24 kW, 82 kBtu/h
these values were used in tuning the models for
calibration. Dynamic glazing was
modeled in TRNSYS 18 by import- FIGURE 4 Simulated air temperatures without mechanical cooling, air temperature limits for two thermostat set-
points (from Figure 5), and monitored ambient temperature (old windows).
ing four windows descriptions, each
representing a tint level, which were
created in the software Window
7.6.6 Each window has an outer pane
having a tint level selected from the
manufacturer data included in the
IGDB glazing database (Table 1).

Analysis of Field Data

A comprehensive data analysis
was conducted on the field data
collected. However, for the sake of
brevity, this analysis is not included
in this article. Great variability was
observed in room temperatures
in both north- and south-facing
offices. Such variability was mainly
caused by unbalanced forced airflows, exacerbated by Energy Required to Cool Offices With the Old Windows
the opening of office windows and doors. Given that All the cooling simulation analyses span a five-month
such variability was equally appreciated in the north- period between May 1 and Sept. 30, 2017. The dynamic
facing offices, which have the old windows, in south- simulation model (Model 1, low ACH) of the 16 offices in
facing windows it cannot not be primarily attributed to one thermal zone (Figure 3) was used to help predict the
the individual operation of the dynamic glazing between mechanical cooling energy avoided, with the window
offices. retrofit, during the summer and shoulder seasons. The

36 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

 TECHNICAL FEATURE

baseline case scenario for analyses uses the old windows, FIGURE 5 Upper and Lower temperature limits for thermal comfort during summer
before the window retrofits, which is the worst-case in Vancouver.
scenario for cooling. In the figures that follow, the offices
are not meant to be identified individually. The intent is
to show temperature ranges obtained from the simula-
tions representing the variability in temperatures as
observed in the field between the offices. As expected,
the north-facing offices in yellow are the coolest ones.
To demonstrate the needs for mechanical cooling,
Figure 4, Page 36, shows the simulated indoor air tem-
peratures of 16 north and south facing offices without
the use of mechanical cooling, and monitored ambi-
ent temperatures for the five month period. For ref-
erence, the Figure also shows the thermostat upper
and lower air temperature limits for thermal comfort
under mechanical cooling. These limits were calculated
using the WBC-PMV model in the online CBE Thermal FIGURE 6 Upper and Lower temperature limits for thermal comfort during summer
in Vancouver using personal fans to extend the upper limit for comfort.
Comfort Tool7 as illustrated in Figure 5. For thermostat PI
control, in Figure 5 the upper and lower temperature set
points are not at the comfort threshold for 10% dissat-
isfaction, but are given a dead band of about 1.8°F (1°C)
around the set point.
In Figure 4 the exceedance hours (EH) over the 26°C
(79°F) air temperature limit are about 13% for the north-
facing offices, and between 32% and 35% for the south-
facing offices. In Figure 6, the use of personal fans at a
speed from 118 fpm to 177 fpm (0.6 m/s up to 0.9 m/s)
could help maintain thermal comfort under air temper-
atures of up to about 84°F (29°C), if the occupants have
local control over the air speed. Air speeds between 118
fpm to 177 fpm (0.6 m/s and 0.9 m/s ) around occupants
are reasonable values that can be adjusted by occupants
using personal fans, without running the risk of making warmest condition for comfort, the mean radiant tem-
the environment around the occupant drafty. However, perature is assumed two degrees warmer than the upper
even with personal fans some south-facing offices will air temperature limit (i.e., under the effect of solar irra-
still overheat as observed in Figure 4. So as expected for diation on the window).
the baseline scenario with the old windows, mechanical Currently, air handlers operate in summer as follows:
cooling cannot be avoided. • Constant speed fans;
Table 4 presents the mechanical cooling energy avoided • Enabled normally from 7 a.m. to 6p.m.;
with the window retrofit for the entire floor, for two • Operate at night when the maximum daily outdoor
thermostat setpoints. The table shows the air-handler air temperature is greater than 79°F (26°C);
fan energy consumption and savings, as well as the total • Provide 100% outside air; and
cooling consumption and savings (including compres- • The bathroom exhaust schedule is interlocked with
sor, air-handler fan, and condenser fan energy). To the air handlers.
represent the coolest summer condition for comfort, the Therefore, the net savings from cooling energy avoided
lower air temperature limit is assumed the same as the are obtained by subtracting the fan energy from the total
mean radiant temperature. Similarly, to represent the cooling energy as indicated in the last row of the table.

D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 37

TECHNICAL FEATURE

Energy Saved After Replacing Windows TABLE 4 Simulation results of mechanical cooling energy avoided.
The main effect of the dynamic glazing windows is to Lower Limit for Upper Limit for
provide dynamic solar shading to protect the occupants Thermal Comfort Thermal Comfort
from direct solar irradiation on them, while reducing THERMAL COMFORT PERSONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS
solar heat gains. However, as discussed, this effect is at Occupants’ 0.65 clo 0.50 clo
least partially countered by increased retained heat due Clothing Insulation
to improved overall window U-value. Occupants’ Metabolic Rate 1.2 met 1.2 met
Table 5 compares the mechanical energy that would Thermostat 74°F 78.8°F
(Air Temperature) Setpoint
be consumed in the event that mechanical cooling is
Thermostat Night Setback 78.8°F 78.8°F No Setback
used for both the old windows and the dynamic glazing.
The results demonstrate that most energy savings from Mean Radiant Temperature 74°F 82.4°F

dynamic glazing would come from reduced heating Operative Temperature 74°F 80.6°F
loads due to the increased overall U-value of the win- Air Speed 40 fpm 40 fpm
dows. Surprisingly, the cooling energy savings are very SEASONAL COOLING ENERGY OUTPUTS
small. Fan Hours of Operation 1,162 hours 982 hours
The operation of the dynamic glazing (tint level) in Fan Energy Consumption 18.7 MBtu 14.9 MBtu
the simulation is assumed to be based on solar irradia- Fan Energy Cost Avoided $438 $349
tion as indicated in Table 6. Figure 7 shows an output from ($0.08/kWh)
TRNSYS 18 with the tint levels switching in response to Total Site Cooling Energy 85.5 MBtu 36.1 MBtu
Consumption
the incoming solar irradiation.
Total Energy Cost Avoided $2,005 $847
The low cooling energy savings from using dynamic ($0.08/kWh)
glazing can be explained by the glazing blocking long- Net Energy Cost Avoided
wave radiation from the interior (Figure 1), which traps Excluding the Ventilation $1,567 $498
Fan ($0.08/kWh)
some heat inside and reduces, in part, the benefits of
solar control.
TABLE 5 Year-round mechanical heating and cooling energy savings from window replacement.
OLD WINDOW DYNAMIC GLAZING
Adaptive Comfort Analysis: Maintaining
Thermal Comfort With Dynamic Glazing Window Properties Table 3 Table 2
The analysis in this section uses the Cooling Setpoint 74°F 74°F
dynamic adaptive thermal comfort Cooling Thermostat Night Setback 78.8°F 78.8°F
(ATC) model because it assumes that Heating Setpoint 68°F 68°F
the building is cooled passively by Heating Thermostat Night Setback 65°F 65°F
natural ventilation and occupants have Total Energy Year-Round 47,258 kWh 35,804 kWh
adaptive opportunities accessible to Cooling Energy 25,063 kWh 21,873 kWh
maintain comfort, such as the dynamic Heating Energy 22,125 kWh 13,931 kWh
glazing itself, operable windows, and Year-Round Energy Savings Due to Better Windows — 11,454 kWh
fans. As a baseline, Figure 8 presents
results from the baseline model (Model 1, high ACH) This is confirmed in Figure 9, which shows that an indoor
without the windows replacement under free-running operative temperature of 82°F (28°C) falls at the upper
operation. The figure shows operative temperatures adaptive comfort limit, as a function of a prevailing
for the 16 north- and south-facing offices simulated, as mean outdoor temperature of 74°F (23°C).
well the outdoor ambient temperature, the prevailing Figure 10 breaks down the temperature results in Figure
mean outdoor temperature (Tpmo), and the adaptive 8 between north and south facing offices, and adds
comfort limits. exceedance hours above the upper adaptive thermal
The red circles in Figure 8 show that a prevailing mean comfort limit. In Figure 10, it can be seen that with the
outdoor temperature (Tpmo) of about 74°F (23°C) will old windows the percent of exceedance hours are not
lead to an upper adaptive comfort limit of about 28°C. acceptable for the south-facing offices.

38 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

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TECHNICAL FEATURE

TABLE 6 Dynamic window operation used in FIGURE 7 Switching between 4 tint levels depending on incoming solar irradiation (W/m2).
simulation.
TINT LEVEL: SHGC/VLT SOLAR IRRADIATION: MBTU/H· FT 2
1: 0.41/58% 127
2: 0.28/40% 127 to 190
3: 0.11/6% 190 to 254
4: 0.09/1% >254

The simulations are now repeated

with dynamic glazing in the south-
facing windows operating as indi-
cated in Table 6. Figure 11 demonstrates
that dynamic glazing is effective in
maintaining south-facing office tem-
peratures within the adaptive ther- FIGURE 8 Simulated operative temperatures without mechanical cooling, adaptive operative temperature limits,
mal comfort limits. and monitored ambient temperature (old windows).
Note that the adaptive thermal
comfort model assumes maximum
indoor air speeds of about 60 fpm
(0.3 m/s). Which means that personal
or ceiling fans can still be used to cool
down occupants further during the
1% exceedance hours. Figure 12 dem-
onstrates how a fan producing air
speeds of about 118 fpm (0.6 m/s) can
increase acceptability to 90%, thus
eliminating practically all exceed-
ance hours, without causing a drafty
feeling.

Adaptive Comfort Analysis: Impact of

Variable Airflows Between Offices
A multi-zone airflow network model (Model 2) of the FIGURE 9 Adaptive Thermal Comfort model (Standard 55-2017) and one operative
16 offices was created (Figure 13) to study the effects of temperature versus Tpmo point corresponding to the red circles in Figure 5 (air
speed assumed at 60 fpm).
variable airflows on thermal comfort under dynamic
glazing. The air handler and the air-distribution sys-
tem were sized according to the mechanical drawings.
The colors in the figure illustrate the temperature dif-
ferences between offices mainly due to unbalanced
airflows in offices exacerbated by door and window
closing/opening behaviors assumed in the simulation.
In Figure 13, the cooler offices are blue, followed by light
yellow, yellow, dark orange, and red being the warmest
offices (see corresponding office exceedance hours in
Figure 14). The green lines indicate airflows, and their
length represents their magnitude. The pink lines indi-
cate differential pressures. The gray color corresponds

40 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

 TECHNICAL FEATURE

FIGURE 10 Simulated operative temperatures for A) north-facing windows, and B) south-facing windows, adaptive operative temperature limits, monitored ambient tempera-
ture, and exceedance hours (old windows).

A B

OFFICE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
EH (H) 100 0 104 123 135 135 135 135 805 817 804 805 820 822 828 897
EH 3% 0% 3% 3% 4% 4% 4% 4% 22% 22% 22% 22% 22% 22% 23% 24%

to the mechanical room,

FIGURE 11 Simulated operative temperatures for south-facing windows, adaptive operative temperature limits, monitored
the bathroom, and a floor ambient temperature, and exceedance hours (dynamic glazing windows).
access.
The differential temper-
atures between the offices
are due to the orienta-
tion and to the amount
of ventilation air circula-
tion in the offices. Table 7
describes the main airflow
assumptions in the simu-
lation. The simulation
attempts to replicate typi-
cal operating conditions
as observed during the
site visit. Therefore, some
offices have windows and
doors opened on a daily
schedule, others have win-
dows and doors remaining
OFFICE 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
closed, and other offices
EH (H) 24 29 32 32 29 29 29 74
maintaining only the door
open on a work schedule. EH 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2%
In the model, the airflow
from the air handler is also imbalanced: it supplies more airflow to other rooms.
air to the offices nearby. The opening of windows drops For example in Figures 13 and 14, two south-facing
the room pressure and increases the airflow from the offices in light yellow (12 and 14) maintain the window
supply diffuser in the room, thus decreasing the supply and door open during occupied hours, and thus remain

D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 41

TECHNICAL FEATURE

cooler than the nearby offices; whereas two

FIGURE 12 Adaptive Thermal Comfort model (ASHRAE 55-2017) and one operative temperature ver-
south-facing offices that maintain the win- sus Tpmo corresponding to the red circles in Figure 8 (assume fan increases air speed to 0.6 m/s).
dow and door closed (9 and 13) are warmer (in
orange). However, the warmest offices (15 and
16) have the door open but are warm because
Offices 12 and 14 starved them of air. For the
north-facing offices, the ones that maintain the
window and door closed are the warmest (in
light yellow).
Figure 14 presents thermal comfort results for
the current window. Apart from showing that
the south-facing windows are warmer than
the north-facing ones, the exceedance hours
indicate differential degrees of discomfort due
to differential air circulation as described in
Figures 13 and Table 7. The south-facing Offices
9 and 13 that maintain the
door and window closed are FIGURE 13 Multi-zone airflow network model of one zone of office in the top floor (old windows). Colors indicate differen-
tial temperatures between offices.
the warmest, as well as Office
15 that is farthest away from
the air-handler and the cof-
fee lounge (Office 16) that
has the largest window area.
The south-facing offices that
maintain windows and doors
open are the ones with fewer
exceedance hours (EH).
However, all of the south-fac-
ing offices overheat.
Figure 15 illustrates results
from the same model, but
with dynamic windows with
lower solar gain and improved TABLE 7 Assumptions for the coupled airflow-thermal simulation: north offices (left), south offices (right).

U-value. As expected, the OFFICE

(NORTH)
WINDOW
STATUS
DOOR
STATUS
DESIGN
FLOW CFM
OFFICE
(SOUTH)
WINDOW
STATUS
DOOR
STATUS
DESIGN
FLOW CFM
dynamic windows effectively 1 Closed Open 175 9 Closed Closed 190
reduce the overheating hours. 2 Closed Closed 175 10 Closed Open 190
However, two offices are still 3 Closed Open 175 11 Closed Open 190
above the 3% threshold. These 4 Closed Open 175 12 Open Open 190
are Office 13 with both door and 5 Closed Closed 175 13 Closed Closed 190
window closed, and Office 16 6 Closed Open 175 14 Open Open 190
(the coffee lounge) that has the 7 Closed Open 175 15 Closed Open 190
largest window area. 8 Closed Open 175 16 Closed Open 190

Conclusions indicate that dynamic glazing can effectively be used to

This study demonstrates the value of thermal comfort achieve thermal comfort and avoid the use of mechani-
analyses to assist in the selection of technologies that cal cooling in the climate of Vancouver, provided that
affect the indoor environment. Dynamic simulations proper air circulation can be achieved in all spaces.

42 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

 TECHNICAL FEATURE

FIGURE 14 A) north and B) south facing office room temperatures, exceedance hours and percentage (old windows).

A B

OFFICE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
EH (H) 37 134 57 52 154 29 66 64 667 366 349 244 857 200 820 1274
EH 1% 4% 2% 2% 5% 1% 2% 3% 19% 10% 10% 7% 24% 6% 23% 35%

FIGURE 15 A) north and B) south facing office room temperatures, exceedance hours and percentage (dynamic glazing).

A B

OFFICE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
EH (H) 13 32 11 12 33 0 14 13 78 45 51 32 137 30 104 194
EH 0.4% 1.2% 0.3% 0.3% 1.2% 0% 0.4% 0.4% 3% 1.5% 1.5% 1% 4% 1% 3% 6%

References
1. Mora R., R. Bean. 2018. “Thermal comfort: designing for
people.” ASHRAE Journal 60(2).
2. ASHRAE Standard 55-2017, Thermal Environmental Conditions for
Human Occupancy.
3. Loonen, R.C.G.M., et., al. 2013. “Climate adaptive building
shells: State-of-the-art and future challenges.” Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25:483–493.
4. TRNSYS 18. 2018. Transient Systems Simulation Program.
https://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/.
5. NIST-CONTAM 3.2. 2018. “Multi-zone indoor air quality and
ventilation analysis program.” www.nist.gov/services-resources/
software/contam.
6. LBNL. 2018. Window 7.6. https://windows.lbl.gov/software/
window.
7. CBE. 2018. “CBE thermal Comfort Tool.” http://comfort.cbe.
berkeley.edu/.

D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 43

TECHNICAL FEATURE

Large District Plant

Commissioning an
Existing Heat Recovery
Chiller System
BY LEI WANG, PH.D., P.E.; MEMBER ASHRAE; YASUKO SAKURAI, DR.ENG., MEMBER ASHRAE; STEVEN J. BOWMAN; DAVID E. CLARIDGE, PH.D., P.E., PCC, FELLOW/LIFE MEMBER ASHRAE

A heat recovery chiller (HRCHLR) is a special type of chiller. A chiller typically oper-
ates with a condenser water supply temperature of 55°F to 85°F (13°C to 29°C) and
a condenser leaving water temperature of 60°F to 95°F (16°C to 35°C) (Heemer et al.
2011). This leaving water temperature is too low to be used effectively as a heating
source for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) loads. However, a heat
recovery chiller can be used to generate chilled water and work at condenser water
temperatures of 155°F (68.3°C) and higher, which makes it possible for condenser
water to be used as a heating hot-water source in HVAC systems.
The use of recovered heat from chillers can be an studied the performance of solar assisted ground source
efficient and cost-effective means of providing heat- heat pump systems. Liu et al. (2017) evaluated the feasi-
ing hot water (HHW) or domestic hot water to build- bility of a hybrid ground-source heat pump system for
ings (Johnson 2007; Temos 2006). A typical utility plant an office building in a heating dominated climate zone
includes both chillers and boilers running year round in China. Luo et al. (2015) analyzed the performance of a
to meet the building’s heating and cooling demands. A ground-source heat pump system in southern Germany.
heat recovery chiller may be installed to allow for the Sebarchievici and Sarbu (2015) conducted a study of
recovery of waste heat from the chiller condenser water an experimental ground-coupled heat pump system
to in order to generate heating hot water for plant heat- for heating, cooling, and domestic hot-water applica-
ing in addition to generating useful chilled water. This tion. Wu et al. (2014) simulated the performance of a
allows for a reduced load on hot-water boilers, cooling ground-source absorption heat pump to produce heat-
tower fans, and cooling tower water makeup. ing, cooling, and domestic hot water. Buker and Riffat
However, not every central plant is a candidate for (2016) conducted a systematic review of solar assisted
installing heat recovery chillers. Coincident heating hot- heat pump systems for low temperature water heating
water and chilled- water loads are required unless ther- applications.
mal storage tanks are used or alternative heat sources Both cooling and heating demands are required
are available (e.g., sea/lake/river water and geothermal). simultaneously to make the installation of a heat recov-
Esen et al. (2017), Yang et al. (2015), and Dai et al. (2015) ery chiller applicable. ASHRAE’s Chiller Heat Recovery
Lei Wang, Ph.D., P.E., is an energy analyst, Yasuko Sakurai, Dr.Eng., is a manager of analytical services, and Steven J. Bowman is a manager of production services at Utilities &
Energy Services, at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. David E. Claridge, Ph.D., P.E., PCC, is the director of Texas A&M Engineering Experiment’s Stations (TEES) Energy
System Laboratory and the Leland Jordan professor of Mechanical Engineering at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.

44 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18


Application Guide provides a comprehensive reference
manual for the design of heat recovery chiller systems.
The information in the guide assists engineers, owners,
and system operators in evaluating the potential of inte-
grating chiller heat recovery into their cooling and heat-
ing systems. The primary focus of the guide is on new
construction and applications where a chiller is being
replaced due to inefficiency and high operating and
maintenance costs.
Campbell et al. (2012) provide guidelines for building
owners and designers who are interested in applying
large- capacity water-to-water heat pumps in their facil-
ities. Hubbard (2009) discusses several system design
aspects of heat pump application, including energy
consumption calculations, green technology benefits,
and capital constraint issues. Although the electrical
demand charge is a significant portion of most commer-
cial electric utility bills, a blended electricity rate was
used for cost savings calculations to simplify the calcula-
tion. Heemer et al. (2011) discuss various design issues
associated with the heat pump application that need
to be given serious consideration because they are not
typical of plant design without a heat pump. They state
that one critical design issue is to size the heat pump
properly by looking at coincident chilled-water and
heating hot-water loads on an annual basis. For sim-
plicity, a blended annual electrical rate was used in the
paper to show potential savings of a heat pump instal-
lation. Using a blended rate is acceptable for the design
analysis, but variation in electric utility rates should
be reviewed carefully for optimizing the heat recovery
chiller performance.
Liu (2013) presented an approach for controlling
outdoor air economizer and energy recovery systems
based on minimizing the total energy input to the HVAC
system, including chiller, pumps, and fans. Gong et al.
(2012) developed a thermodynamic simulation model
by using a popular toolbox to simulate the performance
of a single-stage centrifugal heat recovery chiller. The
theoretical analysis showed the waste heat recovery
technique to be a type of sustainable energy technique.
Edwards and Finn (2015) developed a control strategy to
predict optimal ground-source heat pump water flow
rates under part-load operation. Montagud et al. (2014)
conducted an experimental study of the influence of the
This paper was first presented at the 2018 ASHRAE Winter
Conference.
TECHNICAL FEATURE
TABLE 1 Design specifications of heat recovery chiller.
NO. ITEM VALUE/UNIT
1 Heating Capacity 20 MMBtu/h
2 Cooling Capacity 1,178 tons
3 Input Power 1,812 kW
4 COP (Heating Only) 3.235
5 COP (Heating and Cooling) 5.521
6 CHW Flow 2,348 gpm
7 HHW Flow 2,039 gpm
8 HHW Entering Temperature (ET) 135°F
9 HHW Leaving Temperature (LT) 155°F
10 CHW LT 42°F
11 CHW ET 54°F
water circulation pump’s frequency on the indoor and
outdoor loops in the overall system performance of a
ground-source heat pump plant.
Most existing studies of control strategies concentrate
on other types of heat recovery or heat pump applica-
tions. Only a few researchers have focused on how
to optimally design a utility plant with heat recovery
chillers. They give virtually no guidance to operators
on running a heat recovery chiller system efficiently at
different operating conditions. Factors that need to be
considered include summer demand charges and utility
rate structure, heating hot-water supply temperature
(HHWST) reset schedule, heating hot-water loop T
degeneration, chilled-water (CHW) loop T degenera-
tion, and the performance of other variable-speed drive
(VSD) chillers in the plant. Tremblay and Zmeureanu
(2014) developed benchmarking models using measure-
ments from the building automation system (BAS) for
the ongoing commissioning of the heat recovery process
in a cooling and heating plant. The performance indices
of the heat recovery process were compared with bench-
marks to evaluate system performance.
This article presents several energy conservation mea-
sures (ECMs) for a heat recovery chiller application at a
large district plant in central Texas. The measured data
from the BAS are used to develop a regression model to
evaluate the savings potential for each ECM.
Design Information
Heat Recovery Chiller
A centrifugal heat recovery chiller is used in a large
district plant to produce heating hot water and chilled
D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 45
TECHNICAL FEATURE

FIGURE 1 COP of case study HRCHLR at different heating partial-load ratios FIGURE 2 Conventional chiller performance curve.
(PLRs).
CWT85F CWT75F CWT65F CWT60F CWT55F
4.0 0.9
0.8
3.5 0.7
0.6
COP

kW/ton
3.0 0.5
0.4
2.5 0.3
0.2
0.1
2.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Partial Load Ratio (%) Partial Load Ratio (%)

water simultaneously for campus buildings. The design FIGURE 3 HRCHLR system diagram.
specifications of the centrifugal heat recovery chiller are
shown in Table 1, Page 45. CHLRs
CHW
According to the heat recovery chiller submittal docu- Return
ment, the manufacturer suggests the minimum heating CHW Supply
CHW Pump
load ratio be 40%; otherwise the HRCHLR may be suf-
HRCHLR
fer surge and low efficiency. Figure 1 presents the design
coefficient of performance (COP) curve when the heat- HHW
Return
ing load ratio is between 40% and 100%. HHW
HHW Pump Supply
Boiler
Conventional Chiller Performance Curve
A conventional chiller model is used to calculate the
FIGURE 4 Selection point for the simultaneous heating and cooling heat pump
electricity consumption for producing the same amount
(Campbell et al. 2012).
of CHW as the HRCHLR produces. The design perfor-
mance curve of the conventional chiller is shown in Heat Rejection
From Cooling Load
Figure 2.
Heating Load
Cooling Load
Piping Arrangements Heat Pump Design
A
Capacity
A simultaneous heating and cooling application can
Load

have many options for piping arrangements, such as

heat pump side-stream to boiler, heat pump parallel to
boiler, hybrid side-stream/parallel system, etc. The case-
study project uses a hybrid side-stream/parallel system
as shown in Figure 3.
This system can be used in either heating priority
or cooling priority mode, depending on the specific
requirements, and make very effective use of the
HRCHLR for heating and cooling.
HRCHLR Sizing Strategy
A HRCHLR condenser must always be able to fully
reject the heat absorbed in the evaporator plus the
compressor work. For this reason, a heat pump should
never be oversized for the load. If the facility’s heating
requirement is insufficient to accept the minimum heat
Outside Air Temperature
output of a given heat pump, the temperature in the
hot-water loop will rise uncontrollably until the heat
pump shuts down. In simultaneous heating and cooling
applications, the sizing of the heat pump requires care-
ful analysis. Consider a facility with year-round heating
and cooling requirements. Figure 4 shows the heating
and cooling load profiles, plus the curve of heat rejec-
tion from the condenser, which is the sum of the cooling
load and the compressor work. Campbell et al. (2012)
suggested the heat pump design capacity be selected as
Point A in Figure 4.

