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Leaf and spike wheat disease detection & classification using an improved
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 Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 25 (2021) 100642

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Informatics in Medicine Unlocked

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/imu

Leaf and spike wheat disease detection & classification using an improved
deep convolutional architecture
Lakshay Goyal a, Chandra Mani Sharma a, Anupam Singh a, Pradeep Kumar Singh b, *
a
School of Computer Science, UPES, Dehradun, India
b
Department of Computer Science, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Wheat is the third most harvested and consumed grain in the world. However, a large part of wheat crop becomes
Wheat disease classification spoiled due to diseases. There are over two dozen of wheat diseases that are harmful to the crops. Therefore, the
Deep learning manual diagnosis of these diseases becomes very challenging. Automatic wheat disease classification can be
Crop health
helpful in improving the quantity and quality of the crop yield. Further, it can be a useful mechanism for crop
Image understanding
Supervised learning
quality assessment, and pricing. Deep learning based image analysis has applications in disease diagnosis and
classification. The spike and leaves are the most affected parts of a wheat plant. Majority of diseases can be
recognized by the characteristics of these parts. The paper presents a novel wheat disease classification method.
A new deep learning model is trained to accurately classify wheat diseases in 10 classes. The proposed method
has a high testing accuracy of 97.88%. Furthermore, it gives an improvement of 7.01% and 15.92% for the
accuracy metric over the other two popular deep learning models – VGG16 and RESNET50, respectively.
Experimental results establish that the proposed method performs better on other parameters such as precision,
recall, and f-score.

1. Introduction and related work
Across the globe, wheat is the third biggest consumed grain after
maize and rice. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization (UNFAO), one in every 10 people in the world suffers from
severe malnutrition due to the scarcity of food. In many developing
countries, the per hectare yield of grains is very low as compared to in
developed countries[1]. Further, this disparity can be attributed to the
use of advanced tools and techniques in fields. At present the fourth
industrial revolution is disrupting every thing. Artificial intelligence,
machine learning, IOT, and edge computing are playing a vital role in
revolutionizing the agriculture sector [2]. Precision agriculture is aided
by these technologies, resulting in reduced resource wastage and
increased profits[3]. The appropriate diagnosis of wheat diseases and
timely remedial action can save the grains from wastage. Moreover, it
can ensure the good quality of the wheat yield that eventually gives
maximum profit to farmers. Deep learning can solve the problems of
image classification with acceptable accuracy. These methods are con­
trary to the traditional feature-based supervised learning approaches
like support vector machines, random forests, etc. Supervised deep
learning methods are said to be end to-end approaches as they do not
need handcrafted features as input. On the other hand, the underlying
operations can extract and learn features on their own. In recent times,
deep learning models have been widely used in image classification.
There exist many pre-trained deep learning models that have been
trained on massive datasets.
Many aspects of human life are influenced by the quality of food
grains. There is a global food shortage, and developing countries,
particularly in Asia and Africa, are struggling to combat hunger and
malnutrition. Low crop production affects the overall well-being of rural
families [27]. With advancements in information and communication
technologies, newer technological solutions are reaching farmers’
hands. Artificial intelligence powered mobile applications are becoming
useful in this regard, Uzhinskiy et al. [27] proposed one such deep
learning based mobile application for wheat disease classification.
Pathogens are the primary cause of wheat diseases that result in crop
yield loss [28]. Pathogens affect the visible and invisible parts of the
wheat plant.
The visible parts are the leaves, stems, and spikes, while the invisible
parts are the roots. Azimi et al. [28] investigated the correlation between

