QUESTION 1

The equilateral triangle ABC can be divided into three smaller isosceles triangles, each subtending a
2𝜋
angle of at O, as shown in the following diagram.
3
Let 𝑃𝑐 (𝑛) represent the perimeter of any n-sided regular polygon circumscribed
about a circle of radius 1 unit.
𝜋
f) Show that 𝑃𝑐 (𝑛) = 2𝑛 tan( ) [4]
𝑛
𝜋
2 tan( )
𝑛
g) By writing 𝑃𝑐 (𝑛) in the form 1 , find lim 𝑃𝑐 (𝑛) [5]
𝑛
𝑛→∞
2. This question is about finding boundary values for e.

A)


xn
The exponential series is given by ex = 
n 0 n!
.

Assume the above is true for all values of x.

(a) (i) Show, by comparison with an appropriate geometric series, that

2x
ex – 1 < , for 0 < x < 2.
2 x
n
 2n  1 
 , for n 
+
(ii) Hence show that e <  . (6)
 2n  1 

(b) (i) Write down the first three terms of the Maclaurin series for 1 – e–x and explain
why you are able to state that

x2
1 – e–x > x  , for 0 < x < 2.
2

n
 2n 2 
(ii) Deduce that e >  2  , for n 

+
. (4)
 2 n  2 n  1 

(c) Letting n = 1000, use the results in parts (b) and (c) to calculate the value of e correct
to as many decimal places as
possible. (2)

d) i) Find the first three terms of the Maclaurin series for ln (1 + ex). (6)

ii) Hence, By giving a suitable value to x, find the exact value of e. (2)

iii) Hence write the value of e to 3 decimal places. (1)

2 ln(1  e x )  x  ln 4
e) Hence, or otherwise, determine the value of lim . (4)
x 0 x2

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