46 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

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INTERACTIVE USER’S MANUAL
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TECHNICAL FEATURE

FIGURE 5 Campus heating and cooling load regression models. FIGURE 6 Design point of HRCHLR.
100 200
a) Heating Load Regression Model
HHW Load (MMBtu/h)

80
150
60

MMBtu/h
100
40
A=38
20 50 Design Capacity 20 21.2
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Outside Air Temperature (°F) Outside Air Temperature (°F)
240 HHW Model CHW Model
200 b) Cooling Load Regression Model Heat Rejection from Cooling Load Design Capacity
CHW Load (MMBtu/h)

160
120 Because the plant services different types of buildings,
80 such as offices, research laboratories, data server rooms,
40 etc., the campus has cooling load in winter and heating
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 load in summer. The design capacity of the HRCHLR is
Outside Air Temperature (°F) 20 MMBtu/h (21.1 GJ/h), which is less than the Point A
value of 38 MMBtu/h (40.1 GJ/h) suggested by Campbell,
Figure 5 presents the measured data from Sept. 1, 2014 et al. (2012) (Figure 6).
through Aug. 31, 2015 and models for HHW load and Campbell, et al. (2012) suggested that a HRCHLR
CHW load, respectively. The measured parameters and should never be oversized for the load. In order to run
the range of their values are as follows: the HRCHLR at full load as much as possible, the design-
• Outdoor air temperature: 23°F and 104°F (–5.0°C ers sized the case-study HRCHLR capacity equal to the
and 40°C); base heating load in summer. The expected annual
• CHW load: 8.05 and 175.8 MMBtu/h (2360 and energy cost savings using baseline operating practices
51,524 kW); and of maintaining the HHW supply temperature at 155°F
• HHW load: 6.1 and 79.2 MMBtu/h (1794 and (68.3°C) and condenser water flow at design of 2039
23,220 kW). gpm (128.7 L/s) is $342,060, as shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Predicted HRCHLR energy cost savings using baseline operating practices.
NATURAL GAS ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY CHLR + BOILER CHLR + NATURAL ENERGY
HHW CHW HRCHLR COST
MONTH RATE, RATE INPUT COOLING TOWER NATURAL GAS GAS BOILER SAVINGS
MMBTU TON/H $
$/MMBTU $/KWH KWH KWH MMBTU $ $
9 4.257 0.0503 14,400 848,160 1,304,640 $65,623 504,415 17,143 $98,349 $ 32,726
10 4.257 0.0441 14,880 876,432 1,348,128 $59,452 435,671 17,714 $94,623 $35,170
11 4.257 0.0516 14,400 848,160 1,304,640 $67,319 314,117 17,143 $89,186 $21,866
12 4.257 0.045 14,880 876,432 1,348,128 $60,666 324,921 17,714 $90,031 $29,365
1 4.257 0.0466 14,880 876,432 1,348,128 $62,823 289,786 17,714 $88,914 $26,091
2 4.257 0.0491 13,440 791,616 1,217,664 $59,787 280,910 16,000 $81,905 $22,117
3 4.257 0.0538 14,880 876,432 1,348,128 $72,529 351,216 17,714 $94,305 $21,776
4 4.257 0.0375 14,400 848,160 1,304,640 $48,924 435,160 17,143 $89,296 $40,372
5 4.257 0.0404 14,880 876,432 1,348,128 $54,464 495,059 17,714 $95,410 $40,946
6 4.257 0.0494 14,400 848,160 1,304,640 $64,449 528,521 17,143 $99,086 $34,637
7 4.257 0.0734 14,880 876,432 1,348,128 $98,953 571,275 17,714 $117,341 $18,389
8 4.257 0.0716 14,880 876,432 1,348,128 $96,526 554,767 17,714 $115,131 $18,605
Annual 4.257 0.0511 175,200 10,319,280 15,873,120 $811,517 5,085,819 208,571 $1,153,576 $342,060

48 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18


However, the performance of the HRCHLR is also
impacted by other factors in addition to the HRCHLR
capacity, such as:
• Heating hot-water supply temperature;
• Turndown (available load reduction);
• Heating water loop T;
• Maximum condenser and evaporator water flows;
and
• Electrical rates and demand charges.
In the following sections, the details for each factor are
discussed, and ECMs to optimize HRCHLR operation are
presented.
Heating Hot-Water Supply Temperature Reset
Typical HVAC heating hot-water temperature for con-
ventional plants is 180°F (82°C) supply and 160°F (71°C)
return. At these temperatures, it is difficult to find a
heat pump that will be effective from a combined capi-
tal cost and operating cost standpoint. The lower the
HHW temperature, the more applicable a heat pump
is, because efficiency increases as HHW temperature
drops. However, as temperature of the hot water drops,
additional hot-water coil surface is required to heat the
supply air to the temperature required for heating the
space. For an existing heating system, it is impossible
to increase coil surface, so an alternative solution to
increase efficiency is to reset HHWST during partial load
as shown in Figure 7.
When the outdoor air temperature (OAT) is higher
than 45°F (7.2°C), the heat pump can operate parallel to
boilers. When the HHWST setpoint is higher than 155°F
(68.3°C), the boilers need to be used to boost the HHW
temperature. If the HHWST setpoint is reset to a lower
temperature, the heating hot-water return temperature
(HHWRT) may be below the condensing temperature.
For a noncondensing boiler, a means of protecting the
boiler must be provided. For the case-study plant, a
mixing valve is used to prevent the boiler entering water
temperature from dropping below 135°F (57.2°C), and a
loop bypass valve is used to maintain the loop HHWST at
a lower setpoint.
The heat pump performance can be impacted by the
PLR and the lift temperature. Although reducing the
HHWST can reduce lift temperature, it also reduces the
HHW loop T and heat pump load ratio, which reduces
heat pump COP and increases distribution pump
energy consumption. Therefore, a trade-off needs to be
TECHNICAL FEATURE
FIGURE 7 HHWST setpoint reset schedule.
200
150
HHWST(°F)
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Outside Air Temperature (°F)
HHWST Setpoint Heat Pump Max HHWLT
conducted to optimize the HHWST reset schedule.
Turndown and Heating Water Loop Heating Hot-Water Loop
T
Because a heat pump operates at essentially constant
lift (meaning the entering CHW temperature and the
leaving heating hot-water temperature [LHWT] remain
relatively constant), the turndown (available load reduc-
tion) can be significantly less than the turndown for
water chillers. For centrifugal compressors, the mini-
mum capacity may be only 40% to 50% of the design
heating load before the refrigerant flow may become
unstable, otherwise known as “surge.” The minimum
capacity requires the return temperature of the HHW
loop to be lower than 147°F (63.9°C) at the design flow
of 2039 gpm (128.7 L/s) for the case-study chiller, with a
leaving temperature of 155°F (68.3°C).
The HHW loop return temperature is impacted by
many factors, such as the HHWST, heating load, heating
coil design T, etc. For a central HHW loop, a good solu-
tion is to create a regression model based on the histori-
cal loop data. The measured parameters and the range
of their values of HHW loop data from 9/1/2014 through
8/31/2015 are as follows:
• HHWST: 123.5°F and 171.9°F (50.8°C and 77.7°C);
and
• HHWRT: 114°F and 146.5°F (45.5°C and 63.6°C).
Figure 8 shows a linear relationship between HHWST
and HHWRT.
Figure 9 presents key temperatures of the HHW
loop as a function of outdoor air temperature. These
include the HHW loop supply temperature, HHW
loop return temperature, heat pump maximum leav-
ing temperature, and heat pump turn-down entering
temperature.
When the outside air temperature (OAT) is less than
45°F (7.2°C), the required HHW loop supply setpoint is
D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 49
TECHNICAL FEATURE

FIGURE 8 HHWRT regression model. FIGURE 9 Key HHW temperatures versus OAT.
200 200
180

HHWST(°F)
150 160
HHWRT(°F)

140
100 120
100
50 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
0 Outside Air Temperature (°F)
100 120 140 160 180
HHWST Setpoint HHWRT Heat Pump Max HHWLT
HHWST (°F)
Heat Pump Turndown HHWET

higher than the maximum leaving temperature of the
heat pump, 155°F (68.3°C). The heat pump can still run
at side-stream to the boilers until the OAT is less than
30°F (–1.1°C) or the loop return temperature is higher
than 147°F (63.9°C). When the HHW loop return tem-
perature is higher than 147°F (63.9°C), the DT across the
condenser is only 8°F (4.44°C), because the maximum
HHW leaving temperature of HRCHLR is 155°F (68.3°C).
An 8°F (4.44°C) DT is 40% of design DT 20°F (11.11°C).
Therefore, when the condenser flow is at the design flow
of 2039 gpm (128.7 L/s), the HRCHLR will turn down
when the HHW loop return temperature is higher than
147°F (63.9°C) or the OAT is lower than 30°F (–1.1°C),
although the HHW load on campus is as high as 68
MMBtu/h (71.75 GJ/h). In order to take advantage of the
heat pump at low OATs, it is recommended to increase
HHW flow as high as possible to increase heat pump load
ratio with a higher pumping energy consumption pen-
alty. This recommendation is evaluated in Scenario 3 in
the Operation Cost Saving Analysis section.
Optimize Heating Hot-Water Flow
If the condenser water flow could be modulated with-
out any limit, the HHW loop DT would not impact heat
pump performance. However, due to the hydronic
pump head and condenser design parameter limits,
the water flow range normally is between 60% and 130%
of the design flow. With 130% of design HHW flow, the
turndown entering HHW temperature can increase
from 147°F to 148.8°F (63.9°C to 64.9°C) without exceed-
ing the maximum heating hot-water leaving tempera-
ture (HHWLT).
Electrical Rates and Demand Charges
Electrical rates change dramatically from month to
month. For example, the minimum blended rate dur-
ing a fiscal year was $0.0375/kWh in April, while the
maximum blended rate was $0.0716/kWh in August.
Another important factor is the peak demand during
summer months (June through September). The annual
demand charge was $46,000/MW for the fiscal year. The
Four Coincidental Peaks (4CP) is a value measured by all
the regulated utilities and coops in Texas that is used to
directly or indirectly capture regulated transmission and
transmission cost recovery factor rates from end-use
customers. It is calculated based on Electric Reliability
Council of Texas’s (ERCOT) system peak demand during
the months of June, July, August, and September in coin-
cidence with clients loads, as measured over a 15-minute
interval. Historically, ERCOT’s measured weekday peak
demand has occurred between 3:45 p.m. and 5 p.m.
Therefore, heat pump operation should be avoided dur-
ing these hours for 4CP days.
Operation Cost Saving Analysis
As discussed previously, the operation strategy impacts
the operating cost significantly. In this section, the
energy cost savings are calculated for the following four
scenarios with same expected thermal comfort level for
buildings:
• Scenario 1: Maintain HHWST at 155°F (68.3°C) and
HHW flow at design flow, 2,039 gpm (128.7 L/s);
• Scenario 2: Implement HHW supply reset sched-
ule and maintain HHW flow at design flow, 2,039 gpm
(128.7 L/s);
• Scenario 3: Implement HHW supply reset schedule
and increase the maximum HHW flow to 130% of design
flow, 2650 gpm(167.2 L/s); and
• Scenario 4: Scenario 3 + turn off HRCHLR during
4CP hours.
Model and Assumptions
The following HRCHLR model is based on the manu-
facturer’s performance data:

50 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18


COPnormal = 1.5321PLR2 + 2.8546PLR + 1.9182 (1)
CorrectT = 0.00010998T 2 + –0.04186T + 4.8422 (2)
COP = COPnormal × CorrectT (3)
where PLR is the part-load ratio HHW Load
Capacitydesign
and T is heating hot water supply temperature.
A conventional chiller model below is based on manu-
facturer’s performance data:
ELEratio = (0.319589x 2 – 0.07587x + 0.1759y 2 – 0.101093y)
+ 0.602307xy + 0.075846 (4)
ELEinput = ELEdesign × ELEratio (5)
CHW Load
where x is part-load ratio:
Tonnagedesign
CWET − CHWLT
and y is lift temperature ratio:
(CWT − CHWLT )design
where
CWET = condensing water entering temperature
CHWLT = chilled-water leaving temperature
ELEdesign = design electricity input.
The following describes the assumptions for the
model:
• Natural gas (NG) boiler efficiency: 82%
• Cooling tower: kW/ton = 0.08
• HHW pump efficiency: 75%
• Motor efficiency: 95%
• 4CP hours: 3:00 PM to 5:00 PM for weekdays from
June through September
• Rates: RateNG = $4.257/MMBtu; RateELE  $0.0375 to
$0.0734/kWh (as seen in Table 2)
For each scenario, two operating costs are calculated.
One is calculated using the models of a HRCHLR and
HHW pump. The other is calculated by using the models
of conventional chiller, HHW pump, natural gas boiler,
and cooling tower to produce the same amount of CHW
and HHW energy. The difference between these two
costs is the savings of each scenario.
The calculated annual energy cost savings and electric-
ity demand cost increase for each scenario are shown in
Figure 10.
Although reducing the HHWST can improve heat
pump efficiency, the HHW loop T decreases at the
same time. If the HHW flow is maintained at the design
TECHNICAL FEATURE
flow, the load ratio of the HRCHLR will decrease, which
reduces the HRCHLR savings potential. The savings
results show that if HHWST reset is implemented with-
out increasing condenser water flow, the cost savings of
Scenario 2 is less than that of Scenario 1 if demand cost
is not considered. If condenser water flow is increased to
130% of design flow, the savings (Scenario 3) significantly
increase to $371,428.
The electricity demand charge also impacts cost sav-
ings significantly. If the HRCHLR operates at design
conditions during 4CP hours, the demand cost will
be $43,673. If the HRCHLR is turned off during 4CP
hours, the energy savings will be reduced from $397,701
(Scenario 3) to $389,182 (Scenario 4), but Scenario 4
can avoid $26,273 in demand charges. The overall cost
savings of Scenario 4 is the highest. Hence, the optimal
operation strategy is to combine the following three
ECMs:
• Implement the HHWST reset schedule;
• Increase condenser water flow to 130% of design
flow; and
• Turn off the HRCHLR during 4CP hours.
The optimal operation of Scenario 4 can achieve
$389,182/year in savings at current natural gas and elec-
tricity rates, which is 43.9% more than the savings cur-
rently being realized with operations using Scenario 1.
Conclusion
A heat recovery chiller can be a very effective means of
lowering natural gas consumption. Although coincident
heating hot-water and chilled water loads are essential
to justify the economics of a heat recovery chiller appli-
cation, designers and operators also need to consider the
following factors to operate the HRCHLR system more
efficiently:
• Heating hot-water supply temperature reset;
• Turndown (available load reduction);
• Heating hot-water and chilled-water loop T;
• Maximum condenser and evaporator water flow;
and
• Electrical rates and demand charges.
Four scenarios are studied in this paper. The results
show that Scenario 4 can achieve the most savings. The
proposed optimal operation strategy for the case-study
HRCHLR is to combine the following three measures:
• Implement the HHWST reset schedule;
• Increase condenser water flow to 130% of design
D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 51
TECHNICAL FEATURE

flow; and FIGURE 10 Energy cost savings for different scenarios.

¥ Turn off the HRCHLR during 4CP
hours $450,000
$397,701 $389,182 $389,182
$400,000 $371,428
An overall savings of $389,182 can be $350,000 $314,047 $301,474 $279,805
achieved at the given natural gas and $300,000 $270,410
$250,000

Cost Savings
electricity rates, which is 43.9% more
savings than the current strategy.
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Liu, Z., et al. 2017. “Feasibility and performance study of the hybrid
ground-source heat pump system for one office building in Chinese
heating dominated areas.” Renewable Energy 10:1131–40.
Luo, J., et al. 2015. “Heating and cooling performance analysis
of a ground source heat pump system in southern Germany.”
Geothermics 53:57–66.
Montagud, C., J.M. Corberan, A. Montero. 2014. “In situ
optimization methodology for the water circulation pumps
frequency of ground source heat pump system.” Energy and Buildings
68(A):42–53.
Sebarchievici, C., I. Sarbu. 2015. “Performance of an experimental
ground-coupled heat pump system for heating, cooling and
domestic hot water operation.” Renewable Energy 76:148–59.
Temos, E. 2006. “Using waste heat for energy savings.” ASHRAE
Journal 48(4): 28–30, 32, 34–5.
Tremblay, V., R. Zmeureanu. 2014. “Benchmarking models for
the ongoing commissioning of heat recovery process in a central
heating and cooling plant.” Energy 70:194–203.
Wu, W., et al. 2014. “Simulation of a combined heating, cooling and
domestic hot water system based on ground source absorption heat
pump.” Applied Energy 126:113–22.
Yang, W., L. Sun, Y. Chen. 2015, “Experimental investigations of the
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52 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

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FEATURE

NIST’s Testbed for

Optimizing Building
System Performance
BY MARY KATE MCGOWAN, ASSOCIATE EDITOR, NEWS

The National Institute of Standards and Technology’s Intelligent Building Agents

Laboratory (IBAL) is a “building in a laboratory,” said Steven Bushby, Fellow ASHRAE.
Actual buildings are not conducive environments for conducting reproducible
research due to changing internal loads and outside weather conditions, so NIST
created a testbed to remove those concerns.
The IBAL testbed is a controlled environment with to develop data-driven models using machine learn-
reproducible weather and building loads that NIST ing that will be used in the optimization of system
uses to analyze real building mechanical systems. The operations.
testbed reflects the complex control optimization prob- Bushby said the industry is skilled at local loop control
lems of real buildings, said Bushby, who is the leader of a single piece of equipment but generally uses heu-
of the Mechanical Systems and Controls Group of the ristics to make supervisory control decisions that affect
Energy and Environment Division of NIST’s Engineering energy-efficiency, indoor environmental control of a
Laboratory. building and campus-scale energy performance based
The IBAL demonstrates agent-based optimization on chilled-water setpoints.
and control approaches on real equipment and allows “We think that the industry can do much better, and
researchers to understand the challenges when moving that the use of intelligent agents may be part of the solu-
out of simulation into reality, said Amanda Pertzborn, tion. The IBAL is a research platform to test and demon-
Ph.D., Associate Member ASHRAE, who is a mechanical strate these potential solutions,” said Bushby.
engineer in NIST’s Mechanical Systems and Controls Most of the IBAL’s optimization efforts so far have been
Group. focusing on minimizing energy consumption while still
Real HVAC equipment has dynamic operations and meeting comfort requirements, he said.
discontinuities that need to be considered in a real
control system, but system models often neglect tran- Finding the Best Ways to Meet Building Loads
sient behavior and only model steady-state condi- The IBAL has the major types of equipment found in
tions, Pertzborn said. So a testbed allows researchers real commercial buildings: air handling units, variable

54 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

 FEATURE

The IBAL has two chillers with capacities of about 35 kW (10 tons) and 25 kW An AHU with a 68 kW (20 tons) cooling coil, 60 kW electric heater, and steam
(7 tons) when chilling a 30% propylene glycol mixture to 7.2°C (45°F). spray humidifier is used to create reproducible weather conditions.

CREDIT: DENISE HERBERT

CREDIT: DENISE HERBERT

air volume units, multiple chillers with differing capac- Simplifying assumptions in models may mean things
ity, a simulated cooling tower and ice storage. do not work as expected in a real system. Bushby said
The systems allow the researchers to model com- these challenges show the importance of evaluating
plex operations and challenge a control system to new technologies on real equipment. Despite the chal-
determine the best way to meet a building load, said lenges, dealing with non-ideal situations is a benefit to
Pertzborn, adding that they define “best” in terms of using real mechanical systems instead of simulation,
cost, thermal comfort and energy efficiency. he said.
“Unlike a real building, we have carefully determined “Real control systems must be able to adapt to these
the measurement uncertainty of all our measurements. kinds of problems. We expect that, in the future, we
We can test one optimization approach, and then change will take techniques that are successful in this labora-
it or substitute another and run the tests again with the tory and test them in actual building systems,” he said.
same internal loads and the same ‘outdoor’ weather to “It will be important to prove the ideas in a variety of
allow direct comparisons,” said Bushby. buildings.”
The IBAL’s first order of business was exploring
techniques for developing agent-based models of the Affecting Different Parts of the Industry
mechanical equipment performance in the context of The IBAL is expected to help different industry profes-
optimizing the use of thermal storage, said Pertzborn. sionals from design engineers to equipment manufac-
“...Our early results seem to confirm that there are turers to facility operators, said Pertzborn.
potentially significant benefits to an agent-based For design engineers, the testbed should support the
approach,” she said. development of guidance on how advanced control algo-
rithms can influence their designs, such as the sizing
Challenges and Advantages and selection of equipment. For researchers, the lab’s
The IBAL presents challenges, just like real building results and data can help stimulate academic and corpo-
projects, said Bushby. They have discovered some of rate research to build industry knowledge and improve
the lab’s design assumptions do not match the as-built products.
systems. Regarding equipment manufacturers, the lab is
“For example, I had anticipated that the chillers would expected to provide strategies for developing data-
operate over a range of loads without cycling, but in driven models of real equipment and strategies for
reality, they have a very limited range,” he said integrating agent-based intelligent control into building
Because the IBAL is a lab and not a full-size building, controllers.
the thermal mass of the water in the system is small. “One level of complexity is that the data-driven mod-
When a chiller cycles off, the temperature spikes rap- els require data before they can be used, so the control
idly, and the impact of cycling is more significant than it algorithm will require a non-data-driven model to
would be in a real building, according to Bushby. control the building in the short-term. The solution

D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 55

FEATURE

The IBAL contains four simulated zones, stacked one above the other at the center An ice storage tank can be used to meet the cooling loads instead of the chillers
of this image, that generate cooling loads for the water system. Each zone is con- or water side economizer. This system allows loads to be shifted to times of the
nected to a VAV unit, shown at the left. day when electric rates are lower.

CREDIT: DENISE HERBERT

CREDIT: DENISE HERBERT

to this problem is something we hope to define,” said
The National Institute of Standards and Technology’s Intelligent Building Agents
Pertzborn, adding that NIST hopes to work directly with Laboratory (IBAL) is a controlled environment with reproducible weather and
HVAC equipment and controls manufacturers to test building loads that NIST uses to analyze real building mechanical systems. The
ideas on a common platform. testbed demonstrates agent-based optimization and control approaches on real
equipment and allows researchers to understand the challenges when moving out
For facility operators, the testbed is expected to pro- of simulation into reality.
vide tools that track equipment performance, so opera-
tors can see if their equipment is degrading. Data-driven
models will update over time and can alert the opera-
tors to significant changes from previous versions of
the model, said Pertzborn. The testbed is also supposed
to help facility operators automate decision making, so
they can focus on other work.

CREDIT: KIKKERI/ NIST

Facility owners could benefit from the performance
and cost benefits of a more optimized operation, said
Bushby.
“We expect this research to inform the development
of guidelines, standards, methods of test and possibly “A smart grid environment complicates the optimiza-
industry-run product or design certification programs,” tion challenge because it introduces other opportuni-
said Bushby. ties and constraints. Linkage with the NIST Smart Grid
Testbed in the future will create an opportunity to
Future Possibilities explore these building-to-grid interactions and how
The IBAL does not interact with NIST’s other testbeds they impact system optimization,” said Bushby, chair
but could in the future. of ASHRAE’s Smart Grid Application Guide Ad Hoc
Researchers have considered integrating it with the Committee.
Virtual Cybernetic Building Testbed (VCBT) and the NIST will engage collaborators from industry and aca-
Smart Grid Testbed Facility, said Pertzborn. She said the demia to take full advantage of the capabilities of the
testbed could help projects in NIST’s Fault Detection and IBAL. Data will also be posted on the lab’s website.
Diagnostics and commissioning work. “Researchers are always on the lookout for reliable
As NIST is involved in research and standards devel- data sets that can be used to advance their work. We
opment related to a future smart electric grid, Bushby have taken great care to understand and document our
said progress in that area would require much more measurements. We plan to archive our experimental
collaborative interactions between buildings and the data along with meta information about what was being
grid. tested,” said Bushby.

56 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

COLUMN ENGINEER’S NOTEBOOK

Steven T. Taylor

4-Pipe VAV vs. Active

Chilled Beams for Labs
BY STEVEN T. TAYLOR, P.E., FELLOW ASHRAE

Variable air volume (VAV) laboratory HVAC systems, including VAV fume hoods, are
now standard practice and dramatically improve energy efficiency compared to
the constant volume systems they replaced. To further improve efficiency, modern
laboratory HVAC designs focus on two primary goals: minimizing the energy used to
condition outdoor air and minimizing terminal unit reheat energy. In this regard,
several guides and articles1–5 encourage using active chilled beams (ACB) in lab zones.
But ACBs have many disadvantages both from a cost and efficiency perspective. This
month’s column discusses an alternative design, 4-pipe VAV (4PVAV) systems, which
cost less and are usually more efficient.
The 4PVAV system is not a new concept. It has been Lab Types
used in many labs and is discussed in the Labs21 Best Labs can generally be broken into three categories:
Practice Guide Minimizing Reheat Energy Use in Laboratories • Ventilation-dominated, labs where the minimum
referenced above, where the system is called “ZC” for air changes per hour (ACH) required for safe dilution of
zone cooling coils. But the design has been losing favor lab process emissions is greater than hood exhaust rates
relative to ACBs in the literature and in many recent and rates required by the cooling load;
high performing labs. In humid climates, where active • Hood-dominated, labs where the hood exhaust rate
dehumidification is typically necessary with all HVAC exceeds that required by the cooling load or minimum
systems, and in predominantly load-dominated labs, ventilation; and
a well-designed and controlled ACB system may have • Load-dominated, labs where the airflow needed by
better energy efficiency. But that is not the case for ven- the cooling load exceeds the hood exhaust and mini-
tilation- and hood-dominated labs and not the case in mum ventilation rates.
mild, dry climates. Furthermore, because of the need Labs may operate in all three categories at different
to prevent condensation on the chilled beams, ACB sys- times. For instance:
tems are more complicated with respect to optimized • When ventilation requirements are reduced from
control logic. These issues are discussed in more detail Steven T. Taylor, P.E., is a principal of Taylor Engineering in Alameda, Calif. He is a
below. member of SSPC 90.1 and GPC 36.

