Journal of Information Systems Research and Innovation
10(3), 56-63, December 2016
Determining the Internet of Things (IOT) Challenges on Smart Cities: A Systematic
Literature Review
Noor Baidura Binti Ismail
Author(s) Contact Details:
Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
nbaidura2@live.utm.my
Published online: December 2016
© 2016 JISRI All rights reserved
Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) solutions on smart
cities are widely recognized to address the complexity of
modern city operation. Concentration of population,
scarcity of resources and environmental concerns are the
significant challenges that face city operators, and make
ordinary service provisioning less efficient. Recently, IoT
application on smart cities gained a major attention from
both academics and practitioners. Numerous studies
have been conducted to understand and examine its
impact on organization, socio-economic and
environment. Relying on a systematic literature review,
the objective of this paper is to contribute towards better
understanding of IoT challenges in smart cities and
provide the gap between the existing state-of-the-art IoT
application on smart cities. To achieve the objective main
of this paper, three research questions were conducted to
explore what challenges have been addressed in the
literature. By collecting and reviewing related studies
published from 2010 to 2016, 10 studies which address
IoT challenges in smart cities were identified and
synthesized. By following review protocol to cover
related studies in this period, this effort could be valuable
for both academic and practitioners to further
understandings and brings them up to date about IoT
challenges on smart cities.
Keywords: Internet of things, IoT, Smart Cities, Smart
Territories.
1. INTRODUCTION
Recently, a various of significant research efforts
and technological developments have been conducted to
the IoT domain targeting smart city concepts, for many
reasons (Theodoridis, Mylonas, & Chatzigiannakis,
2013). The foremost one is the exponential growth of
engaged devices or smart objects in an IoT
ISSN 2289-1358 © 2016 JISRI All rights reserved
infrastructure. As stated by recent reports (Ericsson,
2011), the number of interconnected devices will
increase to more than 50 billion in the next 10 years.
Moreover, wearable devices and all kinds of smart
objects that carry inherent sensing and data processing
capabilities is likely to deal with trillions of connected
things being added to the Internet (Santucci, 2010;
Uusitalo, 2009).
The second most significant reason is the
population growth and the urbanization trend. As stated
by the United Nations, the urban populations will
expand by nearly 2.3 billion over the next 40 years, while
approximately 70% of the world‟s population will live in
cities by 2050 (United Nations, 2009; European
Commission, 2012). The global environmental changes
are mainly stimulated by the rapid growth of cities, as it
occupying only 2% of the earth landmass, produce 80%
of its greenhouse gas emissions and consume about 75%
of the world‟s energy (Marceau, 2008). Moreover, cities
consume as much as 60% of all water allocated for
domestic human use, while human demand for water is
likely to increase six-fold in the next 50 years, as some
communities may lose up to 50% of precious water
resources through faulty infrastructures (Toppeta, 2010).
Such a breathtaking evolution of the cities has brought
attention the need to develop cities in a sustainable
manner and at the same time making the quality of life in
the cities better (Theodoridis et al., 2013).
Due to these circumstances, a wide range of
problems have been undertaken by leveraging IoT and
Future Internet (FI) technologies and their role in the
Smart City concept has evolved significantly
(Theodoridis et al., 2013). However, in order to adapt in
a smart cities successfully, the need of better
understandings in term of challenges is significance to
avoid failure. Therefore, this study uses a systematic
review approach to explore the state-of-the-art IoT
challenges throughout the process of turning smart cities
into reality. It systematically collects, analyses and
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10(3), 56-63, December 2016
synthesizes the related studies of IoT on smart cities and
provides the state of research in this domain. To achieve
the main objective of this study, we propose three key
questions. Answering these questions can help the reader
understand and explain the detail what challenges have
been addressed in the literature. The research questions
of this study are stated below:
RQ1. What are the challenges types of IoT on smart
cities?
RQ2. Which challenges that appears the most in the
literature of IoT on smart cities?
RQ3. What are the themes of challenges that are
addressed in IoT on smart cities studies?
In general, the contribution of this study is twofold.
First, through the analysis of 10 studies, this review