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: lakshaygoyal425@gmail.com (L. Goyal), cmsharma.its@gmail.com (C.M. Sharma), anupam.singh@ddn.upes.ac.in (A. Singh), pradeep_84cs@
yahoo.com (P.K. Singh).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2021.100642
Received 9 April 2021; Received in revised form 15 June 2021; Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 19 June 2021
2352-9148/© 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
L. Goyal et al.
Fig. 1. VGG16 architecture.
Fig. 2. ResNet50 architecture.
the fusarium head blight (FHB) and morphological & biochemical fea­
tures in wheat lines using a statistical and machine learning approach.
Some research is being done in the area of in-field wheat disease
recognition [4]. developed a wheat disease diagnosis system using a
weakly supervised approach and also presented a wheat disease dataset.
Genomic changes can help increase resistance to certain types of dis­
eases. It is a different discipline altogether. However, the intervention of
artificial intelligence can make the exploration of new methodologies
easier.
González-Camacho et al. [5] discussed machine learning applica­
tions in wheat rust resistance crop genome selection. Further, Azadbakht
et al. [6] also used machine learning for wheat disease classification.
Different machine learning techniques, such as support vector machines
(SVM), k-Neighbors classifier (KNN), decision forests, linear discrimi­
nant analysis (LDA), naive Bayes classifier, convolutional neural net­
works, recurrent neural networks etc, have been used for wheat disease
classification [15–19]. Support vector machines and decision forests
have performed better as compared to the other feature selection based
methods. Deep learning models do not require explicit feature extrac­
tion, and it can be done as part of learning.
These approaches are capable of extracting and learning from these
features on their own. This is why deep learning approaches are called
end-to-end machine learning approaches and are very useful for crop
disease classification applications [20–25]. Convolutional neural net­
works are the core deep neural networks that perform well for image
classification tasks. In the recent past, these methods have performed
better than the traditional supervised learning approaches for classifi­
cation. Researchers have attained many improvements in deep learning
network models. Recurrent neural networks (RNN) overcome the limi­
tations of CNNs. Furthermore, long-short term memory (LSTM) is an
enhancement to the RNNs.
Nevertheless, deep learning classifiers also have some limitations.
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Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 25 (2021) 100642
During training, these methods need large amounts of data, and are very
resource-intensive. Overfitting is the other common issue, wherein the
model exhibits a wide gap in training and test accuracy. It happens due
to the model memorizing the examples, rather than learning from them.
Dropout and regularization can help to mitigate overfitting, as can
having as much data as possible. Transfer learning can improve classi­
fication performance when data and computational resources are scarce
[26].
Transfer learning refers to using the weights of a pre-trained model
that might not have been trained on the same dataset. For a typical
image classification task, there are many pre-trained deep learning ar­
chitectures available, such as VGG16, VGG19, RESNET 50, MobileNet
V2, and others. A deep learning model’s classification accuracy is
affected by the size of the dataset, the variety of the data, and the degree
of class imbalance [7]. analyzes the impact of the dataset’s size & variety
on a model’s performance [8]. uses deep learning models for disease
classification [9]. presented a survey on deep learning approaches for
different crop plantings.
2. Deep learning for image classification
There are numerous deep learning architectures available for image
classification and comprehension [10]. have presented a detailed dis­
cussion of plant disease detection. Various types of pandemics, pan­
demics, pandemics, diseases, and detection methods have been
discussed in their work. A survey on various deep learning algorithms
and their applications is discussed in the work of [11]. Further [12],
presented another survey on deep learning in medical image analysis. In
the work of [13,14], the applications of machine learning in image
understanding have been discussed.
In this section, we briefly explain two such popular architectures,
namely VGG16 and ResNet 50. These architectures have been primarily
L. Goyal et al. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 25 (2021) 100642

Fig. 3. (a). Schematic flow diagram of the proposed system for what disease classification
Fig. 3(b). The proposed deep learning model for supervised learning.

Fig. 4. Snapshot of deep learning from the data.

used for object recognition tasks in images. However, with the help of
transfer learning and parameter tuning, they are sufficiently good at
other tasks, including video classification, semantic segmentation, re­
gion of interest extraction, image indexing and retrieval, etc. Later in the
experimental results, we used VGG16 and ResNet 50 for Wheat Disease
Classification. Here, we will describe them briefly.
2.1. VGG16 deep learning architecture
The VGG16 is a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based deep
learning architecture consisting of 16 wt layers. These layers fall under
different categories, including Convolutional layers, Max Pooling layers,
Activation layers, etc. In fact, there are 13 Convolutional layers, 5 Max
Pooling layers, and 3 dense layers, totaling 21 layers. However, there are
just 16 wt layers in the architecture. A softmax classifier follows two
completely connected layers, each with 4096 nodes. The width of the
network begins at a small value of 64 and increments by a factor of 2
after each pooling layer. VGG16, on the other hand, has 140 million
parameters.
The pre-trained VGG16 model has been trained on a very large image
dataset (ImageNet) and can be used as a transfer earning model to solve
similar problems in image recognition (see Fig. 1).

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L. Goyal et al. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 25 (2021) 100642

Fig. 5. Samples selected from the collected dataset LWDCD2020.

this model is used for the labeling of the unseen samples.