D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 57

COLUMN ENGINEER’S NOTEBOOK
FIGURE 1 UC Davis lab plug loads. (From Labs21 Minimizing Reheat Energy Use in Laboratories. The upper and
lower ends of the lines represent maximum and minimum. The upper and lower ends of the boxes represent 99th
and 1st percentiles of the measurements.)
Range of Measured W/ft2 (15 Minute Interval Power)
18
16
14
12
10
8
6 8
4 10
2
0
3L2A 3L2B 3L2C 3L2D
high occupied rates (e.g., 6 to 8 ACH)
to lower unoccupied rates (e.g., 2 to
4 ACH), a ventilation-dominated lab
could become load-dominated.
• When hoods are not in use and
their sashes are closed, a hood-dom-
inated lab could become ventilation-
or load-dominated.
• As cooling loads fall due to
reductions in internal and envelope
loads, a load-dominated lab could
become ventilation-dominated.
Only zones that are load-domi-
nated benefit from active chilled
beams. In these labs, the use of
ACBs reduces outdoor airflow rates
because the induction effect of
the ACBs increases cooling capac-
ity vs. supplying primary outdoor
air alone. The design and energy
impacts are discussed further
below.
So how prevalent are load-dom-
inated labs? The answer varies
significantly from lab to lab but,
in the author’s experience, seldom
are loads as high as those lab users
and lab consultants claim them to
be. Figure 1 shows an example from
one university lab. Not including
loads from envelope, lighting, and
people, the peak airflow required
to meet these loads is mostly less
than 4 ACH (Table 1). If 6 ACH
58 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org
3L2E 3L2H 3L2L 3L2M 2L2G 3L2H
(corresponding to 5.8 W/ft2 [62 W/
m2]) is the minimum required for
ventilation, only three labs operate
predominantly as load-dominated,
and thus might benefit from ACBs.
The majority of labs in this example
are ventilation-dominated during
almost all operating hours. (Some
may be hood-dominated as well—
data on hood rates from this study
are not known.) Loads tend to be
particularly low in typical univer-
sity and high school labs.
System Schematics
The 4PVAV option is shown in
Figure 2. Comments on design
details:
• The 4-pipe changeover coils
(discussed in August 2017 Engineer’s
Notebook column6) at each zone are
shown to have four 2-way valves but
for simplicity and reduced costs,
6-way valves would be used in all
except very large zones where 6-way
valves are not currently available.
• A run-around exhaust energy
recovery system is shown, although
not usually part of our lab designs in
coastal California. There are many
operational concerns with these
systems, such as how to change
filters upstream of the exhaust coil
given possible contamination, but
D E C E M B E R 2 0 18
TABLE 1 Equivalence of ACH to plug loads assuming
a 9 ft (2.7 m) ceiling and 55°F (13°C) supply air
temperature, 75°F (24°C) space temperature (not
including loads from envelope, lighting, and people).
ACH LOADS W/FT 2
2 1.9
4 3.9
6 5.8
7.7
9.7
12 11.6
3L1N 14 13.5
energy recovery is encouraged by
Labs217 and cost effective in many
climates. However, we do not use
energy recovery in coastal Califor-
nia (ASHRAE Zone 3c) because it is
not cost effective based on studies
performed for the California Energy
Commission,8 which found it to
have a negative net energy savings
because the added fan energy due to
the pressure drop of added coils and
filter on the exhaust fan side offsets
the heating and cooling savings due
to the mild climate. Accordingly,
energy recovery is not a requirement
in either ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.19
and California’s Title 2410 for labs
(or any other occupancy type) in this
climate zone.
• Note that the run-around heat
recovery piping is shown with a hot
water connection and there is no
separate HW coil in the air handling
unit (AHU)—one coil does both du-
ties. This also allows the HW system
makeup water and expansion tank
to serve the heat recovery loop as
well, further reducing first costs.
While heat recovery alone generally
provides warm enough supply air
in cold weather, the HW connection
can also provide emergency heating
in case the exhaust heat recovery
coil is inoperative. If heat recovery
 COLUMN ENGINEER’S NOTEBOOK

is not provided, this coil would be a FIGURE 2 4-pipe VAV system.

standard HW coil for preheat. It can
be deleted entirely in climates, such
as San Francisco’s, where outdoor Min. Flow
air temperatures seldom fall below Bypass
HHWS & R
Dampers
~40°F (4.4°C). Bypass
• There is no cooling coil at the Damper
AHU. This is only possible in rela-
tively dry* climates, such as those VSD Lab
Exhaust Lab Air
on the western and southwestern Fans Handler Outside
Air
United States. In ventilation- and Heat Recovery
VSD Pump
hood-dominated labs, the supply air VSD
temperature to the space needed to
handle cooling loads can be as high FSD
as 70°F [21°C], resulting in no dehu- Supply Air Duct
Lab Air
midification and high space humid- Valve TYP
ity if outdoor air humidity is high. Control Changeover
Valves Valves
• The CHW supply tempera- Sub
Duct Exhaust Air Duct
ture for this system generally uses Condensate
standard temperatures, e.g., 42°F Drain
Dedicated Lab Exhaust Shaft

to 45°F [5.6°C to 7.2 °C] in order

to handle the cooling load of load-

Supply Shaft
General
dominated labs. This necessitates a EXH
Fume Hood
condensate pan and drain at the coil
assembly.
• Only lab zones are shown in the
schematic. Most labs also include
office areas, which can be served by
the same AHU, separate AHUs, or
hybrid AHUs that include a common mixed air plenum Sizing the outdoor air system for the loads in load-
as described in reference 1. The latter option is the most dominated labs also improves flexibility – hoods could
efficient. be added to the lab in the future with nothing more than
• Also not shown in Figure 2 is supplemental recir- setpoint changes to the outdoor air supply system.
culating cooling-only fan-coils that would be provided The ACB system is shown in Figure 3. It is almost identi-
in labs with very high load densities, such as lab 3L2M cal to the 4PVAV system with these exceptions:
in Figure 1. These are often DX or variable-refrigerant- 1. Instead of a HW/CHW coil downstream of the
flow fan-coils since the chiller plant does not run in supply air valve for the 4PVAV system, this system uses
cold weather and these fan-coils may need to in order active chilled beams. ACBs are low pressure induction
to meet loads. Note that all load-dominated labs could units, in this case with a single coil used for both heating
be provided with fan-coils so that they no longer were and cooling. The same change-over valve assembly that
load-dominated from the perspective of the outdoor air is used in the 4PVAV system can also be used with ACBs.
system, but this adds to first costs and it can increase 2. The CHW supply to the ACBs must be tempered
energy costs since the fan-coils would have to run in cold water, e.g., 55°F to 58°F [12.8°C to 14.4°C] supply tem-
weather (more discussion on energy impacts below.) perature (vs. 42°F to 45°F [5.6°C to 7.2°C] for the 4PVAV
* “Dryclimates” in this context are those where high humidity levels, above about 63°F (17°C) corresponding to 75°F (24°C) and 65%
RH, are not sustained for many hours or days consecutively. Microbial growth will not generally be sustained unless high humidity levels
are sustained.

D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 59

COLUMN ENGINEER’S NOTEBOOK

system) to ensure that condensation FIGURE 3 ACB system.

does not occur on the chilled beam
surfaces. Using tempered water
eliminates the need for condensate Min. Flow
Bypass
drains and also can improve chiller Dampers
HHWS & R
efficiency as discussed below. Bypass
Damper
3. A cooling coil must be provided
at the AHU to dehumidify outdoor Lab
VSD
air, again to prevent condensation Exhaust Lab Air Outside
Fans Handler
on chilled beams. The cooling source Heat Recovery
Air
for this coil should be separate from VSD Pump
VSD
that serving the ACBs, e.g., a sepa-
rate DX system or a dual tempera- FSD
ture plant,11 in order for the tem- Supply Air Duct
pered water required by the ACBs Lab Air
Valve TYP
to improve chiller efficiency. This is
Exhaust Air Duct
discussed further below.
Sub
4. The size of the AHU and duc- Duct
twork serving the ACBs will be Control Changeover
Dedicated Lab Exhaust Shaft

Valves Valves
smaller than that for the 4PVAV sys-
tem because the supply air needed

Supply Shaft
for load-dominated labs is lower. A General
EXH Fume Hood
typical ACB at typical design condi-
tions† can deliver about 2.5 times the
sensible load that primary outdoor
air can provide alone. So a lab that
requires from 6 ACH (a typical oc-
cupied minimum for ventilation) up to 15 ACH of supply have to be upsized somewhat for some zones.
air from the 4PVAV system to meet cooling loads would
require only 6 ACH with the ACB system. This reduc- Example Energy Comparison
tion in the outdoor air rate is the key “selling point” of An EnergyPlus model was created for a lab in Oakland,
the ACB system in the literature. The significance of this CA to compare the 4PVAV and ACB systems. The sys-
reduction on costs and space requirements depends on tems are as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 except there
the size and quantity of load-dominated labs. is no heat recovery system. Minimum ventilation dur-
5. The ACB system in Figure 3 suggests that all labs have ing occupied periods was 6 ACH, while 4 ACH was
ACBs. But ACBs are very expensive and offer no value to maintained during unoccupied hours. Both systems
ventilation-dominated and hood-dominated labs, and it include air-to-water heat pumps to provide both hot
is sometimes impossible to use them in hood-dominated water and chilled water. They are not the heat recov-
labs because there is not enough ceiling space to house ery type because the 4PVAV system has no hours where
all of the ACBs. So non-load-dominated labs are often there is simultaneous heating and cooling, and, if well
served instead by 4-pipe terminal units and standard controlled as discussed below, the ACB system has few
diffusers, just like the 4PVAV system. The capacity of the hours, not enough to justify the added expense. Since
terminal in an ACB system is less than the typical 4PVAV the cooling system is air-cooled, there is no waterside
system because the available tempered CHW results in economizer on the ACB system. Labs were a mixture of
warmer supply air temperature, so the terminal may ventilation-dominated and load-dominated to varying
† Room temperature 75°F/50%, primary supply air 57°F, 58°F CHW supply temperature for the ACB system vs. 55°F supply air tempera-
ture for the 4PVAV system.

60 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

 COLUMN ENGINEER’S NOTEBOOK

degrees; none were hood domi- TABLE 2 EnergyPlus equipment loads.

nated, an assumption that favors the ACB ACB ACB ACB
4-PIPE VAV
ACB system in any comparison. 55°F SAT 58°F SAT 60°F SAT 65°F SAT
One of the complexities of ACBs AHU (cfm) 39,402 39,402 39,402 39,402 61,492
is how to control the AHU supply HP/Chillers (tons) 196 185 178 162 105
air temperature. If it is too warm,
supply air dew point will be too high and condensation FIGURE 4 Energy model results: source energy use intensity.
will occur on the chilled beams. If it is too cold, cooling
60

Source EUI (Btu/h·ft2)

and reheat energy significantly increase. Many design- 50
ers simply supply outdoor air at the tempered CHWS 40
temperature, or a few degrees lower for safety, but 30
that is overly conservative and significantly increases 20
energy use. The ideal control logic is to reset supply air 10
temperature as required to ensure condensation just 0
Heating Cooling Fans Pumps Heat Rejection
barely occurs on the CHW supply piping to each zone.
Pipe-mounted condensation sensors are available that 250
can detect a microscopic deposit of condensate, then 200Source EUI (Btu/h·ft2)
234.4
217.3
close a contact that can be used as an input to the control 150 209.8
203.8
system to reset the AHU supply air temperature setpoint 100 185.1
(e.g., using Trim & Respond logic12). Sensors should be 50
provided in each lab since there are often local moisture 0
producing activities, such as boiling liquids and Bunsen Total

burner use. ACB 55°F SAT + Chilled Beam ACB 58°F SAT + Chilled Beam
Unfortunately, the ideal logic cannot be modeled with ACB 60°F SAT + Chilled Beam ACB 65°F SAT + Chilled Beam 4-Pipe VAV
EnergyPlus without significant additional work devel-
oping control plug-ins. So we modeled four supply air
temperatures: 55°F, 58°F, 60°F, and 65°F [12.8°C, 14.4°C, is no reheat and no overcooling.
15.6°C, and 18.3°C]. The actual performance will be Results for source Energy Use Index are shown in
somewhere in between these extremes. Performance Figure 4. Note that EUI is based on source energy, not site
cannot be as good as the 65°F [18.3°C] model since that energy.
will result in condensation at times, even in Oakland’s Energy costs for each option are shown in Figure 5.
mild weather. But it could be close with an aggressive The results show that a 4PVAV system outperforms the
reset strategy based on condensation sensors. ACB options, even at its most optimistic 65°F supply air
The 4PVAV system in this case has only a heating coil at temperature setpoint. The reasons are as follows:
the air handler—all cooling is done at the zone level—so 1. Heating energy is lowest for 4PVAV since there is
the system is not sensitive to AHU supply air tempera- literally no reheat with this design. In load-dominated
ture setpoint. The supply air temperature setpoint may labs, heating costs are greater than for chilled beam
be simply fixed at the design cooling supply air temper- systems because of the higher outdoor air rate that must
ature, 55°F [12.8°C] in this case. be conditioned. But the opposite is true for ventilation-
Estimated loads from the EnergyPlus model are shown dominated zone where the need for dehumidification
in Table 2. The 4PVAV system has the highest AHU airflow with the ACB system significantly increases reheat
rate, as expected, but the lowest cooling loads. Higher energy.
cooling loads for the ACB system are due to the overcool- 2. Cooling energy is lowest for the 4PVAV system since
ing of supply air by the ACB AHU for ventilation-dom- it benefits from higher outdoor air rates in cool and mild
inated zones; even at design cooling conditions, these weather due to the economizer effect of supplying cool
zones require reheat with the ACB system. Because all outdoor air. The chilled beam systems in load-domi-
cooling is at the zone level with the 4PVAV system, there nated labs have no economizer so mechanical cooling

D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 61

COLUMN ENGINEER’S NOTEBOOK

must operate even at low outdoor air temperatures, FIGURE 5 Energy model results: energy cost index.
often inefficiently because of the low loads. It is pos- $0.80
sible for chilled beam systems to at least partially offset $0.70
$0.60
the lack of an economizer by improved chiller efficiency

Cost ($/ft2)
$0.50
due to the chiller producing warmer water, e.g., 58°F vs. $0.40
$0.30
45°F [14.4°C vs. 7.2°C]. But the chillers in this model all $0.20
produce 45°F [7.2°C] water and the 58°F [14.4°C] water $0.10
$0.00
for the ACBs is produced by blending supply water with Heating Cooling Fans Pumps Heat Rejection
return water. This is a common design because it is
flexible and inexpensive, and for buildings connected to $3.50
$3.00
a campus chilled water plant, it is the only option. In or- $2.50 $3.24/ft2

Cost ($/ft2)
der to achieve any chiller savings, the chiller plant would $2.00 $3.01/ft2
$2.90/ft2
need to be modified to be dual temperature (e.g., one $1.50
$2.82/ft2
$1.00
chiller plant producing 45°F [7.2°C] for the AHU while $0.50 $2.56/ft2
the other produces 58°F [14.4°C] for the ACBs) or a sepa- $0.00
Total
rate DX system could be used for the AHU. Both options
add complexity and increase first costs, and probably ACB 55°F SAT + Chilled Beam ACB 58°F SAT + Chilled Beam
ACB 60°F SAT + Chilled Beam ACB 65°F SAT + Chilled Beam 4-Pipe VAV
are not justified in Oakland’s mild climate (chiller plant
energy is relatively small as shown in Figure 5). A water-
side economizer also should be provided to
reduce cool weather chiller operation, but FIGURE 6 Supply fan power vs. airflow (the color darkness indicates number of hours at each point).

that also increases first costs, especially for 100

an air-cooled chiller plant such as this one. 90 ACB 4PVAV
3. Fan energy is significantly lower for the 80
4PVAV system compared to the chilled beam 70
Percent Power

options because of “cube law” performance 60

of fans at part load. This may be counterin- 50
tuitive but it is what we find on all DOAS vs. 40
Average 30%
VAV comparisons (see Stein and Taylor13). 30
The VAV system has larger ducts, filters, coils 20 Average 22%
10
etc. due to high peak loads but operates most
0
of the time at part load where variable speed 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
drives reduce energy use almost cubically. Average 42% Percent Load Average 49%
The ACB AHU system is smaller but it sup-
plies outdoor air at rates closer to the design rate, thus and CHW/HW supply temperature.
using closer to design fan power as shown in Figure 6. In In summary, the 4PVAV is at least 10% efficient more
this case, the lab exhaust fan exhibits similar perfor- efficient than ACBs in this example building. It would be
mance because the exhaust stack design required a low even more efficient comparatively if hood-dominated
minimum airflow rate; the exhaust fan savings will be labs were modeled.
smaller as the stack airflow minimum rises.
4. Pump energy is small for all options, but lowest Other Factors
for 4PVAV option because of the higher HW ΔT (~80°F In addition to being more efficient, the 4PVAV system
[44°C]) and CHW ΔT (~25°F [14°C]) that is possible using has other advantages over ACBs:
large coils (4 to 6-row at zones) with 100% outdoor air. • First costs are lower due primarily to the very high
ACBs generally result in very low ΔTs, ~10°F [5.6°C] for cost of the ACBs and their installation, including the very
CHW and ~40°F [22°C] for HW, due to the smaller coils high quantity of piping connections. These costs more
and lower difference between entering air temperature than offset the cost of larger AHUs, larger ductwork, and

62 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18


terminal unit condensate drain piping.
• The ACB system is only effective in load-dominated
labs and cannot be used on some hood-dominated labs
due to insufficient ceiling space to house the ACBs.
• The 4PVAV system allows hoods to be added in
the future to load-dominated labs without any modi-
fications to the outdoor air supply system other than
setpoint changes.
• Because of the large area of ACBs required in most
labs, ACBs can result in air being supplied near hoods
which can cause turbulence and impact hood perfor-
mance.
• ACBs are less flexible to future lab reconfigurations
(very common among commercial labs) given the many
hard-piped connections to the ACBs. 4PVAV diffusers are
more readily relocated.
• Control systems for ACBs can be complex in order
to maximize efficiency without causing condensation on
ACB surfaces.
However, the ACB systems has these advantages over
4PVAV:
• ACBs require less space for AHUs and duct mains,
and this can be a significant advantage where labs are
predominantly load-dominated. It may be possible to
reduce floor-to-floor height with ACB systems, but that
varies with how ducts are sized and how air is distrib-
uted, e.g., quantity of shafts. See Reference 13 for more
discussion.
• ACBs eliminate the need for condensate drains at
terminal units and associated piping. These drains can
be problematic and require regular maintenance.
Conclusions
The 4-pipe VAV system is a proven alternative to active
chilled beams in laboratories. It is usually more effi-
cient, especially in mild, dry climates, and usually less
expensive. It is also much more flexible because it can
be used for all lab types, load-dominated, ventilation-
dominated, and hood-dominated, and control systems
are simpler. On the other hand, ACB systems have
smaller space requirements, which may be a key driver
on some projects, and they do not require terminal unit
condensate drains.
References
1. Nall, D. 2014. “Energy-efficient HVAC systems for labs.”
ASHRAE Journal (4).
2. Laboratories for the 21st Century (Labs 21). 2009. Chilled Beams
COLUMN ENGINEER’S NOTEBOOK
in Laboratories Key Strategies to Ensure Effective Design, Construction, and
Operation, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
3. Rumsey, P. 2007. “Chilled beams in labs, eliminating reheat &
saving energy on a budget.” ASHRAE Journal (1).
4. Laboratories for the 21st Century (Labs 21). 2005. Minimizing
Reheat Energy Use in Laboratories, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory.
5. PG&E. 2011. “PG&E High Performance Laboratories.” Pacific
Gas and Electric Company.
6. Taylor, S. 2017. “Changeover controls & coils.” ASHRAE Journal (4).
7. Laboratories for the 21st Century (Labs 21). 2012. Energy
Recovery in Laboratory Facilities, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory.
8. CEC. 2017. CASE Report ASHRAE 90.1-2016. California
Energy Commission. http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/
PublicDocuments/17-BSTD-02/TN222185_20180118T141307_CASE_
Report_ASHRAE_9012016.pdf.
9. ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2016, Energy Standard for Buildings
Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings.
10. CEC. 2016 Building Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential
and Nonresidential Buildings, Title 24, Part 6. California Energy
Commission.
11. Nall, D. 2017. “Dual temperature chilled water plant for
enhanced energy efficiency.” ASHRAE Journal (6).
12. Taylor, S. 2015. “Resetting setpoints using trim & respond
logic.” ASHRAE Journal (11).
13. Stein, J., S. Taylor. 2013. “VAV Reheat Versus Active Chilled
Beams & DOAS.” ASHRAE Journal (5).
ASHRAE Technology Portal
Search ASHRAE’s vast information archive
Member access to ASHRAE Journal articles and
ASHRAE Research Reports. Other content on a
subscription basis.
www.ashrae.org/technologyportal
D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 63
COLUMN IEQ APPLICATIONS

Changes in IAQ Caused

By Corona Discharge
Air Cleaner
BY TODD CRAWFORD; PATRICIA FRITZ, MEMBER ASHRAE; THOMAS WAINMAN

ASHRAE Standard 62.1 has long established that an occupied space requires an
adequate supply of clean air to maintain acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ). The
most common source of clean air—outside air—must be conditioned at a price; fans,
filters, heating, cooling, and tempering are major capital, maintenance and operating
expenses in buildings. Consequently, ventilation systems are designed to preserve as
much of the conditioned air as possible by cleaning and recirculation. ASHRAE’s IAQ
Procedure1 describes a method to reduce the proportion of outside air supply by treat-
ing (cleaning) and recirculating air. ASHRAE’s IAQ Procedure is akin to the Exception
in International Mechanical Code §403.2 (2010):
“Where the registered design professional demon- regulated in California3 and are generally discouraged
strates that an engineered ventilation system design will in many states’ guidance documents (see, for example:
prevent the maximum concentration of contaminants Connecticut, New York4); the manufacturer’s marketing
from exceeding that obtainable by the rate of outdoor materials claim this air cleaner does not produce ozone.
air ventilation…the minimum required rate of outdoor ROS initiate radical reactions that rapidly decay unsatu-
air shall be reduced in accordance with such engineered rated volatile organic compounds (VOC) and generate
system design.” particles. The radical reactions propagate, creating
Corona discharge (sometimes labeled: ionizing, nega- and destroying radicals and ROS until the reactants are
tive ion, bipolar ionizing, activated oxygen, mountain transformed and the products do not react further.5
fresh air, etc.) often is a proposed air cleaning technol- For “air cleaning” the final reaction products would be
ogy to remove airborne contaminants. Corona dis- carbon dioxide and water but in practice, corona dis-
charge ionizes oxygen in air and generates an electro- charge transforms airborne contaminants into myriad
static field. The design of the corona discharge system products that are not well-characterized for their
can be modified to create mixtures of reactive oxygen chemical identities, yields or toxicities. We designed this
species (ROS): ozone, hydroxyl radicals, and super- study to evaluate the changes in IAQ caused by a corona
oxide anions.2 Ozone emissions from air cleaners are Todd Crawford, Patricia Fritz, and Thomas Wainman are research scientists at New York State
Department of Health in Albany, N.Y.