provides the readers with an understanding the
challenges of IoT on smart cities. Second, this review
brings them up to date on challenges of IoT on smart
cities. The remainder of this study is organized as
follows: Section 2 provides the background of IoT and
its application to smart cities; Section 3 explains the
research method used to conduct this review; Section 4
reveals the results and research questions answers; and
finally, Section 5 presents the discussion and conclusion.
2. BACKGROUND
2.1 Internet of Things (IoT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) serves as one of the
most convincing disruptive technologies of this century,
subsisting of an emerging global Internet-based technical
architecture (Gubbi et al., 2013; Weber, 2010). IoT can
be defined as connected devices such as everyday
consumer objects and industrial equipment onto the
network, enabling information gathering and
management of these devices via software to gain
efficiency, enable new services, or achieve other health,
safety or environmental benefits (Sarin, 2016). As stated
by Atzori et al. (2010) as a technology that is swiftly
gaining interest, the major enabling element of the IoT is
the collaboration of several integrated and
communication technologies allowing for holistic data
collection.
For examples, tracking and identification
technologies that are integrated through wired and
wireless actuator and sensor networks, allowing
empowered communication protocols between allocated,
intelligent smart sensor objects in the form of wearables
or smart objects installed in the environment, devices or
even humans (Atzori et al., 2010; Berinato, 2014).
Gartner (2014b) stated that, formally the IoT is defined
as the network of physical objects that contain
embedded technology to communicate and sense or
interact other with either internal states or the external
environment. The IoT grants organizations and third
parties to gather and analyze data about the environment
and individuals‟ attributes offering new personalized and
ISSN 2289-1358 © 2016 JISRI All rights reserved
reality-augmented services that involve little human or no
interaction (Vermesan et al., 2011). A common example
from the healthcare industry is the collection of,
monitoring and transmission of patient medical and
wellbeing data to a central cloud-based system (Sarin,
2016). Subject to processing, highlighting insights into
the patterns and conditions correlated with an
individual‟s health can derive as medical professionals
interact with and access these data.
Another example includes the set of and integration
of various domestic data sets to predict utility usage
patterns of individual households, or include forecasting
for households to the extent of indicating the level of
human intervention when necessary (e.g. automatic
turning off a household‟s water system in the event of
hazardous leaks). IoT technology consists of a web of
interacting sensors that can measure and detect changes
in variables such as positioning, temperature, light and
movement, and reporting on the status of individuals or
objects. In certain cases, sensors and environment can
interact with each other (Bauer et al., 2014).
Expectations are that the IoT may have a powerful
impact on the daily life of individuals, users and the
society at large scale service-related industries to the
detection of harmful conditions, the retail industry and
tracking the whole supply chain (Bauer et al., 2014). The
US National Intelligence Council adds the IoT in the list
of six „Disruptive Civil Predictions‟ which shows that by
2025, the IoT may form an essential part of everyday
things such as household furniture, food packaging,
clothing and paper documents. Table 1 summarizes
potential areas of application that may benefit from
leveraging the IoT, listing types of sensors and typical
data each sensor may record. As evident from Table 1,
the IoT bears high expectations to disrupt the everyday
lives of individuals and society to the benefit in every
aspect.
Table 1: IoT application areas (adapted from Stanford,
2003 and Atzori et al., 2010).
Type of Details
sensor
Camera - Movement, facial recognition
(CCTV) (Crime investigation)
Smart Watch - Vital signs, movement, voice
recordings (Healthcare)
Google Glass - Surroundings, movements
(Improved marketing
interactions)
Building - Movement, heat, consumption
sensor such water, power, internet
(Energy industry)
Smartphone - Call history, location, movement,
internet/app activity (Crime
investigation, fraud)
Goods - Tracking delivery, quality
packaging control, real-time inventory
(Retail industry)
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Human - Tracking blood pressure,
implants location, heartbeat (Healthcare)
Vehicle - Movement, driver behavior,
fatigue/alcohol, traffic reduction
(Consumption savings, accident
prevention)
2.2 Internet of Things (IoT) in Smart Cities
Now, we are a “city planet” (Brand, 2006) as 50% of
the world‟s population was living in cities rather than