Table 1 Fig. 3(b) shows the proposed deep convolutional model for wheat
The composition of Large Wheat Disease Classification disease classification. Convolutional neural networks can work effec­
Dataset (LWDCD2020). tively for solving image classification problems, when convolution,
Wheat Disease Class #Images pooling, and regularization activities are applied along the path of the
Karnal bunt 1150
signal processing pipeline. The proposed model has been trained using
Black Chaff 1100 over 12 thousand images of wheat diseases. Eventually, the trained
Crown and Root Rot 1040 model accepts an image and can label it with disease class (or with
Fusarium Head Blight 1270 ‘healthy wheat’, if it matches with this class).
Healthy Wheat 1280
For training, it inputs a 224 × 224 pixel RGB image. The model has
Leaf Rust 1620
Powdery Mildew 1230 convolutional layers having a kernel size of 3 × 3. To reduce the size of
Tan Spot 1220 the training vector space, max pooling is applied. The Proposed model
Wheat Loose Smut 1100 contains 21 convolution layers, 7 max-pooling, and 3 fully connected
Wheat Streak Mosaic 1150 layers. The activation functions used in the convolutional layer are ReLU
(Rectified Linear Unit) and Leaky ReLU. The activation function used in
2.2. ResNet50 deep learning architecture the dense layers is the ReLU. There are two fully connected layers, which
are then followed by a SoftMax classifier and Dropout (0.5). The opti­
ResNet 50 (Residual Networks) is 50 layers deep, another neural mizer used is Adam. The Convolution stride used is of one pixel. The
network architecture model. The central idea of ResNet is to present a width of the network begins at an estimation of 64 and increases by a
supposed “characteristic alternate way of association” that avoids at factor of two after each pooling layer. The proposed architecture learns
least one layer. The architecture of ResNet 50 has been shown in Fig. 2. around 25, 305, 356 parameters. The layers with trainable weights are
In the standard ResNet50 model, there are a total of 23, 587, 712 pa­ only the convolution layers and the fully connected layers. Max pooling
rameters. Out of which, there are 23, 534, 592 trainable and 53,120 non- layer is used to reduce the size of the input image where softmax is used
trainable parameters. to make the final decision. These convolution layers and pooling layers
help to identify the features and they will be followed by the dense
3. Proposed methodology for wheat disease classification layers for learning and prediction later. At the end of the Dense layer
SoftMax, the activation function is used that normalizes a distribution
Fig. 3 (a) shows the architecture of the proposed system for wheat dynamics from K amount of composite functional concatenations. Each
disease classification. The training dataset is streamed to the deep layer of nodes trains on the output produced by the previous layer.
learning model (shown in Fig. 3 (b)), wherein the model learns the Therefore, nodes in each consecutive layer can recognize more complex
discriminating features of the 10 different classes of data (see Fig. 5) (see and detailed features.
Fig. 4). Algorithm. DS: Data set having 9 different classes of wheat diseases
The weights (parameters) in the model are updated in the backward and 1 class of healthy wheat. The training set contains around 1200
pass to back-propagate the error that is calculated with the predicted images for each class
value and the expected value. The training process is repeated over a Iij: Representing i th image in a given category (3 channels)
finite number of iterations, called epochs. Once training stops, the
model’s accuracy is noted and it is exported to the disk. Subsequently,

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L. Goyal et al. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 25 (2021) 100642

Fig. 6. The prediction results for Wheat Loose Smut, Tan Spot, Powdery Mildew, Leaf Rust, Healthy Wheat, Fusarium Head Blight, Crown & Root Rot, Black Chaff,
Karnal Bunt, and Wheat Streak Mosaic.

Table 2 Table 3
Accuracy measures of proposed method. Architectural comparison of different models.
CLASSES PRECISION RECALL F1-SCORE MODEL SIZE LAYERS MODEL TRAINING TESTING
(M) DESCRIPTION ACCURACY ACCURACY
Karnal Bunt 0.97 0.98 0.97
Black Chaff 0.98 0.98 0.98 PROPOSED 650 24 21 conv + 3 fc 98.62% 97.88%
Crown & Root Rot 0.98 0.98 0.98 MODEL layers
Fusarium Head Blight 0.98 0.98 0.98 VGG16 528 16 13 conv + 3 fc 94.66% 90.87%
Healthy Wheat 0.98 0.98 0.98 layers
Leaf Rust 0.99 0.98 0.98 RESNET- 100 50 49 conv + 1 fc 93.66% 81.96%
Powdery Mildew 0.98 0.98 0.98 50 layer
Tan Spot 0.97 0.98 0.97
Wheat Loose Smut 0.97 0.97 0.97
Wheat Streak Mosaic 0.96 0.97 0.96 • Define all the layers in model mentioning the sequential order and
other hyper-parameters
• Apply non-linearity using ReLU and LeakyRelu and pooling for
DS_Labels = {Karnal bunt, Black Chaff, Crown and Root Rot, Fusa­
dimensionality reduction
rium Head Blight, Healthy Wheat, Leaf Rust, Powdery Mildew, Tan
• To mitigate overfitting use Dropout
Spot, Wheat Loose Smut, Wheat Streak Mosaic}
Step 3: Model Compilation and Training
Step 1: Load and Preprocess Data
• Compile the model with loss as Stochastic Gradient Descent and opti­
• Load images and resize them into 224 × 224 dimensions
mizer as Adam
• Convert it into numerical vectors after standardization
• Do train test split of data
For epoch_no 1 to 1000.
Step 2: Define Model

5
L. Goyal et al. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 25 (2021) 100642

Fig. 7. Accuracy and loss of proposed model with VGG16 and RESNET50.