64 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

 COLUMN IEQ APPLICATIONS

discharge air cleaner installed in a classroom ventilation TABLE 1 Summary of data.

system.
PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 PHASE 4
This study was performed in an unoccupied high
Corona Discharge Air Cleaner OFF ON ON OFF
school classroom in upstate New York during the winter
vacation. The classroom’s unit ventilator can circulate Initial Outdoor Air Supply (cfm) 450 450 250 450
room air at 1,000 cfm (472 L/s) and supply 15 cfm (7 1
Air Change Rate (hour ) –1 2.7 2.7 1.2 0.7
L/s) outdoor air per person, which complies with the 2
Average Outdoor Temperature (°F) 27 21 21 21
applicable mechanical code. For this study, a corona dis- Average Outdoor Relative Humidity (%) 2 58 58 51 74
charge air cleaner was installed and connected to oper- Average Classroom Temperature (°F) 70 68 73 69
ate synchronously with the ventilator fan. The outdoor
Average Classroom Relative Humidity (%) 15 14 10 12
air supply was adjusted in four phases:
Average Classroom Ozone (ppb) 16.3 34.7 34.8 15.0
• Phase 1: corona discharge OFF; outdoor air supplied
at 450 cfm (212 L/s). Average Classroom Formaldehyde (ppb) 2.42 3.05 3.74 1.87
• Phase 2: corona discharge ON; outdoor air supplied Average Classroom Acetaldehyde (ppb) 1.21 1.71 1.56 0.68
at 450 cfm (212 L/s). Average Classroom Propionaldehyde (ppb) 0.24 0.44 0.25 0.16
• Phase 3: corona discharge ON; outdoor air supplied Average Classroom Butyraldehyde (ppb) 0.20 0.31 0.25 0.16
at 250 cfm (118 L/s). Average Classroom Valeraldehyde (ppb) 0.10 0.27 0.23 0.15
• Phase 4: corona discharge OFF; integrated econo-
Average Classroom Hexaldehyde (ppb) 0.21 0.37 0.37 0.19
mizing outdoor air supply controlled by the building
Average Classroom Acetone (ppb) 3.06 6.11 8.22 2.58
ventilation management software (ASHRAE Cycle II).
1 Estimated from rate of change of carbon dioxide concentrations.6
Indoor temperature, relative humidity and carbon 2 Outdoor temperature and relative humidity were obtained from local weather data
dioxide concentrations (parts per million, ppm) were accessed on http://www.wunderground.com.
logged throughout the study with a datalogger and Note: Increased levels of pollutants indicates worse IAQ.

carbon dioxide meter. The concen- FIGURE 1 Ozone concentrations in classroom seating area. Yellow shading indicates period when corona dis-
tration of ozone (parts per billion, charge air cleaner is switched on.
ppb) was logged with a UV absor-
bance photometer. The concentra- 0.050 Limonene Released Limonene Released
Feb. 21 8:47a Feb. 21 5:09p
tion of VOC (ppb) was logged using
photoionization detectors. The 0.040
concentration of ultrafine particles Limonene Released
Feb. 20 4:36p
(UFP, counts per cubic meter) was
Ozone (ppm)

0.030 Limonene Released

logged with a scanning mobility par- Feb. 19 9:33a
ticle sizer. Air samples were collected
on sorbent cartridges (silica treated 0.020
with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine,
DNPH) for analysis of aldehydes and 0.010
acetone (ppb) by HPLC (NYS Method
DOH-LOAC-616 SOP). The aldehyde
0.000
and acetone concentrations are 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 22 22
“time weighted averages,” based on 9a 3p 9p 3a 9a 3p 9p 3a 9a 3p 9p 3a 9a 3p 9p 3a 9a
February 2013
the total air volume collected during
the sampling time—short-term fluctuations in concen- limonene) was evaporated during Phases 2, 3 and 4 to
trations are not captured by this method. To simulate simulate the presence of VOC when students are present
students’ exhaled breath in the vacant classroom, a in a classroom—limonene was deployed during Phase
piece of dry ice (approximately 400 grams of carbon 1 but no data was acquired due to an instrument error.
dioxide) was set out to sublime in the classroom during The phases of the study and IAQ measurements are
each phase. Lemon essence (one milliliter, containing summarized in Table 1.

D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 65

COLUMN IEQ APPLICATIONS

The average classroom tempera-

FIGURE 2 Ultrafine particle counts by median particle diameter in classroom seating area. Yellow shading indicates
period when corona discharge is switched on. No data was acquired during Phase 1 due to an instrument error. ture and relative humidity remained
within normal indoor ranges during
12,000
the study; the low indoor relative
Median Pa humidity is typical for winter in
Limonene Released Diameter (nm)
Particle Count (Number of Particles/cm3)

10,000 Feb. 21 8:47a 11.5 upstate New York (Table 1). The aver-
15.4 age indoor ozone concentrations
20.5 more than doubled when the corona
8,000 Limonene Released 27.4
Feb. 20 4:36p Limonene Released 36.5
discharge was on, with little change
Feb. 21 5:09p 48.7 from reducing the outside air sup-
6,000 64.9 ply (Figure 1, Page 65). There was a
86.6 sustained increase in indoor ozone
115.5
4,000 154 concentrations while the corona
205.4 discharge air cleaner was operating.
273.8 The concentrations of the aldehydes
2,000 365.2
and acetone increased when the
corona discharge was operating
0 (Phase 1 versus Phase 2; Table 1).
20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 Decreasing the outdoor air supply
12p 3p 6p 9p 12a 3a 6a 9a 12p 3p 6p 9p 12a 3a 6a 9a
February 2013 further increased the concentrations
of formaldehyde and acetone (Phase
3). UFP counts increased following the deployment of
limonene in the classroom (Figure 2). Smaller diameter
particles (<36.5 nm) were generated first, with larger
diameter particles (>48.7 nm) appearing as time passed,
likely due to agglomeration of the smaller particles
(Figure 3 shows detail). UFP formed whether the corona
discharge was ON or OFF but the counts were highest
when the corona discharge was switched ON and the
outdoor air supply rate was decreased (Phase 3).
This study showed that operating the corona discharge
air cleaner in the ventilation unit of the classroom
caused an increase of the indoor ozone concentration,
and correspondingly, turning off the air cleaner coin-
ASHRAE’s #1 Resource cided with a decrease in indoor ozone concentrations.
The release of limonene in the classroom was rapidly
for High-Performance followed by the formation of UFP; the particle count was
Green-Building Design highest when the corona discharge was ON and the out-
door air supply rate was decreased. The time-weighted
This new edition of ASHRAE GreenGuide is average concentrations of aldehydes and acetone were
an easy-to-use reference with information on elevated when the corona discharge air cleaner was
almost any subject that should be considered operating, but time-resolved changes in concentrations
in green-building design. could not be observed by this method. The increased
concentrations of ozone, UFP, aldehydes and acetone
ashrae.org/greenguide
indicated IAQ degraded when the corona discharge air
cleaner was operating. Our study showed the corona
discharge air cleaner did not meet the requirements of

66 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

 COLUMN IEQ APPLICATIONS

the Exception in Mechanical Code FIGURE 3 Detail of ultrafine particle counts by selected median particle diameter in classroom seating area.
Section 403.2. Based on these find-
5,000
ings, New York State Education Median Pa
Department determined that corona 4,500 Diameter (nm)
11.5
discharge air cleaner systems cannot
4,000 15.4

Particle Count (Number of Particles/cm3)

be used in schools in New York State. 20.5
3,500 27.4
References 36.5
3,000 48.7
1. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010,
Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. 64.9
2,500
2. Goldman, M., A. Goldman, R.S. 86.6
Sigmond. 1985. The corona discharge, its 2,000 115.5
properties and specific uses. Pure and Applied 154
Chemistry, 57, 1353-1362. 1,500 205.4
3. CARB. 2009. California Air Resources 273.8
Board. Potentially Hazardous Ozone 1,000 365.2
Generators Sold as Air Purifiers. Accessed
at https://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/ 500
o3g-list.htm.
0
4. New York State Department of State.
21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
2010. Mechanical Code of New York State. 4:30p 5p 5:30p 6p 6:30p 7p 7:30p 8p 8:30p 9p
Albany, NY. Accessed at http://publicecodes. February 2013
cyberregs.com/st/ny/st/b1100v10/index.htm.
5. Persily, A.K. 1997. Evaluating building IAQ and ventilation 6. Weschler, C.J. 2000. Ozone in indoor environments:
with indoor carbon dioxide. ASHRAE Transactions, 103:1–12. concentration and chemistry. Indoor Air (10)269–288.

The Definitive Companion

to Standard 62.1-2016
Standard 62.1 User’s Manual: Based on ANSI/
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2016, Ventilation for
Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

This companion guide provides detailed information

on the requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard
62.1-2016 with tables, illustrations, and examples
for designing, installing, and operating systems for
ventilation in buildings. Purchasers also receive access
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procedure calculations.

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D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 67

COLUMN REFRIGERATION APPLICATIONS

Andy Pearson

Born With a Silver

Spanner in Her Hand
BY ANDY PEARSON, PH.D., C.ENG., FELLOW ASHRAE

I’m writing this column on the birthday of one of the most unusual and inspiring
characters in engineering history. She was born in a Scottish castle near Perth into a
family of the landed gentry and was named after her godmother who was Queen of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Despite her noble beginnings Victoria Drummond
clearly had an aptitude for hands-on engineering. As a
young girl she enjoyed making wooden toys and mod-
els and is said to have won prizes for them. Aged 21
she started an apprenticeship in a garage in Perth and
two years later transferred her training to the Caledon
Shipbuilding yard in Dundee, where she served her
time in the pattern shop for the foundry and in the fin-
ishing shop. After two more years she completed her
apprenticeship and spent further time as a journey-
man engine builder and then in the drawing office at
Caledon. When the yard hit hard times a couple of years
later she was laid off, but managed to get a place with
the Blue Funnel line in Liverpool and after a short trial
voyage she was signed on as tenth engineer (the bottom
rung of the ladder) on a passenger liner sailing between CREDIT: IMAREST

England and Australia.

After completing two years’ service with Blue Funnel
she passed her second engineer’s ticket, but could only
find work as a fifth engineer sailing on a cargo ship
between England, East Africa and India. She sat the
Chief Engineer’s examination in England 37 times over
a 10-year period—eventually the Board of Trade repre-
sentatives admitted that they always failed her because
she was a woman, but in order to avoid accusations
of bias they failed all the other candidates who sat the
exam at the same time as her.
One month before her 45th birthday war was
declared. Despite her excellent qualifications,
Victoria Drummond, MBE, Oct. 14, 1894 to Dec. 25, 1978.
experience and record, Victoria could not get a berth
in the British Merchant Navy, so she signed on with a
Palestinian cargo and passenger ship and then with
a Panamanian freighter. While sailing to the United
States the freighter was attacked by enemy aircraft.
Despite some damage to the boiler feed water pipes
Andy Pearson, Ph.D., C.Eng., is group managing director at Star Refrigeration in
Glasgow, UK.

68 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

 26 Feb./
ORGANIZA
ORGANISED BY

1 Mar.
Salón Internacional de Aire Acondicionado,
Calefacción, Ventilación, Frío Industrial y Comercial 2019
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COLUMN REFRIGERATION APPLICATIONS

due to several near misses she managed to raise the
output of the engines, enabling the ship to reach 12.5
knots, nearly 40% faster than it had ever gone before.
This was done single-handed, as she had ordered
the engine-room crew to go up on deck in case they
had to abandon ship. The ship survived the half hour
bombardment and docked in Norfolk, Va. on Sept. 8,
1940. For her part in this remarkable escape, Victoria
Drummond was awarded the MBE and the Lloyd’s War
Medal for Bravery at Sea, although her diary for the
day of the attack simply says “Three great explosions
on the port side when bombs fell….made temporary
repairs.”
For the rest of the war Victoria continued to sail
with a variety of cargo ships, including as refrigera-
tion engineer on a voyage from Liverpool to New
York, Panama, Australia South Africa, Sierra Leone
and Gibraltar, returning to Liverpool eight months
after setting off. She also sailed on the brutal Arctic
convoys to Northern Russia and after D-Day she
spent several months on supply ships in the English
Channel. After the war she worked for Blue Funnel
and Cunard-White Star, supervising construction
of new ships back at the Caledon yard in Dundee
and sailing as Chief Engineer for a variety of com-
panies. She celebrated her fifty-ninth birthday as
Chief Engineer on a freighter sailing from England
to Belgium (via Suez, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore,
the Black Sea, the USA, the Caribbean, Argentina and
Brazil). She continued to sail the world for a further
eight years and finally signed off in Hong Kong on
March 30, 1962—at the age of 67 and a half.
Throughout her long career as a marine engineer
Victoria Drummond battled and overcame bias, preju-
dice and red-tape; principally by being exceptionally
good at what she did. She was not afraid to stand up for
herself and spoke out against low standards wherever
she found them. She won the respect of the majority
of the crews who served with her and she was said to
have an “uncanny power over engines.” She died on
Christmas Day 40 years ago. Remember her example
and pass on her legacy this Christmas.

The complete guide to

using ASHRAE Standard 55
Standard 55 User’s Manual provides detailed information
on the requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2013,
Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.

When used in conjunction with the standard, this companion

guide provides

• Explanation of Standard 55’s requirements

• Guidance on designing for thermal comfort
• Sample calculations and examples using the ASHRAE
Thermal Comfort Tool
• Descriptions of compliance tools
• Useful references
• Operation and maintenance tips

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70 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

 THE MAGAZINE OF HVAC&R TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS ASHRAE.ORG

Suppliers’ New Product Preview

A special section in the

December 2018 ISSUE
 Greenheck’s Extensive Research and
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• ±5% Accuracy
• 4 – 58 PSID Range
• One Actuator for all sizes
• Available in ANSI and DIN flanges

Nexus Valve Inc | (317) 257-6050 | www.nexusvalve.com

 Flamcovent Clean Smart

Separates
Air & Dirt
more efficient than
60 % conventional equipment
for lowest
No. 1 pressure drop

pump energy
8% savings
suitable for a variety
2½”–12” of connections

• Extremely low flow resistance resulting in the best energy

conservation possible
• Temperatures up to 250° F
• Operating pressure up to 150 PSI
• Standard flow velocities up to 9.8 ft/s
• Consistent performance & low maintenance
• Available with flanged or grooved connections

Nexus Valve Inc | (317) 257-6050 | www.nexusvalve.com/flamco

Comfort Solutions Provider for
Residential & Commercial Applications
Join us at AHR 2019 to get hands-on with our extensive portfolio of residential and commercial
HVAC solutions. Stop by our booth, get to know our team, bring any questions you might have and
most importantly find out why so many professionals choose Bosch.

Booth #B3361
See what Bosch HVAC has to offer for 2019!
The Largest Product Portfolio in the Industry
Bosch Thermotechnology is a leading source of high-quality heating
and cooling systems, including tankless, point-of-use and electric
water heaters, floor-standing and wall-hung boilers, Bosch and FHP
Heating Cooling Hot Water Controls
geothermal, water-source and air-source heat pump systems as well
as controls and accessories for every product line.
 Suppliers’ New Product Preview Advertising Section
ABOUT SEIHO INTERNATIONAL,INC.
T he SEIHO International, Inc. was established in 1986 in
Pasadena, California as a subsidiary of SEIHO Kogyo, a
leading manufacturer of Air Distribution Equipment and Vent
major cities of North America, Canada and overseas through an
established network of manufacturers’ representatives.
The diffusers and grilles come in various types, several sizes
Louvers in Japan, who has been doing business in the HVAC and different colors. They can be powder coated or painted to
industry for over a quarter of a century. any color of your choice. Most of the items are in stock at our
SEIHO International, Inc. is a manufacturer of contemporary warehouse and we will fulfill your order promptly.
designs of Diffusers, Nozzles, Grilles and Registers, such as Because of our high quality products and excellent customer
aluminum SpotDiffusers, aluminum TurboNozzle diffusers, service practices, we have acquired many satisfied customers.
double deflection RoundRegisters and aluminum / stainless We are sure that you will be 100% satisfied with our products
steel VentLouvers. and exceptional services.
Our products are manufactured in state of the art produc-
tion facilities in Los Angeles, U.S.A. and Tokyo, Japan. Our
superior products with its unique design, refined finish and
durability have been used for many different applications in
both residential and commercial buildings, and we have been
enjoying an excellent reputation with our customers. In fact,
our products have been specified for many prestigious projects
including government buildings, up scale retail stores, airports,
convention centers, and military facilities.
In our effort to provide our customers with the most effective
and innovative solutions to unique project requirements, we
have been continuously adding and improving our products
every year. Today, Seiho products are being represented in

80 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

CHALLENGE
Selecting an HVAC system
efficient enough to meet
rigorous energy efficiency
standards and versatile
enough to be used throughout
a variety of spaces

SOLUTION
Mitsubishi Electric Zoned
Comfort Solutions®, VRF
and Lossnay® ERVs

RESULT
Quick-selling rental
units and multiple
recognitions, including
LEED® Platinum certification
Why High-Pressure Direct Room Humidifiers?
Direct room humidifiers are designed for precise humidification delivery into the space being
humidified, as well as complete flexibility and customized solutions for the users’ needs.

High-pressure direct room humidifiers deliver purified
atomized water that is instantly evaporated into the sur-
rounding space for optimum human health and comfort,
precise climate control, and energy savings. With solutions
such as the Condair ML-Series, Draabe TrePur, and DuoPur,
high-pressure direct room humidifiers are available in a
wide range of options for a wide range of applications.
Any and Every Application
standby function. When the end result requires pure water
and zero mineral dusting, Condair provides its own water
treatment (reverse osmosis or ultra-pure deionized wa-
ter) integrated directly with the high-pressure direct room
system. Explosion proof projects, food grade or healthcare
sensitive options, a special clean-in-place (dosing unit), and
BMS/BAS compatibility are just a few of the many add-ons
available with our high-pressure direct room products.

Effective humidity control is a critical element of many com-

mercial and industrial applications, particularly those with
production, manufacturing, storage, specific processes,
and highly sensitive applications. Proper relative humidity
elevates process control and delivers an improved finished
product for all your applications. For example, healthcare
environments benefit from reduced hospital acquired
infections (HAI) or healthcare associated infections (HCAI)
through proper humidification levels (60% RH), electronics
manufacturers and semiconductor fabrication plants will
reduce electrostatic discharge and improve product quality
due to a balanced relative humidity (45% RH), printing
and packaging can benefit from correct humidity levels by
improving the finished quality of the print (40-45% RH), and
food industry environments will better retain moisture and
improve the shelf life, or ripening, of produce. The appli-
cations don’t just end there – aerospace, defense, wind
turbine blade production, composites, sugar storage, coffee
and tea production, museums, data centers, paint booths,
pharmaceutical, etc., can all benefit from correct and
sustained humidity levels.
Complete Customized Solutions
Condair’s line-up of direct room systems and humidifiers
are entirely customizable with a full range of high-perfor-
mance options. Sizes range from 100 lbs/hr to 6000 lbs/
hr on a single skid and even more humidification load with
customized pumps. Condair has the ease and flexibility
to add a true n+1 redundant pump station for backup or
Solutions and Peace of Mind
High-pressure humidifiers can be individually positioned,
giving you the freedom to accommodate for large and small
rooms alike and ensuring humidification loads can be
satisfied for businesses of all sizes. The multiple configu-
rations and combinations of the direct room spray nozzles
and humidifiers ensure that each zone can be tailored to its
exact load and room requirement.
Another key advantage to direct room humidifiers is the ret-
rofitting of the spray heads and system are done seamlessly
and integrated into the space with ease and zero downtime
to your business. No need for aggressive renovations and
messy installs.
Condair has been the leading manufacturer of commercial
and industrial humidification systems for over 70 years.
With innovative technology that delivers high performance
for low cost and a range of solutions fit for all business
sizes, we can help you enhance your operational efficiency.

For more information visit

www.condair.com
1.866.667.8321 | na.info@condair.com
 Can you spot the difference?

en Now

You got it...

Nortec Humidity is becoming Condair!
Same great North American team
and products – backed by the
global strength of Condair.

GE T A L L T H E D E TA I L S

B O OT H
B3821 condair.com | 1.866.667.8321
 GelCopper™ UL Certified Products

PDM’s GelCopper™ and GelCopper Linesets™ are now UL CERTIFIED for 25/50 Fire and Smoke rat-
ing and UL PERFORMANCE VERIFIED for UV Exposure! All PDM products are highly tear resistant
and marked at every foot for perfect line charging and minimum copper waste.

PDM’s COO, Walter Di Leo, explains the impact of the UL Certifications to PDM and the industry:
“This is a major achievement for PDM and we want everybody to profit from it. Our company is once
again in the vanguard of innovation setting a major industry milestone when it comes to quality and safety
standards. The linesets industry has been trying for some time to provide a much better product to the
consumer; here at PDM we have been actively working on a solution where quality and safety standards
are not simply the outcome of an isolated test, they are the result of multiple, random and continuous in-
spections by the most demanding agencies in the US. We can finally say that this product is now available,
its name is Gelcopper™ and is proudly made by PDM in the USA. We now expect all HVAC contractors,
engineers and architects to fully adopt it and begin requesting it, if not requiring it, from our wholesalers.”

PDM’s leading approach to the HVAC industry is second only to its dedication to servicing its clients
and customers by continuing to develop innovative and safe products with the highest quality
materials and processes. PDM, First in Pipes. For more info, please call or visit us online.

GelCopper Linesets™ TwinGel™ FullMetalGel™

CALL US TOLL-FREE: 833-PDM-TUBE (736-8823) or email us at ASKPDM@PDMUS.COM

 GelCopper™
PREINSULATED COPPER ROLL

TEAR RESISTANT • FOOT MARKED • UL CERTIFIED • 100% MADE IN USA

External protective layer Inner copper pipe

Foam Insulation

GelBlack™ GelWhite™ GelSpools™

TRY IT, LOVE IT • MADE IN USA • See our full line of products: www.pdmus.com
 Suppliers’ New Product Preview Advertising Section
Shuangliang Eco-Energy Provides New Solution
to Jiangyin International Hotel

In early July, Shuangliang’s first and sophisticated

magnetic bearing inverter centrifugal chiller applying
Hanbell magnetic bearing compressor RTM series was
successfully installed in Jiangyin International Hotel,
a 28-story four-star hotel with 99.8 meters high located
in Wuxi city, Jiangsu province, China.
Covering an area of 65,000㎡, Jiangyin
International Hotel utilizes 1 unit of Shuangliang
twin-compressors 800 RT capacity magnetic
bearing inverter centrifugal chiller with IPLV
11.58, to replace previous conventional cen-
trifugal chillers.
Till now Shuangliang magnetic bearing
chiller has been put into steady operation for
more than three months. Referred to the statisti-
cal results, hotel monthly power consumption
by AC System has sharply decreased compared
with the same period last year and demonstrated
that Shuangliang magnetic bearing system
presents more than 22% of savings in elec-
tricity consumption compared with previous
Shuangliang Magnetic Bearing Chiller Running in Air-Conditioner Room of conventional systems.
Jiangyin International Hotel
Tony Ren, GM, Shuangliang International
Division, commented: “This achievement
shows high dependability and capability of
Shuangliang magnetic bearing chiller, which
points the way for Shuangliang Eco-Energy to
move forward to the top of the global electric
chiller market.”

Since 1982, committed to energy saving, water saving

and environmental protection, Shuangliang Eco-
Energy (600481) has been dedicated to providing
customized energy-saving and cost-effective solutions
for aerospace, power, nuclear, petroleum, metallurgy,
chemical, textile and other industrial sectors as well
as large civil public buildings to more than 300
enterprises of the Fortune 500 all over the world.

88 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

 Suppliers’ New Product Preview Advertising Section

Simplified Remote Access Minimizes Site Visits

Utilizing the Internet for remote commissioning provides
convenience while saving time and money, but accessing
machines at job sites can be difficult because firewalls block
messages that originate from the Internet. Although it is
possible to open ports in firewalls using port forwarding, IT
professionals are often reluctant to compromise the security
of their network and usually decline this type of request.
Without support from the IT department, the systems
integrator is usually left with very few options. However,
one solution is to incorporate a virtual private network
(VPN). By hosting a VPN server in the cloud, our RemoteVPN
server simplifies communication over the Internet while
maintaining security.
Contemporary Controls’ RemoteVPN subscription service
incorporates a cloud-based OpenVPN® server, OpenVPN
clients for workstations and mobile devices, and OpenVPN
routers installed at job sites. OpenVPN is open-source and
incorporates SSL/TLS security with encryption.
How it works
The RemoteVPN server, hosted on the Internet and
maintained by Contemporary Controls, allows OpenVPN
client devices to communicate together. Communication
initiated by OpenVPN clients pass through firewalls up
to the RemoteVPN server which completes the client
connections. All that is needed is an account on the server
to utilize the RemoteVPN service.
OpenVPN clients are easy to obtain and can be downloaded
from OpenVPN.net, or via Google Play for Android devices,
or via the Apple App Store for iOS devices.
CTRLink Gigabit VPN routers such as the EIGR-V and EIGR-C
provide OpenVPN client communication at the job sites.
These routers have four 10/100/1000 Mbps Ethernet LAN
ports and a single WAN port for connection to the Internet.
The EIGR-V WAN port is 10/100/1000 Mbps Ethernet while
the EIGR-C uses a built-in LTE cellular modem. If wired
Internet access is not yet available at the job site then
choose cellular.
RemoteVPN is an easy, cost-effective remote access solution
that allows you to proactively review and communicate with
your customers’ automation systems – resulting in valuable
time and money savings.
Learn more at www.remotevpn.cc

RemoteVPN Service
The RemoteVPN service provides secure remote access. This cloud-based VPN server provides secure encrypted
connections between VPN clients installed on the systems integrator’s PC or mobile device and the other
permanently installed on our VPN router located at the job sites. This approach provides the creation of two secure
VPN tunnels with no concern for intervening firewalls. Connections can be wired or wireless. Multiple remote sites
can be accessed simultaneously using the RemoteVPN service.

Remote Site 1

LTE

RemoteVPN

OpenVPN client EIGR-C

Remote Site 2

OpenVPN client

EIGR-V

90 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

 Simplified, Secure
Remote Access
LTE
Eliminate site visits with
secure remote access using
RemoteVPN
• Quick troubleshooting
and programming of
any IP device
• Applicable to both
VPN Router permanent and temporary
remote access
Cellular
VPN Router • No Firewall Configuration
needed

RemoteVPN service • Wired or wireless operation

allows systems integrators remote
access to sites from the convenience
of their home or office.
over the Internet
• Support for iOS, Android
and Linux OpenVPN clients
• Cellular VPN routers for
AT&T and Verizon

Visit us at
Stand C5218

RemoteVPN

Learn more at www.remotevpn.cc

 OPTIMIZATION PERFORMANCE ONLINE SUPPORT SOFTWARE WARRANTY LIFETIME DATA
OF DELTA T AND REPORT UPDATES INCREASE TO 7 YEARS ACCESS
FLOW SETTINGS

Web Interface

Intelligence Solves Low Delta T and Generates

Maximum Efficiency
Buildings today account for 40% of global energy usage - with their HVAC systems accounting for over 33% of
that energy. Most HVAC systems experience low Delta T which results in increased pump energy and less
efficient heat transfer. This is costly to building owners and the environment.