rural areas (UN-HABITAT, 2011). Moreover, cities will
continue to grow as it is predicted that 70% of the
world‟s population will be living in cities by 2050 (Jin et
al., 2014). In the last recent years, there has been
meteoric growth of information and communication
technologies (ICTs) due to advancement of hardware
and software designs. The use of ICT in cities in many
forms for different city activities has contributed to the
increased effectiveness of city operations. These cities
have been named using many terms such as “cyberville”,
“digital city”, “electronic city”, “flexicity”, “information
city”, “telicity”, “wired city”, and “smart city” (Höller et
al., 2014).
Smart city is the largest abstraction among the
names used as it encompasses other names used for
cities. In a simpler explanation, a smart city is a place
where traditional networks and services are made more
flexible, efficient, and sustainable by leveraging
heir preferred personal training application. They can
figure out the healthiest path for outdoor activities. To
achieve the same, air quality and pollution sensors needs
to be installed across the city and sensor data should be
made readily available to people.
C. Smart Health: Monitor several critical parameters of
patients such as changes in heart condition, temperature,
pulse and respiration. Warning and alerts for life-
threatening cases in hospitals and at remote patient
locations including ambulance and old people's home.
To support mentally unhealthy patients, infants and
young children using relevant information from different
digital sensors within IoT ecosystem.
D. Smart Energy: A service hosted using IoT can help
to monitor the energy consumption of the whole city,
thereby empowering authorities and citizens to get a
detailed view of the amount of energy consumed by
heating/cooling of public buildings, traffic lights, public
lighting, control cameras, transportation etc. This will aid
in isolating the main energy consumption sources and to
set priorities accordingly. The power drawing monitoring
devices must be integrated with the power grid in the
area. It is also possible to improve these services with
active functionalities to control local power production
structures [e.g., photovoltaic panels].
E. Smart Infrastructure: Regular monitoring of the real
conditions of buildings and identification of areas with
most effect by external agents is required for proper
structural maintenance. IoT can use a distributed
database that contains structural measurements, gathered
using sensors in buildings. Examples: Atmospheric
ISSN 2289-1358 © 2016 JISRI All rights reserved
information, digital and telecommunication technologies,
to improve its operations for the welfare of its
inhabitants (Höller et al., 2014). According to Jin et al.
(2015), smartness of a city is driven and enabled
technologically by the emergent of IoT as an important
data sources for a smart city (Tsiatsis et.al., 2014) as
information data sources include IoT sensors deployed
in a city environment (Medvedev et al., 2015) and user
generated information through social media e.g.
microblogs such as tweets that have been proven feasible
for city related event extraction. Figure 1 illustrates IoT
applications in smart cities and there are five IoT main
application areas as stated below (Sarin, 2016).
A. Traffic Congestion: IoT has the service to monitor
traffic congestion in an urban city. Camera-based traffic
monitoring systems are already in place and used in many
urban cities, a better source of information is low-power
widespread communication. Monitoring is done using
GPS installed on new age vehicles. City officials need to
discipline the traffic, send officers where needed while
city people plan a shopping trip or a route to arrive at
office.
B. Air Quality Management: City air is polluted due to
crowded areas, parks etc. IoT will provide ways to track
the quality of air in urban cities. The health applications
executing on runner‟s devices will be connected to the
ICT infrastructure. Citizens will be digitally connected to
t
sensors to track pollution levels, temperature and
humidity sensors, vibration and deformation sensors to
study building stress. Possibility to add seismic readings
and vibration to understand and study the effect of light
earthquakes on city buildings. Installation of sensors in
buildings, nearby areas and their connectivity to a control
system is needed to create the essential infrastructure.
Figure 1: Internet of Things (IoT) in Smart Cities
(Mohanty, Choppali, & Kougianos, 2016)
To become “smart,” however, cities do not just
face technical challenges, they face organizational, socio-
economic and environment challenges. City leaders need
to understand these challenges and identify how to create
integrated technology strategies, operating frameworks,
and incentives for future digital cities (Höller et al.,
2014).
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Table 2: Data extraction of primary studies