• Model learns from the data and updates the weights using SGD
• Record loss and accuracy after each epoch
Step 4: Prediction Labeling
• Load the trained model and label binarizer
• Load the image and preprocess it
• Predict the label for image
• Use majority polling to decide the label
3.1. Dataset: large wheat disease classification dataset (LWDCD2020)
For training the system, we use a large collection of images. A part of
these images (around 40%) were collected on field and others have been
reused from the preexisting openly available datasets. The newly
curated dataset (LWDCD2020) has around 12,000 images of nine classes
of wheat diseases and one normal class. The images have been pre-
processed for dimensional uniformity. More detailed description of the
dataset has been given in Table 1. To differentiate healthy wheat from
diseased ones, one more class was added to the dataset which contains

6
L. Goyal et al.
the images of healthy wheat. All images in LWDCD2020 almost only
include one sort of disease as which this picture was commented on.
LWDCD2020 images include complex backgrounds, various capture
conditions, various characterization for a distinct stage of disease evo­
lution, and similar features between different wheat diseases. The
following stage was to improve the dataset with augmented images. The
prime reason for a given examination is to prepare the network to
become familiar with the features that separate one class from the
others. Hence, when utilizing more augmented images, the opportu­
nities for the network to gain proficiency with the correct features has
been expanded.
4. Experimental results & discussion
4.1. Experimental setup and tools
The proposed method has been implemented in Keras and Tensor­
flow as backend. Experiments were carried out on a machine having a
Ryzen 7 Quad-Core, 16 GB RAM, 6 GB RAM of NVIDIA Geforce GTX
1660 Ti Max-Q, and Windows 10 OS. The networks were trained up to
1000 epochs and for the optimization, Adam optimizer is used. The
entire training was completed around 6 h. Fig. 6 present the results on
LWDCD2020 dataset.
4.2. Prediction results on LWDCD2020
The prediction results for Wheat Loose Smut, Tan Spot, Powdery
Mildew, Leaf Rust, Healthy Wheat, Fusarium Head Blight, Crown & Root
Rot, Black Chaff, Karnal Bunt, and Wheat Streak Mosaic have been
presented in Fig. 6(a) and (b), 6(c), 6(d), 6(e), 6(f), 6(g), 6(h), 6(i) and 6
(j), respectively. For each prediction, 4 images have been sampled out. It
is evident from the given results that the proposed method accurately
puts the correct labels on these frames with the majority polling
strategy.
Table 2 shows the various accuracy measures for the pro-posed
method. It includes precision, recall and F1 score. F1 score is the har­
monic weighted average of precision and recall. This score takes both
false positives and false negatives into account. It passes on the balance
between the precision and recall.
F1 Score = 2*(Recall × Precision) / (Recall + Precision)
4.3. Comparison with other state-of-the-art methods
Table 3 presents the architectural comparison of these three deep
learning models. The various parameters used for comparison are size of
the model, number of layers, complexity, and training & testing
accuracy.
Fig. 7 shows the plots of loss and accuracy of different models during
training and testing steps. In top part of Fig. 7, the loss and accuracy
plots for the proposed model are shown, wherein the middle and lower
parts demonstrate these plots for VGG16 and ResNet50, respectively.
5. Conclusion
The paper presents a system and a novel deep convolutional archi­
tecture for wheat disease classification. The advantage of the proposed
model is that it can optimally learn from the huge training data with
moderate usage of resources. The proposed system has been tested to
classify diseases from LWDCD2020 dataset. The proposed method is
used to classify 10 wheat disease classes (Wheat Loose Smut, Tan Spot,
Powdery Mildew, Leaf Rust, Healthy Wheat, Fusarium Head Blight,
Crown & Root Rot, Black Chaff, Karnal Bunt, and Wheat Streak Mosaic)
with a good test accuracy of 97.88%, whereas the average training
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Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 25 (2021) 100642
accuracy is reported to be 98.62%. There is a considerable improvement
in performance, when compared with other deep learning methods. In
comparison with VGG16 and RESNET50, accuracy is improved by
7.01% and 15.92%, respectively. Therefore, the proposed techniques
can be used as a good tool for wheat disease classification.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
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