The Solution
By incorporating the Belimo Energy Valve™, a pressure independent valve that measures and manages coil
energy by using an embedded ultrasonic flow sensor, along with supply and return water temperature sensors,
you can now manage building performance more efficiently. The Energy Valve with a patented Power Control
and Belimo Delta T Manager™ logics built-in monitors coil performance and optimizes the available energy of
the coil by maintaining Delta T. As an IoT device with cloud based services you can benchmark coil
performance, analyze glycol concentration, store energy data, produce commissioning reports, and send alerts
for optimal system performance.

BELIMO Americas www.belimo.us

Solving Low
Delta T
Leveraging IoT

Belimo Energy Valve™

The Belimo Energy Valve is now an Internet of Things (IoT) device. A smart connected pressure independent
valve that utilizes powerful cloud-based computing to analyze system data, further optimizing performance,
and efficiency. This technologically advanced valve integrates many useful features such as Energy
Measurement, Glycol Monitoring, and Delta T Control all into one easy to use device.

No other valve compares. Discover all the advantages at belimo.us

New Technology
Improves the Accuracy
of Airflow Measurement
O
btaining accurate airflow measurements within a duct
or plenum can be difficult and costly. Reliable flow
data requires the use of multiple sensors in a variety of
locations within the stream. This data provides the framework
for overall system efficiency monitoring, which is a critical part
of a comprehensive facility management plan.
To reduce the possibility of data loss and inconsistency, the
Ruskin® TDP05K advanced thermal dispersion air measurement
system averages multiple velocity and temperature points
within the duct or plenum to arrive at the most accurate air
measurements possible for demanding applications. Each
airfoil-shaped probe – the only shape of its kind in the industry
– can have up to eight moisture-resistant flex sensors. Users can
specify up to 16 probes for any given opening, providing up to
128 sensors, each capable of measuring a velocity range from 0
to 5,000 fpm. Sensors are calibrated at 25 points.
The system uses thermal dispersion technology to measure
air flow within +/- 2% of the reading. It also has an installed
accuracy of +/- 3% when installed per installation guidelines.
The system is factory-tested and calibrated for out-of-the-box
accuracy, and uses the latest energy-saving technology to
consume less power than other thermal dispersion devices
on the market.
To further ensure measurement accuracy and simplify
installation, the primary probe replaces the transmitter. Probes
are daisy-chained together – wired from probe to probe –
eliminating proprietary wire connections between each probe
and a transmitter box. BACnet is standard on every TDP05K.
A remote display duplicates the primary probe display and
functions up to 200 feet away when the wireless option is
selected, or can be wired up to 500 feet away from the air
measurement station when using Ruskin recommended wire.
The hinged, weather-resistant, vented NEMA1 or NEMA4
enclosure provides liquid-tight construction preventing humidity
or moisture accumulation and assuring reliability for the greatest
variety of indoor and outdoor applications. Probes can be
installed in square, round or oval ducts and plenums.
AIRFLOW ACCURACY
MADE EASY.
Introducing the Ruskin¨ TDP05K advanced thermal dispersion
air measurement system – the easiest, most accurate way to get
airflow measurements, even in challenging conditions.

• Capable of measuring a • Daisy-chain connections

velocity range from 0 to between probe and box.
5,000 fpm while displaying
• Remote display duplicates
the airflow and temperature.
the primary probe display
• Accurately measures airflow functions up to 200 feet away
within +/- 2% of the reading with wireless option.
without a pressure drop or
• Flexibility to be mounted
added system noise.
in virtually any duct or
• BACnet standard. plenum configuration.

Accuracy, performance and flexibility – it’s what makes

the Ruskin TDP05K advanced thermal dispersion air
measurement system the new standard for accurate,
dependable airflow measurement.

Visit ruskin.com for more information.

 Suppliers’ New Product Preview Advertising Section

BYU-Idaho Replaces Coal-Fired

Boilers and Reaps Cost, Efficiency
and Environmental Benefits
Challenge
Replace four coal-fired
boilers with natural gas
options and provide
independence from the
local electrical grid while
becoming more energy
efficient and reducing
emissions.
Solution
Install a cogeneration
system featuring a
Cleaver-Brooks 50,000
lb/hr HRSG, two Cleaver-
Brooks O-type auxiliary
watertube boilers with 30
ppm NOx burners (both
45,000 lb/hr units), and
a 25,000 lb/hr Cleaver-
Brooks CBEX Elite firetube
boiler to help meet the
university’s steam needs.
Results Cleaver-Brooks natural gas boiler solutions increased boiler efficiency at BYU-Idaho
Replacing coal boilers by approximately 10 percent.
with natural gas options
increased boiler efficiency the university purchased costs by 17 percent in steam production and also
by approximately 10 four coal-fired boilers that 2017 compared to 2014. has the ability to generate
percent. Adding electric had become inefficient. In addition, there is less steam from the HRSG
generation ensures that When it was time to physical maintenance when the gas turbine is
the campus maintains replace these units, the compared to the old offline. Most notably, this
power during a disaster design team at BYU- coal system and fewer project added electric
or any interruption to the Idaho had the following moving components. The generation to the campus.
local grid. goals: become more environment is safer for Previously, the university
energy efficient, eliminate operators, and it is also would lose power on
Summary dependability on coal, cleaner. the coldest days of the
Brigham Young University- reduce emissions, and The HRSG system year. The campus is now
Idaho (BYU-Idaho) in minimize reliance on the with a duct burner and self-sustaining during a
Rexburg, Idaho, has electrical grid. fresh air fan helps the disaster or any interruption
more than 40 buildings Replacing the coal university maximize its in power.
around campus with a boilers with natural
total of about three million gas options increased
square feet of conditioned boiler efficiency by
building space. Between approximately 10 percent,
1950 and the mid-1970s, decreasing operational
96 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18
More than boilers.
Complete system
solutions.
Cleaver-Brooks can provide
the solutions to your Combined
Heat and Power needs.

As the only totally integrated

single-source supplier in the world,
Cleaver-Brooks provides efficient
energy recovery solutions from
the fuel inlet to the stack outlet.
STEAM & HOT WATER

BOILERS
GAS ● OIL ● COAL ● BIOMASS
 Visit Us at Booth C6463 at the 2019 AHR Expo

What AMERICAN STRONG means

to Bradford White.
American Pride has Always Been in Everything Built to be the Best™.
We Do.
Bradford White is proud to bring American
Bradford White began over 135 years ago with ingenuity and quality to our customers
a simple vision, to deliver high quality, superior worldwide. In addition to the comprehensive
products made by American craftspeople. This line of residential and commercial products
vision continues to guide us today as we look we manufacture and assemble in the USA, we
toward the future. source some components and products from the
best international partners to meet the rigorous
We are Committed to American Manufacturing.
demands of our professional customers. The end
We are an American-owned company and all result is that all Bradford White products are Built
of our manufacturing facilities are located in to be the Best™ - now and in the future. That’s
the United States of America. Bradford White something you can always count on and a big
proudly employs over 1,500 people at our part of what it means to be American Strong.
manufacturing operations in Middleville and
Niles, Michigan, and Rochester, New Hampshire.
We Proudly Support the Professional. Learn more about us and our products
At Bradford White, we focus on the professional. at bradfordwhitecorporation.com/
Our quality product deserves a precise americanstrong
specification and quality installation and that’s
why we stand behind the professional every step
of the way.
American Strong…Around the World.
Bradford White products are available to
professionals not only in the USA but around
the world. Our Halton Hills, ON sales, training
and distribution center provides full support to
our Canadian customers. Our international team
brings our exceptional products and training to
the rest of the globe.

© 2018 Bradford White Corporation. All rights reserved. BWASHJ1218A

WHAT’S INSIDE A Next-level engineering. It’s a
requirement when you work with

NILES STEEL TANK?

very demanding clients in very
demanding industries. Whether
for a boiler, chemical or power
Superior Engineering plant – or any other application
– every Niles product is built
tough and smart. We wouldn’t
have it any other way.
Put us to the test on your next
spec. We’ll outsmart and outlast
the rest.

Know Niles for shop-built

pressure vessels, steel tanks, hot
water generators, hydraulic
separators, volume water heaters
and more. We’ll modify or
customize to your spec.

Know more at NilesSt.com

info@nilesst.com 269.683.1910

©2018, Bradford White Corporation. All rights reserved. / BWASHJ1218

 AHRI to Present Free
Educational Sessions at AHR Expo
The Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) will host three educational
sessions at the AHR Expo, taking place January 14–16, 2019, in Atlanta, Ga. The sessions are free
and no pre-registration is required.
Visit AHRI in Hall B, booth number 1539. We’ll showcase our member companies and certification
program participants, share information about our world-class standards and certification program,
and provide details on membership, technician training, and scholarships.

The Importance of Humidity in Modern Buildings

Tuesday, 1/15/2019, 9:00 AM — 10:00 AM

Attendees will learn about the importance of humidity control within buildings, especially as it pertains
to human health and wellness, and industrial applications. Topics include an introduction to humidity
and humidity measurement, the causes of seasonal dryness, an overview of applications, and the
impact of humidity on occupants.

Safety, Innovation, and Other Benefits of CSST in Residential and Commercial Applications
Tuesday, 1/15/2019, 2:30 PM — 3:30 PM

Attendees will learn about corrugated stainless steel tubing’s (CSST) relative safety, innovation, and
other benefits as compared to traditional steel gas tubing installation. The presentation will highlight the
advantages of using CSST in both residential and commercial applications, comparing CSST to other
types of gas piping used in similar applications.

Variable Frequency Drives: Method of Laboratory Test and Case Study

Tuesday, 1/15/2019, 4:00 PM — 5:00 PM

Attendees will learn how Variable Frequency Drives (VFD) can improve energy efficiency. Topics will
include an introduction to VFD, a summary of certification to AHRI 1210, and an introduction to
ASHRAE 222, followed by a case study demonstrating energy savings.

The full schedule is available online at www.ahrexpo.com.

About AHRI
The Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) is the trade
association representing manufacturers of air conditioning, heating,
commercial refrigeration, and water heating equipment. An internationally
recognized advocate for the industry, AHRI develops standards for and
certifies the performance of many of these products. AHRI’s 300+ member
companies manufacture quality, efficient, and innovative residential and
commercial air conditioning, space heating, water heating, and commercial
refrigeration equipment and components for sale in North America and
around the world.
 Visit us at
AHR Expo
Booth B1539

A Global Industry
With a Local Presence
 FAST, EASY, and FREE
Compliance with ASHRAE 209

Building Wizard
NEW Compares HVAC systems
before your building is designed

BEST meets the early HVAC box modeling requirements

upgraded with real cost, budget, and efficiency comparisons.

www.besthvac.org

www.hia-c.org | www.radiantpros.org | info@hia-c.org | (909) 218-8112

© IAPMO/HIA-C
SEE WHAT THE WILL GIVE YOU

What you input:

Location of building, size of building, and number
of floors. Then select up to four HVAC systems to
compare side-by-side.

What the BEST outputs:

Installation cost, replacement cost, maintenance
cost, monthly energy cost, electrical and fossil fuel
consumption costs, total system life cycle cost,
cumulative life cycle cost by year, system payback
time, pump and fan HP, system coefficient of
performance (COP), and more.

Published test data doesn’t always equal actual performance. BEST delivers accurate,
fast, and free efficiency estimates for early HVAC system comparison.

See how this free tool can more accurately compare costs.
 Suppliers’ New Product Preview Advertising Section
Accurex Innovates with Simplicity in Mind
When the end result of a kitchen ventilation system
installation is that the owners never have to think about it,
that’s a pretty great result. Accurex makes this possible
with their expertise, reliability and their secret ingredient—
simplification of the entire process.
Removing obstacles throughout the entire process, from
designs and specifications to aftermarket support, is how
Accurex consistently creates positive outcomes. The ideal
commercial kitchen environment should be defined by
creativity, inspiration, energy and great food—Accurex helps
your customers skip the hassle and get straight to the good stuff.
Recent research that Accurex conducted with engineers,
foodservice consultants, owners and chain operators, as well
as foodservice dealers, reinforced the notion that kitchen
ventilation systems play a crucial role, but the entire process
needs to be simplified.
Simplification for Accurex means excellence in
responsiveness; ensuring timely delivery of designs, products
and services. In the installation process, it means removing
hassles for all parties involved and when it comes to solutions,
Accurex always strives to make them as turnkey as possible.
Accurex knows that an engineer’s time is their most valuable
asset so the number one goal is to always be accurate—and
also fast. Our quick response time backed up with industry
leading expertise is one way that Accurex shows our
commitment to the partners that chose to work with us.
Accurex has a reputation second to none when it comes
to trust and credibility. We do more than engineer and
110 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18
manufacture advanced, energy-efficient systems; our
customers know they can rely on and trust us from the
beginning of the process through to the end.
DECADES OF INSIGHT AND INNOVATION
Accurex, part of The Greenheck Group, the world’s leading
manufacturer of commercial air movement and control
equipment has been building kitchen ventilation systems
for more than 40 years. Four decades of working with
commercial kitchen customers coupled with The Greenheck
Group’s 71 years of engineering and manufacturing
experience has armed the company with a unique
perspective on the needs of customers—from consultants,
architects and engineers to designers and owner
operators—at each point in the process.
“The hood system has to be the constant that you rely on. I
want to be confident that when I hit that switch that things
are working great. And they are,” said Jim Daly, an Accurex
customer at Daly’s restaurant in Wausau, Wisconsin.
A recently launched website provides easy access to
information and product experts to ensure customers
can get what they need throughout the research, sales,
installation and maintenance journey. And, once engaged
with product experts, customers have access to design
assistance, engineering support and other resources that
will allow them to easily specify Accurex systems
with confidence.
Even geographic expansion was undertaken with simplicity
in mind. When Accurex set out to build a new manufacturing
and distribution facility, Tulsa, Oklahoma, was selected in
part because its central location allowed the company to be
more responsive to the needs of a growing customer base
throughout the U.S.
But ultimately, their commitment to simplify the process for
customers starts with quality products that do what they’re
designed to—every time. The Accurex engineers design
quality products that work quietly in the background so that
the kitchen team can focus on their passion—crafting great
food for customers.
 N

V
A

IS
FE

IT
M

U
B

S
O

A
O

T 83
TH

9
Can simplicity in
kitchen ventilation
be taken too far?
We’ll let you know.

At Accurex , we believe working with kitchen ventilation systems should be one of the easiest parts of designing
®

and building commercial kitchens. So we do more than engineer and manufacture advanced, energy-efficient
systems. We make it easy for you to specify Accurex products, by simplifying the process, being responsive and
getting you information quickly. Discover how simple works, at ACCUR EX.CO M

© 2018 Accurex, LLC

 Suppliers’ New Product Preview Advertising Section

112 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

 TM
BRANCH TO FIXTURE:
FASTEST, EFFORTLESS
INSTALLS

TM

M18 Short Throw Press

™

milwaukeetool.com
Tool Kit w/ PEX Crimp Jaws
2674-22C

The new M18™ Short Throw Press Tool is the fastest press tool on the market, pressing 40% faster than the competition,
providing users the fastest, most effortless installs from branch to fixture. Designed for one handed use, the M18™ Short
Throw Press tool is an easy to use solution compared to hand tools. Spring loaded jaws grip the ring for precise alignment
to the fitting, while Auto Cycle ensures a full press every time; delivering added assurance of quality connections. Providing
force optimized for residential installs and eliminating the downtime caused by calibration intervals, the M18™ Short
Throw Press Tool reduces cost of ownership and maximizes productivity for the residential installer. Powered by the M18™
REDLITHIUM™ Battery Pack, this is a part of the only press system where you can Cut, Fasten and Connect on one system.

TM

SYSTEM

PART OF THE M18™ SYSTEM

OF OVER 150 TOOLS.
Your Hero,
Coming Soon
*Cape Not Included

FSM-3 Series
SuperMag
High Performance Electromagnetic
Flow Measurement Platform
utilizing state-of-the-art DSP technology
with multi-variable inputs
Exceptional Stability and Sensitivity
The highest accuracies available in an insertion meter

Accuracy and Performance Rivaling a Full

Bore Magmeter
At an insertion meter price

Full Profile Traverse Delivers Incredible

Performance
Cuts straight run requirements in half

Multi-Variable Inputs
Allows multiple function capability including
enhanced system analytics

Choice of Protocols
Native BACnet® MS/TP and MODBUS® RTU (RS485)
serial communications

Sizes 6” – 12”
Designed to be inserted by hand up to 400 psi

Heroic Help for Your Application

www.onicon.com • sales@onicon.com
+1 727.447.6140

ONICON
Flow and Energy Measurement
Any Way The
Wind Blows...
OAM II
The trusted and verified choice for accurate
outdoor airflow measurement – essential for
operating efficient and healthy buildings

The only system that is both accurate

accura and reliable in challenging
Outdoor Airflow
Airflow Applications!
A
Engineered for measuring Outdoor Airflow
• Guaranteed accuracy
ac (±5% of reading) and
absolutely reliable,
reli no straight duct run required
• Unaff
Unaffected
ected by wind, rain and debris

Broad application capabilities

• Operates accurately
accu from minimum through
economizer mode
m
• Ability to measure
meas two independent inlets with a
single system

Easy implementation
• Analog Output,
Output Native BACnet® MS/TP and
Modbus® RTU
• Simple to install
insta on new and retrofit projects

Call today to schedule a demonstration

airmonitor.com • sales@airmonitor.com
(800)AIRFLOW

Precision Airflow Measurement

An ONICON Brand
 Suppliers’ New Product Preview Advertising Section
Next generation aerogel blanket technology
A
rmacell’s vision has always been to create innovative,
technical insulation solutions and components to
conserve energy and make a difference around the
world. With ArmaGel, Armacell’s next generation aerogel
blanket technology, that vision is now a reality.
As part of the company’s new ArmaGel range, ArmaGel HT
is optimized for high-temperature applications up to 1200° F.
With its exceptionally low thermal conductivity, it is one of the
best performing insulation materials available today, offering
equal thermal performance at a fraction of the thickness – up
to 80 percent thinner than competing insulation products. It
introduces new thicknesses of aerogel blankets to the market
providing the customer with more choice: 5, 10, 15, and 20 mm
thicknesses are available today.
ArmaGel HT offers a multitude of benefits. It is lightweight
for improved handling and easier transportation. For
maintenance purposes, product removal is made simple
reducing both downtime and the need to purchase replacement
insulation during regular maintenance cycles. It cuts easily
and conforms to preferred shapes. It is hydrophobic and
breathable, thereby keeping mechanical equipment drier
for longer and enhancing protection against corrosion under
insulation. It also offers best-in-class acoustic performance
and designed thicknesses reduced by up to 40 percent against
11 6 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18
competitor aerogel-based acoustic systems. Plus, as it is
compliant to the ASTM C1728 standard for flexible aerogel
insulation (type 3, grade 1A), ArmaGel HT is a reliable
and safe solution.
Effective insulation is a key factor in tackling climate change,
as it is one of the simplest, fastest and most cost-
effective means of improving energy efficiency. Armacell’s
new product is environmentally safe, chloride-free and
landfill disposable.
“Our next generation aerogel technology enables us
to deliver a complete portfolio of thermal and acoustic
insulation solutions. In combination with our core elastomeric
flexible foam offering and design capabilities, the enhanced
performance parameters of ArmaGel deliver state-of-the-art
solutions to our customers around the globe with an excellent
quality/cost ratio,” says Patrick Mathieu, President & CEO
of the Armacell Group.
Aerogel is a solid derived from gel in which the liquid
component of the gel has been replaced with air making it
dry and porous. In fact, over 90 percent of the volume is
empty space making aerogel the world’s lightest solid
material. Armacell creates this ultra-light, high-tech aerogel
blanket technology in South Korea and it is now available
for sale in North America.
 Suppliers’ New Product Preview Advertising Section
New Steam Boiler Safety Video Highlights Why Some May Be Safer
While it is generally agreed that industrial steam boilers are safe, a
new video explains why some boilers may be safer than others based
on the laws of physics, as well as a boiler’s physical design.
The 4-minute video addresses a range of safety concerns, from the
potential for catastrophic explosion, to everyday safety issues that can
result in injury, loss of work, increased downtime, higher insurance
costs, and related productivity shortfalls.
These everyday issues are often about how a boiler is designed
and engineered, including size and weight, ease-of-maintenance,
accessibility to gauges, and a host of other issues that may increase the
potential for serious injury during installation, operation, and mainte-
nance, and make day-to-day operations more time and cost-intensive.
The video, which can be viewed at https://www.miuraboiler.com/
resources/videos explains the potential safety differences between fire-
tube and watertube boilers that can impact the potential for catastrophic
explosions, as well as affect day-to-day safety concerns.
To illustrate these concerns, the new video contrasts the enormous
hanging doors of traditional firetube boilers that must be opened
and closed during routine maintenance, as
opposed to watertube boilers, like Miura, which
have none.
Mounted on a davit arm with heavy steel on
the front and refractory in the back, these doors
can weigh thousands of pounds and present
enormous physical challenges. Often, jacks
are required to line up the doors so bolts can
be screwed in using an impact wrench, while
standing on a ladder, causing an additional
safety concern.
The potential for injury, based on this
difficult procedure alone, can result in back
problems due to the heavy lifting involved; fin-
ger trauma and amputation due to doors shifting
while trying to line up holes; falling from the
ladder due to required body manipulation to start
bolts with an impact gun; finger lacerations due
to replacing gaskets, eye injury due to gasket
pins flying off, and more.
While day-to-day safety issues may not get
the same media coverage as an explosion, they
are front and center when it comes to people who
work with, and around industrial steam boilers,
and increasingly recognize that burns and other
“battle scars” are avoidable.
With more than 140,000 units in operation
world-wide, Miura’s “safer-by-design” once-
through, watertube boilers have experienced
zero catastrophic vessel failures resulting in ca-
sualty. That’s the best safety record in the steam
boiler industry, and along with Miura’s physical
design and many other safety features, it’s an-
other reason why, in addition to reliability and
efficiency, more companies are buying Miura’s
Made in America steam boilers and accessories.
For more information on Miura boilers,
call in the USA 1-888-309-5574. In Canada
call 1-800-666-2182. Visit Miura online at:
www.miuraboiler.com.
D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 117
Modulating Control is On-the-Money for
Challenging Applications
P
URE Humidifier Co.’s new Modulating Fill Valve uses patent
pending technology to give you the utmost in tight humidity
control you’ve been looking for, in the most exacting of
building system conditions.

RETROFITTABLE
The Modulating Fill Valve can be retrofitted in the field using the
existing Tri-Probe in your SX, GX, ES, or EC generator. There is no
need to preheat makeup water and it is unaffected by supply water
pressure fluctuations. Therefore, there is no thermal shock to the
heat exchanger or heaters—extending the life of your humidifiers
and protecting your investment.

PRACTICAL
For applications that require a humidity setpoint that stays above
a minimum threshold, a minimal fluctuation allows you to set the
setpoint lower. Paint booths, for example, often require precise
controllability in order to cure paint at an ideal rate or prevent
problems with static electricity. In laboratory settings, it’s crucial
that conditions remain constant during testing in order to produce
repeatable results for an experiment.
However, if paint booths and labs aren’t your thing, we know one
thing that is: savings. In addition to creating cost savings through
efficiency, you’re also saving on energy and water usage. Why use
the constant overfill method when there’s a more economically- and
ecologically-friendly option?

Specify the PURE choice for efficiency today—the PURE Humidifier Co. Modulating Fill Valve.
H2oEliteLabs™ systems bring
cutting edge technology and solutions to the world of
Water Conditioning and Scale Prevention. Our state-of-the-
art systems are energy efficient, quiet and environmentally
friendly. Each device can be installed and operational in in a
few hours without cutting any pipes.
The problems created by hard water have short and
long-term damaging effects on Residential, Commercial and
Industrial communities alike. Our systems not only eliminate
problems associated with hard water such as scale build-up
and corrosion, but does so while eliminating chemicals,
saving water, time and money. Our products will also re-
move existing scale from your systems.

On the right are results of

a case study on a Cooling
Tower in Clearwater,
Florida. Please notice not
Installation of EWC
H2oEliteLabs ™
The simple solution to hard water.
only is there no new scale
formation over the three
months, but there is an Electronic Water Conditioner
actual reduction in the
scale formation that was
Residential Commercial Industrial
there when our products
were installed. 1 Month of Treatment

Our team has over 100 years

of combined experience in the
treatment of water and the
manufacturing of high-tech
water systems. All of our
systems are de-signed and
assembled in the USA.
The systems created by 2 Months of Treatment
H2oEliteLabs have gone
through intensive testing by
Universities as well as BEFORE AFTER
Independent Safety Institutions
and Laboratories. Our state-of-
the-art technology is proven
safe and effective in all
Saves:
applications from Residential,
Commercial and Industrial. • Water
Our Commercial and
Industrial models can be For further
• Chemicals
remotely monitored and
controlled by Bluetooth, information, visit: • Maintenance
Cellular Connection and WIFI.
www.h2oelitelabs.com
• Time
Our products typically are
equal to or less than the costs of
Salt and Maintenance that you
are currently paying now on a
monthly basis.