Bil. Author Title Year Challenges Research Theme

1 D‟Angelo, G., Multi-level simulation 2016 Huge number of Research
Ferretti, S., & Ghini, of Internet of Things involved sensors Methodology
V. on smart territories and devices, and
the
heterogeneous
scenarios.
2 Ejaz, W., Naeem, Efficient Energy 2016 Devices Research
M., Shahid, A., Management for continue to grow Architecture
Anpalagan, A., & Jo, Internet of Things in in both numbers
M. Smart Cities Efficient and their
Energy Management for requirements
Internet of Things in
Smart Cities
3 Hefnawy, A., IoT for Smart City 2016 High complexity Adoption Strategy
Bouras, A., & Services: Lifecycle of modern city
Cherifi, C. Approach operation

4 Hefnawy, A., Lifecycle Management 2016 Heterogeneous Discusses the use

Elhariri, T., Bouras, in the Smart City sensors and of Lifecycle
A., Cherifi, C., Context: Smart Parking devices Management
Robert, J., Kubler, Use-Case Lifecycle
S., Lyon, U. L. Management in Adoption Strategy
Manufacturing and
Servitization Context
5 Orsino, A., Araniti, Energy efficient IoT 2016 High energy Research
G., Militano, L., data collection in smart consumption Methodology
Alonso-Zarate, J., cities exploiting D2D
Molinaro, A., & communications
Iera, A.
6 Rathore, M. M., Urban planning and 2016 An increase in Research
Ahmad, A., Paul, A., building smart cities the request for Architecture
& Rho, S. based on the Internet of embedded
Things using Big Data devices, such as
analytics sensors,
actuators, and
smartphones
7 Trilles, S., Calia, A., Deployment of an open 2016 No free access Research
Belmonte, Ó., sensorized platform in a to the provided Methodology
Torres-Sospedra, J., smart city context data
Montoliu, R., &
Huerta, J.
8 Gaur, A., Scotney, Smart city architecture 2015 The increasing Research
B., Parr, G., & and its applications amounts of data Architecture
McClean, S. based on IoT
9 Torino, P Designing a Smart City 2015 Dynamically Research
Internet of Things changing IoT Architecture
Platform with environment
Microservice
Architecture Politecnico
di Torino Porto
Institutional Repository
10 Mitton, N., Combining Cloud and 2012 Differences in Research
Papavassiliou, S., sensors in a smart city the appliances Architecture
Puliafito, A., & environment
Trivedi, K. S.

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3. REVIEW METHOD 3.4 Quality Assessment and Classification

To fulfill the main objective of this study, a
systematic review (Kitchenham, Brereton, Budgen,
Turner, Bailey, & Linkman, 2009) method was used with
a focus on research questions, identification of research,
selection process, synthesis, and inferences. Each of
these elements are discussed.
3.1 Planning the Review
The main purpose of the protocol for this
systematic review is to build by specifying in advance, the
process and methods that will be applied. This protocol
identifies the research questions, the strategy, criteria for
inclusion and exclusion, and the method of synthesis.
The main objective of the study is to explore the state-
of-the-art IoT challenges throughout the process of
turning smart cities into reality, and thus answers the
research questions in Section 1.
The selected 36 papers were compiled to compare
the results. The compiled papers are clearly focused on
IoT on smart cities.
3.5 Synthesis
In the synthesis process, only 10 papers clearly
focusing on addressing challenges of IoT on smart cities
were selected. From each paper, we extracted the key
concept or main finding, the challenges of IoT on smart
cities and the research method used.
4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS RESULTS
The 10 studies are categorized regarding to the type
IoT challenges and the quantity of studies based IoT
challenge categories (see Table 3) and the research
themes of IoT challenges on smart cities (see Table 4).