MFG Reps And Dealers Wanted

727-221-7463 800-940-8424 H2oElitelabs.com Toll Free: 800-940-8424
info@h2oelitelabs.com
 Seasons 4, Inc. has been a leader in
new and direct replacement multizone
units for over 30 years. Over the years,
we’ve refined, improved on, or eliminated
the shortcomings that both users and
owners disliked about multizone units. For the most part, multizones have always
provided acceptable levels of comfort. The “bad rap” they received, was that they
did it at the expense of increased energy consumption by mixing mechanically
cooled and heated airstreams. Not so with today’s triple deck vav multizone units!

Equipped with digital scroll compressors, and variable speed blowers, triple deck
VAV multizone units from Seasons 4 far exceed the EER and IEER ratings of older
existing equipment, and with the inclusion of variable speed scroll compressors we
have propelled our multizone units to new part load efficiencies unrivaled by even
the largest in the HVAC industry. Triple Deck multizone – Hot Deck, Cold Deck,
and Neutral deck. Heated and Cooled air never
mixes with one another.
On the heating side, our units are equipped with modulating gas furnaces with high
turndowns of 5:1, 10:1 or greater. Long gone are the days of increased energy usage because of lack of capacity control and
staging in multizone units. In addition to gas heat, we also have options for electric SCR, hot water, and steam.

Seasons 4 delivers the best balance of all attributes when evaluating building HVAC equipment. Building owners and Property
managers fight a constant battle to keep their occupants comfortable while reducing energy costs, maintenance costs, and total
cost of ownership. Reducing the amount of equipment to maintain is paramount to staying within budget and our multizone units
help achieve this goal. The use of our triple deck multizone units greatly reduces the amount of equipment in your building and
pulls it back to the roof where, should maintenance be required; it’s out of the way of building occupants with single source
responsibility from one manufacturer.

Why retrofit an old existing multizone with a new VAV system? Talk to your local Seasons 4 representative about cost
comparison analysis to see how a direct replacement multizone will save you money.

Direct Replacement
Multizone units
Custom built direct replacements for most manufacturers

 Increased energy efficiency at full and part load capacity

 Meet current 2018 DOE requirements
 Energy recovery options to handle increased minimum ventilation requirements
 Double wall aluminum exterior that never rusts
 Best solution for time critical applications
 2 Deck, 3 Deck, and, 3 Deck VAV options available
 8 hour change out direct replacement multizone units for all manufactured multizone units
 Open protocol DDC systems – BacNet, Lon, N2, or Modbus compatible.
 Factory mounting of customer preferred controls.
www.seasons4.net/AMG
Protect Your HVAC Motors from
VFD-Induced Bearing Damage
VFD-Induced Shaft Voltages Can
Destroy HVAC Motor Bearings
If you’re using variable frequency drives (VFDs)
or inverters to control motors, the motors are
at risk of electrical bearing damage that can
dramatically shorten their lives. VFDs induce
harmful voltages on motor shafts — voltages
that can destroy bearings in as little as 3 months!
Without bearing protection, these voltages can
discharge through motor bearings causing
electrical discharge machining that produces
pitting (fusion craters in metal bearing surfaces),
frosting (widespread pitting), and fluting
(washboard-like ridges in the bearing race).
Specify AEGIS®
Shaft Grounding Rings
To ensure the reliability of HVAC motor systems,
specify AEGIS Shaft Grounding Rings. Their
microfiber brushes completely encircle the
motor shaft, providing hundreds of thousands
of contact points that channel harmful voltages
away from bearings and safely to ground. Rings
are available in solid versions for installation
on new motors or split-rings for easy field
installation on in-service or coupled motors.
®
Register Your AEGIS - Protected
Motors for FREE 2-Year Warranty
Against Bearing Fluting Damage!
For the first time ever, AEGIS® offers a 2-year
extended warranty against fluted bearings on
any motor when an AEGIS® Shaft Grounding
Ring is installed in accordance with AEGIS®
Best Practices — any size motor, low- or
medium-voltage, new or repaired.
VFD-Induced Bearing
Currents Kill HVAC Motors!
Electrical bearing damage
causes unplanned downtime
VFD-induced electrical discharges
can blast millions of pits in metal
bearing surfaces. These discharges
burn and contaminate bearing grease,
drastically reducing its effectiveness.
They also result in bearing fluting
failure and costly, unplanned downtime
— often in as little as 3 months!
Fluting Damage
Visit us at
AHR EXPO: Booth C5562
1-866-738-1857 | sales @ est-aegis.com
Once the ring has been added, simply go
to the AEGIS® Warranty Portal and register
the motor. Scan the QR code on the “AEGIS®
Installed” sticker or follow the links on www.
est-aegis.com, enter the model and serial
numbers, answer a few questions, and rest
easy knowing that your motor is protected
for an extra 2 years!
Protect motor bearings with
AEGIS® Shaft Grounding Rings
By channeling VFD-induced discharges
safely to ground, AEGIS® Shaft
Grounding Rings prevent electrical
bearing damage. Proven in millions
installations worldwide, they provide
unmatched protection of motors and
coupled equipment from electrical
bearing damage, motor failure, and
unplanned downtime.
Download a free copy
of the AEGIS® Bearing
Protection Handbook:
www.est-aegis.com / hvac
 Suppliers’ New Product Preview Advertising Section
AJ Manufacturing Introduces the Criti-Clean Ultra –
the Highest Capacity FFU On the Market!
AJ Manufacturing, the industry leader in All the same great features and up to 2,00 linked units. Plus, optional
stainless steel air distribution products, options as the original Criti-Clean unit built-in surgical grade LED lighting
recently introduced a new, completely The new Criti-Clean Ultra offers popular is available, offering a more efficient
redesigned and re-engineered version of features like room-side CFM display/ use of valuable ceiling space. Visit
its popular Criti-Clean fan filter unit, now control and access to HEPA/ULPA ajmfg.com or call 816-231-5522 to
with 50% higher output, better energy filters, and the ability to map and control learn more.
efficiency and quieter operation – all in a
lower profile design.

A leap forward in power and

performance
The Criti-Clean Ultra makes it easy
to fulfill the requirements of today’s
operating rooms, cleanrooms and other
critical environments:
• POWER - up to 1100 CFM (48"x24"
model)
• EFFICIENCY - uses only 42 watts at
90 FPM/450 CFM
• QUIET - just 45 DBA at 90 FPM and A surgical suite ceiling featuring linked Criti-Clean Ultra units and Perimeter Slot Diffusers –
58 DBA at 1100 CFM all with built-in LED lights.

Another AJ innovation: the industry's first FFU with up to 1100 CFM!

Introducing the NEW Criti-Clean Ultra – the highest

capacity fan filter unit on the market!
We've completely re-designed and re-engineered the industry’s leading fan powered
laminar flow HEPA filter diffuser to maximize both CFM and energy efficiency!
50%
HIGHER
Our new Criti-Clean Ultra has the highest CFM output on the market (up to 1100 CFM
for our 48"x24" model), is more energy efficient (only 42 watts at 90 FPM velocity/
OUTPUT
450 CFM), and is incredibly quiet (only 45 DBA at 90 FPM, 58 DBA at 1100 CFM). and better
energy
Plus, the Criti-Clean Ultra still offers you all these great features:
efficiency!
• Room-side digital CFM display and control.
• Room side access to HEPA or ULPA filter and pre-filter.
• Optional white or green surgical grade LED lighting.
• Stainless steel construction with all-welded plenum.
• Computer-controlled, variable-speed ECM motor.
• Reverse flow, recirculating, heating/cooling units available.
• 48"x24", 36"x24", 24"x24" size options.
• Ability to map and control up to 2,000 linked units.

Find out more today!

816-231-5522 • www.ajmfg.com

D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 12 3

 Suppliers’ New Product Preview Advertising Section
Sterlco’s 2’ Low NPSH K Series Pump

T he Sterlco K Series Two-Stage Centrifugal Pump is designed

for 2' NPSH applications. Not only can this pump handle hot
condensate up to 212°F, but it also is designed to reduce maintenance
time. Sterling meets the Department of Energy 2020 standards for
energy efficiency prior to the regulations going into effect, ensuring
the pumps you are using will save energy over the industry standard.
costs and has improved availability. The pump is close-coupled to a
Improved Availability
3450 RPM open drip-proof motor (with options for totally enclosed,
Sterling has reduced lead times by 50%
wash-down duty, or explosion-proof) and features a dual stage de-
by making a commitment to keep more
sign, with a first stage impeller and second stage inducer. The pump
components in stock. The 2' Low NPSH K
inducer raises the inlet head (pressure) by an amount sufficient to
Pump is proudly engineered and assembled
prevent cavitation.
in the USA and is designed to easily replace
High Temperature Operation – Pump up to 212° F pumps on existing units. In typical Sterling
The 2' Low NPSH K Pump’s ability to pump up to 212°F fashion, the pump can
reduces the danger of cavitation and vastly outperforms standard serve as a replacement
200°F pumps. Cavitation is the formation of bubbles or cavities in on old Sterlco boiler feed
liquid, and it develops in areas of low pressure around the impeller or condensate units, even
inside the pump. Imploding bubbles can cause intense shockwaves, if your unit is 30+ years
leading to failure of the pump housing, destruction of the impeller, old. Adaptor kits are also
motor failures, noise, and higher power consumption. All of these available for most of our
issues can create expensive downtime. competitor’s boiler feed
and condensate tanks.
Reduced Maintenance Cost
The Sterlco 2' Low NPSH K Pump is manufactured of high quality, About Sterling
longer life components leading to less maintenance. Inside of the K Sterling Steam Control Products Division provides a full line of
Pump, the impeller and inducer are manufactured from stainless steel, steam control equipment including boiler feed and condensate units,
providing improved longevity and supreme corrosion resistance. The valves, traps and strainers. Sterling boasts a proud past providing
inducer increases vapor pressure, thus reducing and often eliminat- the steam heating market with superior products and services dating
ing cavitation. Industry standard pumps use brass for the inducer back over 100 years. For more information, call 262-641-3808 or
and impeller, which is softer and more susceptible to corrosion over visit www.SterlcoSteam.com.

2’ NPSH K PUMP
Condensate & Boiler Feed Units

The Sterlco K Series 2’ NPSH Pump

®

is designed to pump hot condensate up to

Elevated 212° F on elevated tank units. If a steam trap fails
Boiler Feed
Unit in the system, this unit will continue to operate
up to 12° higher than standard units. The K series
pump is built from high quality materials to
improve longevity, and the energy efficient
design will reduce the total cost of ownership.

High Temperature Operation

Reduced Maintenance Cost

K Series 2’ NPSH K Pump

Improved Availability

STEAM CONTROL PRODUCTS

P: 262.641.3808 E: info@acscorporate.com SterlcoSteam.com

12 4 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

 Suppliers’ New Product Preview Advertising Section

Come see what’s new in our industry

leading portfolio at AHR Expo 2019!
NEW
Custom
Capabilities!

Venting Grilles, Registers Filters

Systems & Diffusers

Sign up for our webinar

Multi-Appliance Ventilation Systems
February 19, 2019
CEU certificate available
Duct Access Doors Rooftop Additional information regarding the webinar
Components Products can be found at ashrae.org

US: 1.800.848.2149
CA: 1.888.735.5475
selkirkcommercial.com © 2018 Selkirk is a registered trademark of Johnson Controls, Inc. in the United States and other countries.

Leading manufacturer and innovator of commercial and industrial

venting products for over 80 years –
• Factory-built craftsmanship & durability
• Safety tested and UL/ULC listed
• 5" to 48" double and single wall offering
• Stainless steel inner wall with array of
outer wall material and color options
• Fire rated models featuring zero clearance
• Quick and easy installation
• Backed by industry-leading warranty
• Array of components and accessories for
wide range of industry applications

Used extensively and globally for:

• Ventilation Duct (Fire Rated)
• Generator and Turbine Exhaust
• Laboratory Fume Exhaust
• Co-generation Systems
• Pizza Ovens
• Boiler Flue
• Coffee Roasters and more
• Kitchen Grease Duct (Fire Rated)

A LOT OF THINGS GO WRONG

IN YOUR AVERAGE WORK DAY.
US: 1.800.848.2149 THIS WON’T BE ONE OF THEM.
CA: 1.888.735.5475
selkirkcommercial.com © 2018 Selkirk is a registered trademark of Johnson Controls, Inc. in the United States and other countries.

D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 12 5

 Closetline® CAS Series Packaged
Water-Source Heat Pump

• Capacity Range: 0.5-ton to 5.0-ton capacities

available with 13.5 or 17.0 EER at WLHP
conditions.

• Compact Footprint: Compact cabinet design

with quick access for ease of service. Horizontal
units can be accessed through the unit bottom to
virtually eliminate removing ceiling mounted units
for service.

• Application Flexibility: Hot gas reheat for tempera-

ture and humidity control, as well as hybrid heating
and cooling operations for maximum flexibility
over a wide range of applications.

• Fan Operation: Oversized blower for quiet oper-

ation. Optional constant torque multi-speed EC
ADAPTABLE, FLEXIBLE AND INNOVATIVE motor with soft start. Serviceable from one side
on all models.
WE MANUFACTURE OUR PRODUCTS • Compressor: Compact and efficient compressors
TO FIT YOUR PROJECT with double isolation for quiet operation.
Too often, manufacturers mass produce
• Easy to Install: Water connections are securely
units in fixed sizes or configurations that
mounted flush to the cabinet, eliminating the need
limit customer choices. At The Whalen
for a backup wrench.
Company, we listen carefully to our customers
and manufacture units to your individual
specifications. The results are building designs
that fit the aesthetic and economic priorities of
the owners, not the limitations of an HVAC unit.

Don't settle for a standard unit that requires

extra installation labor and coordination
costs. Since we offer many customization
opportunities, your Whalen unit will be installed
and operating in significantly less time. In these
and other ways,
Whalen saves you
time and money on
your project.
To learn more about the Closetline® Series, visit
www.whalencompany.com/closetline.
Find out more at WhalenCompany.com/Project
Flexible, Comfort Solutions Provided With Pride
From Our Family to You
We willl be at the 2019 AHR Expo.
Come see us at booth B3639!
 Suppliers’ New Product Preview Advertising Section
The Importance of Accurate Automatic Airflow Balancing

A ccurate balancing of an HVAC sys-

tem has always been a challenge for
all buildings: residential, multi-family and
of previously developed models. The
ABV is completely adjustable from the
face of the unit. This ease of adjustability
not a coating, it will not wear off and will
continually prevent organic growth on the
ABV for the life of the product. The ABV
commercial. Proper and accurate balanc- allows the device to be field set and field maintains a +/- 10% accuracy level while
ing of an HVAC system ensures thermal changed when needed. The ABV is also operating at an astonishing 0.2-2.0” WC.
comfort, optimal system efficiency, and the only product with Steri-Balance™ – The ABV also has a wide CFM range of
acceptable indoor air quality. Traditional an anti-microbial agent infused into the 25-130 CFM (4” and 5” models) and 50-
methods of HVAC airflow balancing UL 94 thermoplastic. Steri-Balance™ is 275 CFM (6” model).
cannot automatically adjust to the ever
changing system pressures created by
uncontrollable variables such as stack
effect, clogged filters, improper initial
balancing, duct or grille obstructions, etc.
Consistent airflow regulation has been
a standard practice for decades in Europe
and devices have been developed to serve
that market. Automatic Airflow Balancing
(AAB), a Metal Industries Inc. brand, is
proud to be the first manufacturer that has
developed the next generation of these
devices: the ABV – Automatic Balancing
Valve. The ABV is the first automatic
constant airflow regulating valve made in
the US with the US market in mind.
Traditional Balancing Methods
Current HVAC balancing methods are
effective at the time of balancing; however
these methods are static in nature and can-
not react to any pressure changes within
the HVAC duct. Such changes can be
caused by stack effect, where the tempera-
ture outside of the building varies greatly
from the internal temperature. Stack effect
creates issues especially in high rise build-
ings with shared vertical exhaust shafts
(hotels being a perfect example of this).
When high rise buildings use a shared
exhaust shaft for bathroom ventilation for
example, the outside temperature can cre-
ate vast pressure changes causing hot air
within the shaft to rise much faster (winter
scenario). This stack effect can result in
over-exhausting on some floors and under-
exhausting on others. The former resulting
in wasted energy and the latter resulting
in IAQ issues.
The bottom line is that there are always
variables within an HVAC system that will
create pressure changes and without the
use of AAB’s Automatic Balancing Valves,
the building will be wasting energy and
possibly causing IAQ issues.
The Next Generation
The ABV is the next generation of these
devices and has improved upon all aspects

D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 12 7

 Suppliers’ New Product Preview Advertising Section

12 8 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

 Suppliers’ New Product Preview Advertising Section
Versatile and Efficient Flow Measurement Tools

A
s a worldwide leader in
flow metering technologies,
Badger Meter® offers one of
the broadest product portfolios for the
HVAC industry. Featuring the NEW
Dynasonics® TFX-500w Ultrasonic
Clamp-on Flow Meter, Badger Meter
has the proven tools and expertise to
help you manage your most demanding
projects.
make diagnosing and correcting
installation problems easier.
Available in sizes of 1/2…10 in., and
capable of handling flow ranges of
0.1…9800 gal/min and temperature
ranges of -40…250° F, the TFX-500w
is a versatile flow metering device that
can be used in almost any industrial
environment.
For more information, please
visit: www.badgermeter.com/flow-
instrumentation/.

The Dynasonics® TFX-500w ultrasonic

meter transmits ultrasonic waves
upstream and downstream through
the pipe wall and liquid flowing in the
pipe. By measuring the difference in the
travel time and knowing the pipe size,
the meter accurately determines the
rate, total and velocity of water flow.

With clamp-on technology, these

ultrasonic meters reside outside the
pipe and bring you flow measurement Are You Using The
with many benefits. These benefits
include reduced installation costs, Best Tools For The Job?
uninterrupted production, installation
flexibility across a wide range of pipe
sizes, no pressure head loss, no contact
with internal liquid, and no moving
parts to maintain.

The TFX-500w flow meter features

a large, easy-to-read display. It
provides Modbus RTU and BACnet
MS/TP connectivity, and integrates
with the Badger Meter BEACON® Vortex VN2000 Badger Meter CAD & BIM Catalog NEW Dynasonics® TFX-500w
Insertion Flow Meters cad.badgermeter.com Ultrasonic Flow Meters
and AquaCUE® Advanced Metering
Analytics (AMA) cloud-based software
suites. A worldwide leader in flow metering technologies, Badger Meter offers one
of the broadest product portfolios for the HVAC industry. From vortex and
ultrasonic flow meters, to downloadable files for your CAD and BIM projects,
Programming of the meter is through Badger Meter has the proven tools and expertise to help you
the front panel or USB cable using manage your critical resources.
SoloCUE® configuration software.
SoloCUE is used for configuring and Download CAD and BIM files at cad.badgermeter.com
communicating with Badger Meter
instrumentation devices and has www.badgermeter.com/flow-instrumentation/
numerous troubleshooting tools to
© 2018 Badger Meter

D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 12 9

Cambridge Engineering Adds New
Evaporative Cooling Solutions to Product Line Mix
On December 1st of this year, Cambridge
Engineering launched a new line of
Evaporative Series Cooling Products, the
E-Series and ESC-Series, into the North
American market. The new product lines
are the outcome of an acquisition of the
Spec-Air brand. By taking an established
evaporative platform and rapidly
rebranding it, we’ve successfully add
evaporative cooling technology to the
Cambridge Engineering brand.
The new E-Series line is a direct
evaporative only cooling solution with
10 models that offers an airflow range
from 10,000 CFM on the low end to 80,000
CFM on the high end. The units will be
available with either Munters CELdek® or
GLASdek® media technology, roof top or
pad mount configurations along with
other options and accessories to meet the
end users’ requirements.
Superior Heating, Ventilating, and
Cooling Solutions for Industrial Retrofit.
The new ESC-Series line is an indirect
evaporative semi-custom cooling solution
with 14 models that offer an airflow range ESC-Series Indirect
from 2,450 CFM on the low end to Evaporative Cooling
58,800 CFM on the high end. The units
can also be configured with indirect, direct Configuration Options:
or a combination of both indirect/direct
(two stage) evaporative coils. Since the • Energy Recovery
ESC-Series is a semi-customizable product
line, there are many more options available • Chilled water or DX
than on the E-Series. cooling section
In addition to the two new E-Series & • Hot water coil section
ESC-Series evaporative lines, Cambridge
is expanding the M-Series makeup air • Indirect Heating section
product line to include an direct
evaporative coil section as a standard
• VFD
option to the line.
These additions to our current product • Outside Air/Return Air
lines allow us to continue to offer solutions mixing box
that improve indoor air quality and reduce
energy consumption.
Industrial Retrofit Solutions
That Improve Your IAQ
You’ve known us for our high quality heating and ventilation
products. Now, we can keep your hard-working team cool
with our new line of E-Series and ESC-Series evaporative
cooling products.
To schedule a meeting, simply go to:
www.cambridge-eng.com
and click on this icon:
S-Series HTHV Heaters • M-Series Makeup-Air Units • E-Series Evaporative Cooling
 Suppliers’ New Product Preview Advertising Section

Replacing Your Water Heater Every 3 Years

is Not Our Business Plan

Conquest® high-efficiency, gas-fired

water heaters are constructed from
AquaPLEX® duplex stainless steel so
they’re corrosion-resistant in potable
water at any temperature. Now available
in two additional sizes (900 and 1000
MBH), Conquest provides even more
BTUs in small spaces. With a long
product life and a 15-year tank and heat
exchanger warranty, you can’t afford not
to have one.

Engineered
n Water Heating Solutions
S ¨
800.784.8326 | pvi.com

D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 13 1

 Suppliers’ New Product Preview Advertising Section

New England BioLabs Process Cooling System

Saves Water and Energy
New England BioLabs, Inc. (NEB), a
leader in cutting-edge genetic science,
recently completed construction of a
40,000-square-foot cleanroom produc-
tion facility designed to create a contam-
ination-free environment in Ipswich, MA.
NEB hired Columbia Construction
Company to build the cleanroom, who
turned to AHA Consulting Engineers,
Inc. for the building’s engineering infra-
structure, including the plant’s process
cooling mechanical system.
Tight tolerances for cooling
Because of NEB’s sensitive and tightly-
controlled manufacturing processes, AHA
had to design a cooling system that deliv-
ers accurate and robust temperature con-
trol of the equipment and environment.
A key component of this system is its
fluid cooler, a 1.6 million BTU closed-
circuit tower. “The fluid cooler provides
condenser water to one side of a heat ex-
changer,” said Thomas Joyner, partner
and AHA project manager. “The process
water on the other side serves several
pieces of plant equipment.”
Additionally, NEB wanted a system that
saved critical resources. To help meet
these seemingly opposing needs, AHA
worked with Fluid Equipment Solutions
of New England (FES).
“We compared the performance of
multiple evaporative fluid coolers in terms
of meeting the required temperature, the
energy and water use.” said FES sales
engineer, Ben McLaughlin. Ultimately,
EVAPCO’s eco ATWB-H series hybrid
fluid cooler fit the bill. Its ability to opti-
mize both evaporative (latent) and dry
(sensible) modes of cooling simultane-
ously combine advantages of an evapo-
rative cooler and dry cooler.
A balancing act
The ATWB-H handles full capacity in
“dry mode” up to an ambient dry bulb
temperature of 50ºF, reducing water
consumption for every hour of operation
below 50ºF. The spray pump is turned
off during dry cooling resulting in energy
savings when compared to the standard
fluid cooler using evaporative cooling
only. The cooler also includes the SAGE®
control system which helps optimize
water and energy savings through its use
of both outdoor or ambient conditions.
The result? A reduction in water and
electricity usage of 60 percent and 30
percent, respectively.
To combat the scale that can form in
a typical fluid cooler, FES included
EVAPCO’s Pulse-Pure® non-chemical water
treatment system with the eco ATWB-H.
Pulse-Pure uses a high frequency electro-
magnetic pulse to reduce corrosive or
scale-forming solids, and anything bio-
logical, rendering microorganisms inca-
pable of reproduction.
NEB and all partners on this project have
been thrilled with the cooling system that
not only helps ensure their environment
stays contamination free, but also saves
critical resources.

Keep your cool

on every challenge.
Don’t stress over water and energy requirements. With EVAPCO’s full spectrum of cooling system
solutions, you can meet the demands on any project, every time. And every solution comes with
our 100% thermal performance guarantee, so you can operate your systems with total peace of mind.
We are EVAPCO: the team you can count on for life.

See our NEW eco-Air water-saving dry and adiabatic

solutions at evapco.com.

Since 1976 | An Employee-Owned Company | Commercial HVAC | Process Cooling | Industrial Process | Power

13 2 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18

Suppliers’ New Product Preview Advertising Section

D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 13 3

 Comprehensive Engineering
From Start to Finish

Schebler Chimney Leads

The Industry In Engineered
ENGINEERED Design Solutions

DESIGN
SOLUTIONS

Schebler Chimney Systems is a premier source of custom,

modular prefabricated stainless-steel chimneys, heavy wall
engineered stacks, commercial kitchen grease ducts, special
gas venting systems and generator exhaust.

Schebler Chimney Systems can provide a design solution to

your requirements, customized to fit specific building and
DESIGN appliance requirements, using off-the-shelf components
from the appliance outlet through the roof. This includes UL
listed breeching and stacks, fire rated grease ducts, cost
EFFICIENCY effective UL listed generator exhaust systems, and draft
control systems to maximize the performance of high
efficiency appliances.

COST SAVINGS Our engineering and manufacturing specialists provide

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also help your engineering staff with skilled backup and
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DISCOVER THE ADVANTAGE OF accurate design. This includes detailed draft calculations,
COMPLETE SYSTEM DESIGN. 3D modeling and mechanical specifications.

Rely on Schebler Chimney Systems for your next project

SCHEBLERCHIMNEY.COM to save money and time throughout the design and
construction process.

CHALLENGE
Time was of the essence and HVAC
equipment had to be pre-installed
to meet dormitory construction
deadlines targeting the start of the
new school year.
SOLUTION
Daikin indoor units were pre-installed
into modular pods that were shipped
to final destination. Modules were
assembled then connected to outdoor
VRV heat recovery units. The selection
of VRV qualified for approximately
$28,000 of rebates from the local
utility company.
Located in West Burlington, Iowa, Southeastern
Community College (SCC) has been providing
quality education since opening their doors in
1920. To stay competitive over the years SCC
has expanded the curriculum and introduced
additional campuses. As smaller community
colleges rose in popularity, SCC had a radical
idea to gain a competitive edge to attract
students and increase academic performance,
on-site housing. A modern student housing
complex was seen as a sound investment
that would differentiate SCC from surrounding
schools and provide students with affordable
living with minimal distractions.
SCC worked with local experts, Campus
Community Developers (CCD), to plan a
residence hall that would house roughly 120
students and 3 residence attendants per
semester. Energy efficiency and the financial
savings it generates was an important
objective for both parties.
Daikin’s heat recovery system delivers 76-
tons of simultaneous heating and cooling
to Blackhawk Tower ensuring all students
and faculty are comfortable regardless of
Daikin, VRV and their designs are trademarks owned by Daikin.
2018
BLACKHAWK TOWER RESIDENCE HALL
WEST BURLINGTON, IOWA
PROJECT INFORMATION
Building Type:
Multi-family – Student Dormitory
Project Type:
Modular New Construction
Location: West Burlington, Iowa
Floors: 4
Dormitories: 36 with 144 beds
DAIKIN EQUIPMENT
• 76- Ton REYQ
VRV Heat Recovery
• 6 FXAQ Wall-Mounted Unit
• 8 FXMQ Medium Static
Ducted Unit
• 8 FXZQ 4-Way Cassette
the temperature outside. The first floor of
the building is comprised of amenity space
including a cafeteria, student lounge and study
areas. The VISTATM cassette was the ideal
solution for these open spaces. The cassette
fit seamlessly into the drop ceiling and allows
for flexible airflow patterns by adjusting
the louvers.
A mix of ducted and non-ducted fan coils
were used for the different size common
living areas throughout the tower. A majority
of the dormitory rooms have a compact
vertical air handling unit, located in a closet in
the kitchen area, which conditions the space
and makes maintenance easy and accessible
for the facility staff. Wall mounted units and
concealed ducted units were used in the
smaller dormitory rooms where less free
space is available. Daikin’s range of indoor
fan coils complimented the application and
provided an environment that is conducive
to learning with low sound levels and
superior comfort.
Fresh air was an important consideration
for students to stay alert and focused on
academics. Mechanical Sales recommended
the use of an energy recovery ventilator.
This ventilator serves two main purposes.
First, it exhausts air from the restrooms and
kitchenettes but strips the air of much of the
valuable energy. Second, it adds fresh outside
air into the tower while absorbing the energy
from the exhaust air.
Knowing that student housing varies in
occupancy rates, which greatly influences
energy consumption, the developers wanted
to leverage this aspect to maximize energy
savings and maintain comfort control.
Daikin’s VRV solution excels in the mild
temperatures Iowa experiences most of the
year, due to the inverter compressor’s ability
to handle part load capacities. However, the
VRV system also has the ability to provide high
For more information, visit www.daikinac.com
Square Footage: 10,000
Building Owner:
Campus Community Developers
Mechanical Contractor:
Arnold Refrigeration, Burlington, IA
Daikin Sales Representative:
Todd Stegmiller, Mechanical Sales Inc.,
Davenport, IA
• 30 FXTQ Vertical
Air Handling Units
• 1 VAM Energy Recovery Ventilator
• 1 DCM intelligent Touch Manager™
• 54 BRC Navigation™ Controllers
capacity heating, even during the harshest of
winters. The local utility company funded an
analysis from an Engineering firm who then
reported and verified the most attractive of
multiple energy conservation strategies for the
dormitory project.
The modular construction reduced build time
to ensure the residence hall would be open
prior to the first day of classes. All of the 51
modular components (pods) were constructed
in Worthington, Minnesota, approximately
400 miles from the Iowa construction site.
Construction crews in West Burlington,
IA were breaking ground and laying the
foundation for the pods that would make up
the student living areas. Daikin VRV’s modular
design and efficiency outperformed traditional
solutions for this unique installation. The
flexibility provided with Daikin VRV systems
allowed Blackhawk Tower to be constructed
in two different locations, simultaneously,
and maintained a seamless connection and
commissioning process when all components
were brought together.
“This project has been so successful, even
achieving greater utility savings than originally
expected, that a few more dormitory projects
are in the works for SCC,” said Jeff Ebbing,
SCC Communications and Marketing Director.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Before purchasing this appliance, read
important information about its estimated
annual energy consumption, yearly operating
cost, or energy efficiency rating that is
available from your retailer. Actual savings and
cost will vary. Cost and savings statements
are applicable solely to the installation
indicated. For additional information, please
contact the installing contractor, distributor or
factory representatives.
 Suppliers’ New Product Preview Advertising Section
Think population rather than CO2 when
implementing a DCV strategy
D
emand Control Ventilation
(DCV) can reduce outdoor air
from design levels on variable
occupancy spaces. DCV is often
misunderstood and many believe
DCV requires that CO2 levels are
controlled.
DCV is very well defined in the
Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)
of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013,
Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air
Quality. The VRP clearly states that
the ventilation rate required for DCV
is based on the current occupancy of
the ventilation zone. There are no
specific references to CO2 levels in
the VRP.
CO2 Levels and DCV
Although there is evidence that lower
CO2 levels are associated with higher
cognitive processing and improved air
quality, it can be argued that the lower
CO2 levels simply represent higher per
person outdoor air ventilation rates
which for decades have been associ-
ated with improved occupant produc-
tivity and health.
The relationship between CO2 and
ventilation is described in the
Informative Appendix C of ASHRAE
Standard 62.1-2013. The steady-state
analysis of a two-chamber model
comprised of an outdoor air ventilation
source and CO2 producing occupants
results in the mass balance equation:
Vo=N/(Cs-Co)
Where
Vo = outdoor airflow rate per person
N = CO2 production rate per person
Cs = CO2 level of the space
Co = CO2 level of the outdoor air
As a result, CO2 is an indirect indicator
of the outdoor air ventilation rate per
person and not a direct proxy for IAQ
as many are lead to believe.
CO2-based DCV is often implemented
as an energy saving strategy. However,
the fixed CO2 level which is generally
maintained can only represent a single
ventilation rate (ex. 1,000 ppm ≈ 18
cfm/person for adult office workers)
and will not meet the requirements of
62.1 at multiple population levels
(Figure 1).
An improved CO2 method was
introduced by EBTRON in the mid
2000’s that uses the space or return
air CO2 level and the outdoor airflow
rate to estimate the population of the
entire ventilation zone. The population
is estimated by modifying the mass
balance equation as follows:
P = Votmeas/Vo
Where
P = population
Votmeas= measured outdoor airflow rate
Once the population is estimated,
the total outdoor air required can be
estimated. On single zone systems
D E C E M B E R 2 0 18
the required outdoor air can be easily
calculated (Figure 2). On multi-zone
systems, the ventilation efficiency
must be considered and the resulting
calculations are more complicated.
CO2/ Airflow-DCV minimizes the
over- and under-ventilation of tradi-
tional fixed point CO2 DCV. An
understanding of occupant CO2
production rates and implementation
of a dynamic, rather than steady-state,
model can improve population
estimation.
Think Population!
Recognizing that DCV is based on
the population and not the CO2 level
permits designers to take advantage
of other means to reduce outdoor
airflow rates. Methods include any
means for estimating the population,
including the use of direct occupancy
counting devices such as EBTRON’s
CENSus® over-door counter. Multi-
zone applications may require the
addition of total supply and critical
zone airflow measurement.
ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 13 7
 DEDICATED OUTDOOR AIR SYSTEMS

Achieve up to 40% energy savings vs. conventional DX DOAS systems

Munters’ combination of exhaust enthalpy recovery and condenser reactivated
desiccant provides unmatched efficiency in an outside air dehumidifier
Munters’ DryCool® ERV provides energy recovery
and dehumidification in one packaged unit to
reduce operating costs and create a healthier, more
comfortable indoor environment.

The DryCool® ERV provides the dehumidification

requirement of the entire building, not just the outside
air stream. In addition, it cools the air stream to space
temperature. In heating mode, the energy recovery
provides most of the heating requirement, only using
supplemental heating as needed. Units range from
1,000 to 16,000 cfm and are applicable to all
commercial buildings.

Desiccant Wheel
The DryCool® product line utilizes a carbon and
titanium enhanced Honeycombe® Silica Gel desiccant
wheel. The DryCool® product operates cost efficiently
because all of the reactivation energy required to
dry the desiccant wheel is recycled from cooling
components. The desiccant wheel is regenerated using
(free) condenser heat, eliminating the need for natural
gas or other external heat sources.
Refrigeration Circuit
The DryCool® product line uses R-410a refrigerant
and digital scroll compressor technology for reliable,
efficient and environmentally friendly operation.
How the DryCool® ERV Works
First, make up air is brought in through the enthalpy
wheel. The air is then cooled by a DX cooling coil and
supplied to the desiccant wheel. The desiccant wheel
dries the air to approximately 75°F dry bulb and 45°F
dew point before supplying it to the space.
The units are provided with complete controls, filtration
and easy access to all maintenance components. With
indoor installations, the packaged DX unit does not
require split system condensing, condenser water or
chilled water connections.

For more information on the Munters DryCool® ERV or

other products visit www.munters.com.

Munters is a global leader in energy efficient air treatment solutions

based on expertise in humidity and climate control technologies. Since
developing the first desiccant dehumidifier in the late 1930’s, Munters
has continued to innovate in climate and humidity control technologies.
Munters’ long history and extensive expertise makes the company a
premier choice for indoor air treatment solutions.

Munters Corporation www.munters.com • 800-843-5360 • E-mail: dhinfo@munters.com

2018 ASHRAE Journal Indices
ASHRAE members can download ASHRAE Journal articles from 1997 to present for free at https://technologyportal.ashrae.org. Articles can be purchased for $8 at www.ashrae.org/bookstore. For
articles previous to 1997, contact ASHRAE Customer Service at 1-800-527-4723 (U.S. and Canada) or 404-636-8400 (worldwide).
By Author Cockerton, Lianne P.12. July.
Abdelaziz, Omar Passive Strategies Drive Library Design. P.48. May. Henry, Robert
Setting Charge Limits for Flammable Refrigerants. P.40. July. Coffield, Brian Pressure Control Issue with TES on Large Campus Chilled Water
Abuel, Paul Mikii Historic Law School Stays Cutting Edge. P.50. September. Loop. P.68. March.
Improvements Keep Macau Resort Efficient. P.44. November. Cogil, Cindy Hersch, Mark
Abu-Heiba, Ahmad Historic Law School Stays Cutting Edge. P.50. September. Site Blends Sustainability, Function With Aesthetics. P.48. July.
Setting Charge Limits for Flammable Refrigerants. P.40. July. Colliver, Donald Horner, Elliott
Aijazi, Arfa N. Thermal Comfort in Heated-and-Ventilated-Only Warehouses. LEED’s Performance-Based IAQ Pilot Credit. P.94. March.
Understanding Climate Change Impacts on Building Energy Use. P.12. December. Hourahan, Glenn
P.24. October. Crawford, Todd Introduction to Indoor Environmental Quality. P.64. April.
Andersen, Stephen O. Changes in IAQ Caused by Corona Discharge Air Cleaner. P.64. Hwang, Yunho
Life-Cycle Climate Performance Metrics & Room AC Carbon December. Life-Cycle Climate Performance Metrics & Room AC Carbon
Footprint. P.24. November. Deal, Chris Footprint. P.24. November.
Arens, Edward Site Blends Sustainability, Function With Aesthetics. P.48. July. Ivanovich, Michael
Sunlight and Indoor Thermal Comfort: Updates to Standard 55.
Denison, Jake New Federal Regulations for Ceiling Fans: What You Need to
P.12. July. Prospects of Powering a Refrigerated Warehouse With Renew- Know. P.42. January.
Bach, Christian K. able Energy. P.10. February. Iwamatsu, Toshiya
Plug Load Design Factors: ASHRAE RP-1742. P.14. January.
Dols, W. Stuart Comparing Wall-Mounted and Single Island Hoods. P.36.
Baxter, Van Balancing Energy and IAQ: NIST Net-Zero Energy Residential November.
Setting Charge Limits for Flammable Refrigerants. P.40. July. Test Facility. P.12. April. Jaworski, Jeff
Bean, Robert Dougherty, Brian P. ASHRAE IT Power Trends, Part 1. P.62. July.
Introduction to Indoor Environmental Quality. P.64. April. Balancing Energy and IAQ: NIST Net-Zero Energy Residential
Prioritizing Thermal Comfort For Homes. P.28. September. Jeng Ming-Shan
Test Facility. P.12. April. Upgrading for Extreme Efficiency. P.42. April.
Thermal Comfort: Designing for People. P.40. February. Duda, Stephen W.
Thermal Comfort and Energy Analyses of a Window Retrofit with Johar, Chait
Blow-Through vs. Draw-Through: AHUs. P.48. January.
Dynamic Glazing. P.32. December. Leveraging CFD to Boost HVAC System Engineering. P.68. July.
N+1 HVAC for IT Closets and Server Rooms. P.56. May.
Beaty, Donald L. Pitfalls of Single-Fan Dual-Duct Systems in Humid Climates. Kamensky, Kristina
ASHRAE IT Power Trends, Part 1. P.62. July. P.60. September. Transient Air Infiltration/Exfiltration in Walk-In Coolers: Visual-
ASHRAE IT Power Trends, Part 2. P.76. September. Emmerich, Steven J. izing and Quantifying. P.48. March.
Changing Landscape of Data Centers, Part 6: Timeless Best Balancing Energy and IAQ: NIST Net-Zero Energy Residential Karki, Kailash
Practices. P.88. March. Test Facility. P.12. April. Optimizing Cooling Performance of a Data Center: Using CFD
Designing Data Center Water-Side Economizers for Cold Simulation and Measurements. P.22. July.
Climates, Part 1. P.74. November.
Faramarzi, Ramin
Transient Air Infiltration/Exfiltration in Walk-In Coolers: Visual- Kavanaugh, Steve
Fog Computing: Part One. P.68. January. Resource Center Surface Water Heat Pump System. P.20. April.
izing and Quantifying. P.48. March.
Beaufait, Ray Khankari, Kishor
Paving a Path for Zero Energy Schools. P.36. May.
Fitzpatrick, John
Optimizing Cooling Performance of a Data Center: Using CFD CFD Analysis of Hospital Operating Room Ventilation Systems,
Bowman, Steven J. Simulation and Measurements. P.22. July. Part 1: Analysis of Air Change Rates. P.14. May.
Commissioning an Existing Heat Recovery Chiller System. P.44. CFD Analysis of Hospital Operating Room Ventilation Systems
December.
Frink, Brandon
Life-Cycle Cost for DOAS With VAV. P.26. April. Part 2: Analyses of HVAC Configurations. P.16. June.
Brager, Gail Koenigshofer, Daniel
Understanding Climate Change Impacts on Building Energy Use. Fritz, Patricia
Changes in IAQ Caused by Corona Discharge Air Cleaner. P.67. Do OA Economizers Make ‘Cents’ in Hospitals? P.12. November.
P.24. October.
December. Kujak, Steve
Branham, Matt Haloolefins Refrigerants. P.28. June.
Expo Upgrades with Performance Contract. P.50. October. Fullerton, Michael
Engagement and Buy-In for Energy Savings. P.32. July. Lan, Li
Burroughs, H.E. Barney Thermal Environment, IAQ and Sleep. P.60. April.
History of Filtration and Air Cleaning. P.80. November.
Gall, Elliott
Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Urban Building Design. P.80. Lee, Hao-Chuan
Cecere, Cathy September. Upgrading for Extreme Efficiency. P.42. April.
For Better Performance—Measure Against the Best. P.44. May. Lian, Zhiwei
Games, George
Charneux Roland Simpler Duct Systems. P.24. August. Thermal Environment, IAQ and Sleep. P.60. April.
Modeling During Design Helps Energy Efficiency. P.44. August. George, Linda Ling, Jiazhen
Chen, Amy Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Urban Building Design. P.80. Life-Cycle Climate Performance Metrics & Room AC Carbon
Pressure Control Issue with TES on Large Campus Chilled Water September. Footprint. P.24. November.
Loop. P.68. March. Gill, Brandon Lstiburek, Joseph W.
Chen, Hui Data Center Controls Reliability. P.12. October. Avoiding Mass Failures. P.62. May.
Pressure Control Issue with TES on Large Campus Chilled Water Grassl, David De-Icing Ice Dams. P.68. September.
Loop. P.68. March. Best Practices for Condensing Boiler. P.18. September. The Coming Stucco-Pocalypse. P.54. January.
Cheek, Devin Hahn, Wyatt This Bud’s For You: Marijuana Grow Rooms & Commercial Grow
Holistic Design Approach for Energy Efficiency. P.44. June. Pressure Control Issue with TES on Large Campus Chilled Water Operations. P.72. June.
Chiang, Hsu-Cheng Loop. P.68. March. Joints and Corners and Penetrations. P.58. February.
Upgrading for Extreme Efficiency. P.42. April. Hayter, Sheila J. Punched Openings. P.80. March.
Claas, Marc Presidential Address: Building Our New Energy Future. P.16. Tuscan Villas. P.68. November.
Prospects of Powering a Refrigerated Warehouse With Renew- August. Maguire, J.
able Energy. P.10. February. Heinzerling, David New Research from PNNL/NREL: Are Ducted Mini-Splits Worth
Claridge, David E. A New Approach to Museum HVAC Design. P.34. August. It? P.22. February.
Commissioning an Existing Heat Recovery Chiller System. P.44. IoT Tools for Assessing Building Operation. P.73. July. Matte, Olivier
December. Sunlight and Indoor Thermal Comfort: Updates to Standard 55. Five Hospitals, One Goal: Maximum Energy Savings. P.54. June.

D E C E M B E R 2 0 18 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 139

INDICES

McCrary, Barbara The Weirdness of Water. P.68. April. Thermal Comfort in Heated-and-Ventilated-Only Warehouses.
Resource Center Surface Water Heat Pump System. P.20. April. ‘Where No Man Has Gone Before’. P.80. June. P.12. December.
McGowan, Mary Kate Persily, Andrew K. Taylor, Steven T.
Adopting Alternative Refrigerants: Conversion Challenges and IEQ in Green Buildings. P.72. August. 4-Pipe VAV vs. Active Chilled Beams for Labs. P.57. December.
Applications. P.48. February. Peters, Judith M. A New Approach to Museum HVAC Design. P.34. August.
Digging Deep: Propelling St. Patrick’s Cathedral Forward. P.54. Impact of Water Utility Rates on Chiller Selection. P.36. June. Designing Mega-AHUs. P.50. April.
August. Peterson, Kent W. Making VAV Great Again. P.64. August.
NIST’s Testbed for Optimizing Building System Performance. Avoiding Centrifugal Chiller Surge. P.60. November. Thompson, Robert
P.54. December. Designing Pipe Insulation Systems. P.74. March. NREL: Planning for Enhanced Energy Recovery. P.58. March.
Preparing for Gen Z in the Engineering Workplace. P.56. Design Tips to Avoid Boiler Short-Cycling. P.54. July. Torcellini, Paul A.
November. Picard, Daniel Next Generation of School Design & Operation: AEDG K–12.
Merrin, Zachary Modeling During Design Helps Energy Efficiency. P.44. August. P.30. January.
Attached Garages & IAQ. P.60. July. Pillsbury, Dawn Urabe, Wataru
Metzger, C.E. Retrofit Breathes Life Into Campus Landmark. P.42. September. Comparing Wall-Mounted and Single Island Hoods. P.36.
New Research from PNNL/NREL: Are Ducted Mini-Splits Worth Pless, Shanti D. November.
It? P.22. February. Next Generation of School Design & Operation: AEDG K–12. VanWormer, Catie
Mora, Rodrigo P.30. January. Best Practices for Condensing Boiler. P.18. September.
Prioritizing Thermal Comfort For Homes. P.28. September. Poppendieck, Dustin Wainman, Thomas
Thermal Comfort: Designing for People. P.40. February. Balancing Energy and IAQ: NIST Net-Zero Energy Residential Changes in IAQ Caused by Corona Discharge Air Cleaner. P.64.
Thermal Comfort and Energy Analyses of a Window Retrofit with Test Facility. P.12. April. December.
Dynamic Glazing. P.32. December. Quirk, David Wang, Lei
Morrison, Frank T. ASHRAE IT Power Trends, Part 1. P.62. July. Commissioning an Existing Heat Recovery Chiller System. P.44.
Designing Data Center Water-Side Economizers for Cold ASHRAE IT Power Trends, Part 2. P.76. September. December.
Climates, Part 1. P.74. November. Changing Landscape of Data Centers, Part 6: Timeless Best Wargocki, Pawel
Mubarak, Syed Abdul Razaak Practices. P.88. March. Thermal Environment, IAQ and Sleep. P.60. April.
Improvements Keep Macau Resort Efficient. P.44. November. Designing Data Center Water-Side Economizers for Cold Webster, Tom
Murphy, John Climates, Part 1. P.74. November. IoT Tools for Assessing Building Operation. P.73. July.
Common Pitfalls in Design and Operation of a DOAS. P.10. Fog Computing: Part One. P.68. January. Weekes, Donald M.
September. Radmehr, Amir IEQ-Global Alliance: An Update. P.82. June.
Nall, Daniel H. Optimizing Cooling Performance of a Data Center: Using CFD Weston, Theresa A.
Data Centers, Cooling Towers & Thermal Storage. P.64. June. Simulation and Measurements. P.22. July. ASHRAE Residential Standards: The New 90.2. P.68. October.
HVAC Systems for Hyper-Efficient Buildings. P.52. February. Reindl, Doug Wilkins, Christopher K.
Grid Coordination for Net Zero Energy Projects. P.60. October. Prospects of Powering a Refrigerated Warehouse With Renew- Plug Load Design Factors: ASHRAE RP-1742. P.14. January.
Nawaz, Homayun K. able Energy. P.10. February. Williams, Les
Transient Air Infiltration/Exfiltration in Walk-In Coolers: Visual- Riley, James Pressure Control Issue with TES on Large Campus Chilled Water
izing and Quantifying. P.48. March. Pressure Control Issue with TES on Large Campus Chilled Water Loop. P.68. March.
Nicas, Mark Loop. P.68. March. Winkler, J.
Use With Adequate Ventilation? P.70. May. Roberts, John New Research from PNNL/NREL: Are Ducted Mini-Splits Worth
Ng, Lisa Do OA Economizers Make ‘Cents’ in Hospitals? P.12. November. It? P.22. February.
Balancing Energy and IAQ: NIST Net-Zero Energy Residential Rock, Brian A. Wolf, James
Test Facility. P.12. April. Thermal Zoning for HVAC Design. P.20. December. Life-Cycle Climate Performance Metrics & Room AC Carbon
O’Brien, William Tiny Houses, Big HVAC?: Loads and Energy. P.20. January. Footprint. P.24. November.
Occupant Modeling for Code Compliance and Incentive Roy, Martin Wyon, David P.
Programs. P.32. February. Passive Strategies Drive Library Design. P.48. May. Thermal Environment, IAQ and Sleep. P.60. April.
Offerman, Francis (Bud) J. Rumohr, Jonathan Zaatari, Marwa
Use With Adequate Ventilation? P.70. May. Heritage Hall: A Journey From Worst To Best Energy Efficiency. LEED’s Performance-Based IAQ Pilot Credit. P.94. March.
Ouf, Mohamed P.40. March. Six Reasons Why Commercial Buildings Operate Without
Occupant Modeling for Code Compliance and Incentive Sakurai, Yasuko Adequate Ventilation. P.62. January.
Programs. P.32. February. Commissioning an Existing Heat Recovery Chiller System. P.44. Zhang, J.
Ouellet, Patrick December. New Research from PNNL/NREL: Are Ducted Mini-Splits Worth
Five Hospitals, One Goal: Maximum Energy Savings. P.54. June. Sanborn, Stet It? P.22. February.
Paliaga, Gwelen Retrofit Breathes Life Into Campus Landmark. P.42. September.
IoT Tools for Assessing Building Operation. P.73. July. Safraz, Omer By Subject
Sunlight and Indoor Thermal Comfort: Updates to Standard 55. Plug Load Design Factors: ASHRAE RP-1742. P.14. January. Active Chilled Beams
P.12. July. Sherer, Wesley 4-Pipe VAV vs. Active Chilled Beams for Labs. Steven T. Taylor,
Pantelic, Jovan Resource Center Surface Water Heat Pump System. P.20. April. P.E. P.57. December.
IoT Tools for Assessing Building Operation. P.73. July. Smith, Scott Air Distribution
Paradis, Samuel Building Management in the Cybersecurity Age. P.84. November. New Federal Regulations for Ceiling Fans: What You Need to
Innovative Strategies for Ice Hockey Rink. P.34. April. Sorenson, Elyse Know. Michael Ivanovich; Christian Taber. P.42. January.
Patel, Viral Haloolefins Refrigerants. P.28. June. Simpler Duct Systems. George Games, P.E. P.24. August.
Setting Charge Limits for Flammable Refrigerants. P.40. July. Spellman, Steven M. Air-Handling Units
Pearson, Andy HVAC and Compounding Pharmacies: Design Requirements. Blow-Through vs. Draw-Through: AHUs. Stephen W. Duda, P.E.
Anyone for Entropy? P.84. May. P.28. May. P.48. January.
Born With a Silver Spanner in Her Hand. P.68. December. Stein, Jeff Designing Mega-AHUs. Steven T. Taylor, P.E. P.50. April.
From Journalist to Ice Make. P.72. October. Data Center Controls Reliability. P.12. October. Boilers
Ghost Fruit. P.83. November. St-Georges, Yves Best Practices for Condensing Boiler. Catie VanWormer, P.E.;
Keep Standards Simple. P.84. September. Innovative Strategies for Ice Hockey Rink. P.34. April. David Grassl, P.E. P.18. September.
Let’s Get Critical. P.68. January. Sun, Wei Design Tips to Avoid Boiler Short-Cycling. Kent W. Peterson,
Oops, I Did It Again. P.82. August. Cleanroom Airlock Performance and Beyond. P.64. February. P.E. P.54. July.
Problem Solved. P.98. March. Taber, Christian Building Sciences
Talkin’ ’Bout My Generation. P.70. February. New Federal Regulations for Ceiling Fans: What You Need to Avoiding Mass Failures. Joseph W. Lstiburek, Ph.D., P.Eng.
Think the Unthinkable. P.59. July. Know. P.42. January. P.62. May.