3.2 Identification of Research Table 3: IoT challenges on smart cities studies

Challenges Types Number of
This study started by searching the extant literature Studies
by using general keywords to obtain as many relevant Huge number and varieties of 5
papers as possible. Several online databases were used to involved sensors and devices
cover a broad range of academic publication. The online High complexity of operation 1
databases were used are: ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springer,
IEEE Explorer, ACM Digital Library, Engineering High energy consumption
Village, ISI Web of Knowledge, AIS e-Library and 1
Thomas Reuters Web of science. These databases are The increasing amounts of data 1
considered relevant and provide high impact factor Dynamically changing IoT 1
publication. To perform the automatic search, keywords environment
were identified based on the research question of this Hard to access provided data 1
review.
The main keywords used are: “internet of things”;
“IoT”; “internet of things on smart city” and “internet of
things on smart territory”. The second stage is manual Table 4: Research themes of IoT challenges on smart
search. Backward; forward search method (Levy & Ellis, cities studies
2006; Webster & Watson, 2002) were used to trace the Research Explanation
citation of the selected studies. Around 36 papers were theme
collected according to the keywords, of which 10 were Research Include the studies that attempt to
selected as listed in Table 2. Next, the selected papers Methodology propose, design, or investigate IoT
are categorized according to their relevance to the application models on smart cities.
research questions.

3.3 Selection of Primary Studies
Duplicate papers were identified to eliminate the
irrelevant papers. The papers that did not clearly address
IoT challenges on smart cities are removed. This reduced
the number of papers from 36 to 10 as listed in Table 2.
The elimination of papers was based on the following
criteria:
 Exclude if the focus of the paper is clearly not
addressing any challenges of IoT on smart
cities.
 Exclude if the paper is not focused on IoT on
smart cities.
Research Include the studies that is the process
Architecture of defining a structured solution that
meets all the technical and
operational requirements, while
optimizing common quality attributes
such as performance, security, and
manageability of IoT application on
smart cities.
Adoption Include the studies that provide
Strategy models or frameworks for adoption
strategy of IoT adoption on smart
cities and the studies that investigate
the application and implications on
organizational level.

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4.1 The IoT Challenges Type on Smart Cities Interest in methodology is in second place and less
research attention is paid to strategy adoption. This
answers the third question of this study. Based on the
IoT Challenges Type on Smart Cities results, it shows that huge numbers and varieties of
Studies involved sensors and devices created the biggest
challenge throughout the process of turning smart cities
6 into reality. This circumstance has led many researchers
5 to come out with new, improved and better IoT
5
architectures so that the huge numbers and varieties of
4 involved sensors could be managed efficiently and
systematically.
3
5 DISCUSSION AND CONLUSION
2
1 1 1 1 1
1 There is an increasing interest in the research
community as various of significant research efforts and
0 technological developments have been conducted to the
IoT domain targeting smart city concepts. Thus, this
study explores the challenges of IoT application on smart
cities‟ context. To achieve it, three research questions
that related to IoT challenges on smart cities have been
conducted. A systematic review approach used to answer
these questions. After performing multiple processes, 10
studies were selected that focus on IoT challenges on
smart cities. The rest of the studies were eliminated from
Figure 2: IoT challenges type on smart cities studies the review as they did not fulfill the inclusion criteria.
From the data analysis, the selected studies classified
The graph shown in Figure 2 shows the IoT on under three research themes, and most the 10 studies
smart cities challenges type addressed in the studies belong to architecture research theme as the most
which is answers the first research question of this study. addressed challenged type is increasingly huge number
The highest level of interest by the researchers is device and varieties of involved sensors and devices. In
issues which is appears five times in the studies. This conclusion, by reviewing the current studies on IoT
figure has answered the second research question of this challenges on smart cities, this effort could be valuable
study. While interest in other types is less by the for both academic and practitioners to further
researchers. understandings and brings them up to date about IoT
challenges on smart cities. As IoT is still a new area, the
4.2 The IoT Challenges Research Themes on Smart findings of this study may act as baseline for researchers,
Cities to help them identify new research equations, and get
overview of current research to position their own work.

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AUTHOR PROFILE:

Noor Baidura Ismail received her degree in Bachelor

of Science (Computer Science) from Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), in 2008. She was working at
CICT, UTM for 6 years as IT Officer (2010-2006).
Currently, she is a student of MSc in IT Management at
Faculty of Computing, UTM. Her interests are in sharing
economy and social commerce. Her email is
lady.kikyou@gmail.com.

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