140 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18


De-Icing Ice Dams. Joseph W. Lstiburek, Ph.D., P.Eng. P.68.
September.
The Coming Stucco-Pocalypse. Joseph W. Lstiburek, Ph.D.,
P.Eng. P.54. January.
This Bud’s For You: Marijuana Grow Rooms & Commercial Grow
Operations. Joseph W. Lstiburek, Ph.D., P.Eng. P.72. June.
Joints and Corners and Penetrations. Joseph W. Lstiburek,
Ph.D., P.Eng. P.58. February.
Punched Openings. Joseph W. Lstiburek, Ph.D., P.Eng. P.80.
March.
Tuscan Villas. P.68. Joseph W. Lstiburek, Ph.D., P.Eng.
November.
Business
For Better Performance—Measure Against the Best. Cathy
Cecere P.44. May.
Preparing for Gen Z in the Engineering Workplace. Mary Kate
McGowan. P.56. November.
Chillers
Avoiding Centrifugal Chiller Surge. Kent W. Peterson, P.E. P.60.
November.
Chiller Selection
Impact of Water Utility Rates on Chiller Selection. Judith M.
Peters, P.E. P.36. June.
Cleanrooms
Cleanroom Airlock Performance and Beyond, Wei Sun, P.E. P.64.
February.
Climate
Life-Cycle Climate Performance Metrics & Room AC Carbon
Footprint. Stephen O. Andersen; James Wolf; Yunho
Hwang, Ph.D.; Jiazhen Ling. P.24. November.
Understanding Climate Change Impacts on Building Energy Use.
Arfa N. Aijazi; Gail S. Brager, Ph.D. P.24. October.
Commissioning
Commissioning an Existing Heat Recovery Chiller System.
Lei Wang, Ph.D., P.E.; Yasuko Sakurai, Dr.Eng.; Steven
J. Bowman; David E. Claridge, Ph.D., P.E., PCC. P.44.
December.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
CFD Analysis of Hospital Operating Room Ventilation Systems,
Part 1: Analysis of Air Change Rates. Kishor Khankari,
Ph.D. P.14. May.
CFD Analysis of Hospital Operating Room Ventilation Systems
Part 2: Analyses of HVAC Configurations. Kishor Khankari,
Ph.D. P.16. June.
Leveraging CFD to Boost HVAC System Engineering. Chait Johar
P.68. July.
Optimizing Cooling Performance of a Data Center: Using CFD
Simulation and Measurements. Amir Radmehr, Ph.D.;
John Fitzpatrick; Kailash Karki, Ph.D. P.22. July.
Codes
Occupant Modeling for Code Compliance and Incentive
Programs. Mohamed Ouf, Ph.D.; William O’Brien, Ph.D.,
P.Eng. P.32. February.
Cooling Towers
Data Centers, Cooling Towers & Thermal Storage. Daniel H. Nall,
P.E. P.64. June.
Cybersecurity
Building Management in the Cybersecurity Age. Scott Smith
P.84. November.
Data Centers
ASHRAE IT Power Trends, Part 1. Donald L. Beaty, P.E.; David
Quirk, P.E.; Jeff Jaworski. P.62. July.
ASHRAE IT Power Trends, Part 2. Donald L. Beaty, P.E.; David
Quirk, P.E. P.76. September.
Changing Landscape of Data Centers, Part 6: Timeless Best
Practices. Donald L. Beaty, P.E.; David Quirk, P.E.; Jeff
Jaworski. P.88. March.
Data Center Controls Reliability. Jeff Stein, P.E.; Brandon Gill,
P.E. P.12. October.
Data Centers, Cooling Towers & Thermal Storage. Daniel H. Nall,
P.E. P.64. June.
Designing Data Center Water-Side Economizers for Cold
Climates, Part 1. Donald L. Beaty, P.E.; David Quirk, P.E.;
Frank T. Morrison. P.74. November.
Fog Computing: Part One. Donald L. Beaty, P.E.; David Quirk,
P.E.; Jeff Jaworski. P.68. January.
N+1 HVAC for IT Closets and Server Rooms. Stephen W. Duda,
P.E. P.56. May.
Optimizing Cooling Performance of a Data Center: Using CFD
Simulation and Measurements. Amir Radmehr, Ph.D.;
John Fitzpatrick; Kailash Karki, Ph.D. P.22. July.
DOAS
Life-Cycle Cost for DOAS With VAV. Brandon Frink. P.26. April.
Common Pitfalls in Design and Operation of a DOAS. John
Murphy. P.10. September.
Ducted Mini-Splits
New Research from PNNL/NREL: Are Ducted Mini-Splits Worth
It? C.E. Metzger; J. Zhang, Ph.D.; J. Maguire; J. Winkler.
P.22. February.
Engineer’s Notebook
4-Pipe VAV vs. Active Chilled Beams for Labs. Steven T. Taylor,
P.E. P.57. December.
Avoiding Centrifugal Chiller Surge. Kent W. Peterson, P.E. P.60.
November.
Blow-Through vs. Draw-Through: AHUs. Stephen W. Duda, P.E.
P.48. January.
Data Centers, Cooling Towers & Thermal Storage. Daniel H. Nall,
P.E. P.64. June.
Designing Mega-AHUs. Steven T. Taylor, P.E. P.50. April.
Designing Pipe Insulation Systems. Kent W. Peterson, P.E. P.74.
March.
Design Tips to Avoid Boiler Short-Cycling. Kent W. Peterson,
P.E. P.54. July.
HVAC Systems for Hyper-Efficient Buildings. Daniel H. Nall, P.E.
P.52. February.
Grid Coordination for Net Zero Energy Projects. Daniel H. Nall,
P.E. P.60. October.
Making VAV Great Again. Steven T. Taylor, P.E. P.64. August.
N+1 HVAC for IT Closets and Server Rooms. Stephen W. Duda,
P.E. P.56. May.
Pitfalls of Single-Fan Dual-Duct Systems in Humid Climates.
Stephen W. Duda, P.E. P.60. September.
Geothermal
Digging Deep: Propelling St. Patrick’s Cathedral Forward. Mary
Kate McGowan. P.54. August.
Heat Recovery Chiller
Commissioning an Existing Heat Recovery Chiller System.
Lei Wang, Ph.D., P.E.; Yasuko Sakurai, Dr.Eng.; Steven
J. Bowman; David E. Claridge, Ph.D., P.E., PCC. P.44.
December.
HVAC Applications
Leveraging CFD to Boost HVAC System Engineering. Chait Johar
P.68. July.
Building Management in the Cybersecurity Age. Scott Smith
P.84. November.
HVAC Systems
HVAC Systems for Hyper-Efficient Buildings. Daniel H. Nall, P.E.
P.52. February.
IAQ/IEQ
Attached Garages & IAQ. Zachary Merrin. P.60. July.
Balancing Energy and IAQ: NIST Net-Zero Energy Residential
Test Facility. Lisa Ng, Ph.D.; Dustin Poppendieck; W.
Stuart Dols; Brian P. Dougherty; Steven J. Emmerich.
P.12. April.
Changes in IAQ Caused by Corona Discharge Air Cleaner.
Todd Crawford; Patricia Fritz; Thomas Wainman P.64.
December.
Cleanroom Airlock Performance and Beyond, Wei Sun, P.E. P.64.
February.
History of Filtration and Air Cleaning. H.E. Barney Burroughs.
P.80. November.
IEQ-Global Alliance: An Update. Donald M. Weekes, CIH. P.82. June.
IEQ in Green Buildings. Andrew K. Persily, Ph.D. P.72. August.
Introduction to Indoor Environmental Quality. Robert Bean,
R.E.T., P.L.(Eng.); Glenn Hourahan, P.E. P.64. April.
IoT Tools for Assessing Building Operation. Jovan Pantelic; Tom
Webster; David Heinzerling; Gwelen Paliaga. P.73. July.
LEED’s Performance-Based IAQ Pilot Credit. Elliott Horner, Ph.D.;
D E C E M B E R 2 0 18
INDICES
Marwa Zaatari, Ph.D. P.94. March.
Optimizing Cooling Performance of a Data Center: Using CFD
Simulation and Measurements. Amir Radmehr, Ph.D.; John
Fitzpatrick; Kailash Karki, Ph.D. P.22. July.
Six Reasons Why Commercial Buildings Operate Without
Adequate Ventilation. Marwa Zaatari, Ph.D. P.62. January.
Thermal Environment, IAQ and Sleep. Pawel Wargocki, Ph.D.;
Li Lan, Ph.D.; Zhiwei Lian, Ph.D.; David P. Wyon, Ph.D.
P.60. April.
Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Urban Building Design. Elliott T.
Gall, Ph.D.; Linda George, Ph.D. P.80. September.
Use With Adequate Ventilation? Francis J. Offermann; Mark
Nicas. P.70. May.
Internet of Things
IoT Tools for Assessing Building Operation. Jovan Pantelic; Tom
Webster; David Heinzerling; Gwelen Paliaga. P.73. July.
Kitchen Ventilation
Comparing Wall-Mounted and Single Island Hoods. Toshiya
Iwamatsu, Ph.D.; Wataru Urabe. P.36. November.
Laboratories
4-Pipe VAV vs. Active Chilled Beams for Labs. Steven T. Taylor,
P.E. P.57. December.
Net Positive/Net Zero
Balancing Energy and IAQ: NIST Net-Zero Energy Residential
Test Facility. Lisa Ng, Ph.D.; Dustin Poppendieck; W.
Stuart Dols; Brian P. Dougherty; Steven J. Emmerich.
P.12. April.
Grid Coordination for Net Zero Energy Projects. Daniel H. Nall,
P.E. P.60. October.
Next Generation of School Design & Operation: AEDG K–12. Paul
A. Torcellini, Ph.D., P.E.; Shanti D. Pless. P.30. January.
Outside Air Economizers
Do OA Economizers Make ‘Cents’ in Hospitals?
Daniel Koenigshofer, P.E.; and John Roberts, P.E. P.12.
November.
Pipe Insulation
Designing Pipe Insulation Systems. Kent W. Peterson, P.E. P.74.
March.
Pharmacies
HVAC and Compounding Pharmacies: Design Requirements.
Steven M. Spellman, P.E. P.28. May.
Plug Loads
Plug Load Design Factors: ASHRAE RP-1742. Omer Sarfraz;
Christian K. Bach; Christopher K. Wilkins, P.E. P.14. January.
Presidential Address
Presidential Address: Building Our New Energy Future. Sheila J.
Hayter, P.E. P.16. August.
Refrigerants
Flammable Refrigerant Charge Limits: Can or Should These
Limits Be Higher? Ahmad Abu-Heiba; Viral Patel; Van Bax-
ter, P.E.; Omar Abdelaziz, Ph.D.; Ahmed Elatar P.40. July.
Haloolefins Refrigerants. Steve Kujak; Elyse Sorenson. P.28. June.
Life-Cycle Climate Performance Metrics & Room AC Carbon
Footprint. Stephen O. Andersen; James Wolf; Yunho
Hwang, Ph.D.; Jiazhen Ling. P.24. November.
Adopting Alternative Refrigerants: Conversion Challenges and
Applications. Mary Kate McGowan. P.48. February.
Refrigeration
Anyone for Entropy? Andy Pearson, Ph.D., C.Eng. P.84. May.
Born With a Silver Spanner in Her Hand. Andy Pearson, Ph.D.,
C.Eng. P.68. December.
From Journalist to Ice Maker. Andy Pearson, Ph.D., C.Eng. P.72.
October.
Ghost Fruit. Andy Pearson, Ph.D., C.Eng. P.83. November.
Keep Standards Simple. Andy Pearson, Ph.D., C.Eng. P.84.
September.
Let’s Get Critical. Andy Pearson, Ph.D., C.Eng. P.68. January.
Oops, I Did It Again. Andy Pearson, Ph.D., C.Eng. P.82. August.
Problem Solved. Andy Pearson, Ph.D., C.Eng. P.98. March.
Prospects of Powering a Refrigerated Warehouse With Renew-
able Energy. Douglas Reindl, Ph.D., P.E.; Marc Claas; Jake
Denison, P.10. February.
Talkin’ ’Bout My Generation. Andy Pearson, Ph.D., C.Eng. P.70.
February.
ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 141
INDICES

The Weirdness of Water. Andy Pearson, Ph.D., C.Eng. P.68. April.
Think the Unthinkable. Andy Pearson, Ph.D., C.Eng. P.59. July.
‘Where No Man Has Gone Before’. Andy Pearson, Ph.D., C.Eng.
P.80. June.
Residential Applications
ASHRAE Residential Standards: The New 90.2. Theresa A.
Weston P.68. October.
Attached Garages & IAQ. Zachary Merrin. P.60. July.
Introduction to Indoor Environmental Quality. Robert Bean, R.E.T.,
P.L.(Eng.); Glenn Hourahan, P.E. P.64. April.
Tiny Houses, Big HVAC?: Loads and Energy. Brian A. Rock,
Ph.D., P.E. P.20. January.
Schools
Next Generation of School Design & Operation: AEDG K–12. Paul
A. Torcellini, Ph.D., P.E.; Shanti D. Pless. P.30. January.
Paving a Path for Zero Energy Schools. Ray Beaufait, P.E. P.36. May.
Single-Fan Dual-Duct
Pitfalls of Single-Fan Dual-Duct Systems in Humid Climates.
Stephen W. Duda, P.E. P.60. September.
Technology Awards
A New Approach to Museum HVAC Design. Steven T. Taylor, P.E.;
David Heinzerling, P.E. P.34. August.
Engagement and Buy-In for Energy Savings. Michael Fullerton,
P.E. P.32. July.
Expo Upgrades with Performance Contract. Matt Branham, P.E.
P.50. October.
Five Hospitals, One Goal: Maximum Energy Savings. Olivier
Matte, Eng.; Patrick Ouellet, Eng. P.54. June.
Heritage Hall: A Journey From Worst To Best Energy Efficiency.
Jonathan Rumohr, P.E. P.40. March.
Historic Law School Stays Cutting Edge. Brian Coffield, P.E.;
Cindy Cogil, P.E. P.50. September.
Holistic Design Approach for Energy Efficiency. Devin Cheek,
P.E. P.44. June.
Improvements Keep Macau Resort Efficient. Syed Mubarak Abdul
Razaak; Paul Mikii Abuel. P.44. November.
Innovative Strategies for Ice Hockey Rink. Samuel Paradis,
P.Eng.; Yves St-Georges, P.Eng. P.34. April.
Modeling During Design Helps Energy Efficiency. Roland
Charneux, P.E.; Daniel Picard, P.E. P.44. August.
NREL: Planning for Enhanced Energy Recovery. Robert Thomp-
son, P.E. P.58. March.
Passive Strategies Drive Library Design. Lianne Cockerton, P.
Eng.; Martin Roy, P. Eng. P.48. May.
Paving a Path for Zero Energy Schools. Ray Beaufait, P.E. P.36.
May.
Retrofit Breathes Life Into Campus Landmark. Stet Sanborn,
AIA; Dawn Pillsbury. P.42. September.
Site Blends Sustainability, Function With Aesthetics. Chris Deal,
P.Eng.; Mark Hersch, P.Eng. P.48. July.
Upgrading for Extreme Efficiency. Hsu-Cheng Chiang, Ph.D.;
Hao-Chuan Lee; Ming-Shan Jeng, Ph.D. P.42. April.
Testbeds
NIST’s Testbed for Optimizing Building System Performance.
Mary Kate McGowan. P.54. December.
Thermal Comfort
Sunlight and Indoor Thermal Comfort: Updates to Standard
55. Edward Arens, Ph.D.; David Heinzerling, P.E.; Gwelen
Paliaga, P.E. P.12. July.
Prioritizing Thermal Comfort For Homes. Robert Bean, R.E.T.,
P.L.(Eng.); Rodrigo Mora, Ph.D. P.28. September.
Thermal Comfort and Energy Analyses of a Window Retrofit with
Dynamic Glazing. P.32. Rodrigo Mora, Ph.D., P.Eng.; Robert
Bean, R.E.T., P.L.(Eng.), December.
Thermal Comfort: Designing for People. Rodrigo Mora, Ph.D.;
Robert Bean, R.E.T., P.L.(Eng.) P.40. February.
Thermal Comfort in Heated-and-Ventilated-Only Warehouses.
Christian Taber; Donald Colliver, Ph.D., P.E., P.12. December.
Thermal Environment, IAQ and Sleep. Pawel Wargocki, Ph.D.;
Li Lan, Ph.D.; Zhiwei Lian, Ph.D.; David P. Wyon, Ph.D.
P.60. April.
Thermal Storage
Pressure Control Issue with TES on Large Campus Chilled Water
Loop. Hui Chen, P.E.; Amy Chen; Wyatt Hahn; James
Riley; Les Williams; Robert Henry, P.E. P.68. March.
Data Centers, Cooling Towers & Thermal Storage. Daniel H. Nall,
P.E. P.64. June.
Thermal Zoning
Thermal Zoning for HVAC Design. Brian A. Rock, Ph.D., P.E.,
P.20. December.
Variable Air Volume
4-Pipe VAV vs. Active Chilled Beams for Labs. Steven T. Taylor,
P.E. P.57. December.
Life-Cycle Cost for DOAS With VAV. Brandon Frink. P.26. April.
Making VAV Great Again. Steven T. Taylor, P.E. P.64. August.
Warehouses
Thermal Comfort in Heated-and-Ventilated-Only Warehouses.
Christian Taber; Donald Colliver, Ph.D., P.E., P.12. De-
cember.
Water Heat Pump System
Resource Center Surface Water Heat Pump System. Steve
Kavanaugh, Ph.D.; Barbara McCrary, P.E.; Wesley Sherer,
P.E. P.20. April.
Walk-In Coolers
Visualizing and Quantifying Transient Air Infiltration/Exfiltration
in Walk-In Coolers. Ramin Faramarzi, P.E.; Homayun K.
Navaz; Kristina Kamensky. P.48. March.

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142 ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18


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ASHRAE JOURNAL
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FineHVAC - HVAC Design
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D ECEM BER 2018 ashrae.org ASHRAE JOURNAL 143

Advertisers Index/Reader Service Information
Two fast and easy ways to get additional information on
products & services in this issue:
Go to www.ashrae.org/freeinfo to search for products by category or
company name. Plus, link directly to advertisers’ Web sites or request
information by e-mail, fax or mail.
*Regional
Company Page
AAON Inc ..................................... 15
AAON Inc ................................... 136
Accurex LLC ...................... 110 – 111
Acrefine Engineering............... 128
AHR Expo Atlanta 2019 ..... 10 – 11
AHRI ..................................106 – 107
Air Monitor/Onicon..........114 – 115
A-J Manufacturing Co Inc .....123
Armacell......................................116
ASHRAE eLearning ...................142
ASHRAE GreenGuide ................. 66
ASHRAE PMP Best Practices... 56
ASHRAE Std 55.......................... 70
ASHRAE Std 62.1-2016 ............ 67
*ASHRAE Std. 90.1 Portal ........ 47
ASHRAE Technology Portal...... 63
Automatic Airflow Balancing ..127
BadgeMeter Inc ...................... 129
Belimo Aircontrols USA .....92 – 93
Bosch Thermotechnology Corp ....
................................................78 – 79
Building Automation Products...53
Cambridge Engineering........... 130
Carrier Corp .................................. 9
Cleaver Brooks ................... 96 – 97
Climatizacion y Refrigeracion
2019.............................................. 69
144 ASHRAE JOURNAL
Company Page
Condair Inc.......................... 84 – 85
Contemporary Controls ..... 90 – 91
Daikin North America LLC.............
..........................................2nd Cvr-1
Daikin North America LLC...... 135
ebm-papst Inc........................... 31
Ebtron Inc...................................... 5
Ebtron Inc...................................137
Ebtron Inc.................................Cvr3
EDSL USA Inc ................100 – 101
Electro Static Technology....... 121
Evapco.........................................132
Genesis International...............122
Greenheck.............................72 – 73
H2O Elite Labs ...........................119
Hisense ................................ 98 – 99
Hurst Boiler & Welding Co. Inc....
............................................102 – 103
IAPMO...............................108 – 109
LG HVAC....................................... 39
Mercedes Benz USA.................. 23
Metal-Fab Inc............................. 35
Milwaukee Electric Tool Corp.......
............................................. 112 – 113
*Mitsubishi Canada................... 47
Mitsubishi Electric & Electronics
USA Inc.................................82 – 83
ashrae.org D E C E M B E R 2 0 18
Company Page
Miura Boiler Inc.......................117
Munters Corp.............................. 19
Munters Corp............................ 138
Munters Corp......................4th Cvr
Nexus Valve Inc...................76 – 77
Niles Steel Tank ..............104 – 105
Panasonic Appliance Air
Conditioning of N.A...................... 7
Parker Boiler..............................133
PDM US LLC ....................... 86 – 87
Petra Eng....................................... 2
Pure Humidifier Co ...................118
PVI Industries........................... 131
Reliable Controls.................74 – 75
Rotor Source............................... 18
Ruskin .................................. 94 – 95
Schebler Company , The..........134
Seasons-4 Inc........................... 120
Seiho International .............80 –81
Selkirk........................................ 125
Shortridge Instruments Inc. .... 52
Shuangliang Eco-Energy Systems
Co. Ltd................................. 88 – 89
Sterling/ACS Group ..................124
Whalen Company The ............ 126
Ziehl-Abegg Inc.......................... 27
ADVERTISING SALES
ASHRAE JOURNAL
1791 Tullie Circle NE | Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 636-8400 | Fax: (678) 539-2174
www.ashrae.org
Greg Martin | gmartin@ashrae.org
Associate Publisher, ASHRAE Media Advertising
Vanessa Johnson | vjohnson@ashrae.org
Advertising Production Coordinator
NORTHEAST U.S.
Nelson & Miller Associates –
Denis O’Malley
5 Hillandale Ave., Suite 101
Stamford, CT 06902
(203) 356-9694 | Fax (203) 356-9695
sales@nelsonmiller.com
SOUTHEAST U.S.
Millennium Media, Inc. –
590 Hickory Flat Road
Alpharetta, GA 30004
Doug Fix (770) 740-2078 | Fax (678) 405-3327
Lori Gernand-Kirtley (281) 855-0470 | Fax (281) 855-4219
dfix@bellsouth.net; lg@lindenassoc.com
OHIO VALLEY U.S.
LaRich & Associates – Tom Lasch
512 East Washington St.
Chagrin Falls, OH 44022
tlasch@larichadv.com
(440) 247-1060 | Fax (440) 247-1068
MIDWEST U.S.
Kingwill Company – Baird Kingwill; Jim Kingwill
664 Milwaukee Avenue, Suite 201
Prospect Heights, IL 60070
(847) 537-9196 | Fax (847) 537-6519
barry@kingwillco.com; jim@kingwillco.com
SOUTHWEST U.S.
Lindenberger & Associates, Inc. –
Gary Lindenberger; Lori Gernand-Kirtley
7007 Winding Walk Drive, Suite 100
Houston, TX 77095
(281) 855-0470 | Fax (281) 855-4219
gl@lindenassoc.com; lg@lindenassoc.com
CANADA & WEST U.S.
LaRich & Associates – Nick LaRich, Tom Lasch
512 East Washington St.
Chagrin Falls, OH 44022
nlarich@larichadv.com
tlasch@larichadv.com
(440) 247-1060 | Fax (440) 247-1068
KOREA
YJP & Valued Media Co., Ltd – YongJin Park
Kwang-il Building #905, Dadong-gil 5
Jung-gu, Seoul 04521, Korea
82-2 3789-6888 | Fax: 82-2 3789-8988
hi@YJPvm.kr
EUROPE & MIDDLE EAST
Steve Comstock
32 (0)2 234 77 11 | comstock@ashrae.org
INTERNATIONAL
ASHRAE – Greg Martin
(678) 539-1174 | gmartin@ashrae.org
RECRUITMENT ADVERTISING AND REPRINTS
ASHRAE – Greg Martin
(678) 539-1174 | gmartin@ashrae.org
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