i

PREFACE

The preparation of a thesis is a complex and meticulous process. It involves numerous steps
beginning with the submission of a research proposal and ending with the binding of the
thesis. With proper planning, typing and printing technologies, the preparation of a thesis
can be a very satisfying and rewarding exercise and experience.

This guide is meant to help graduate students of Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur
in the preparation of their thesis. The guide covers the technical specifications, type of
paper, format and method of bibliographic citation.

It is hoped that this guide will provide a certain measure of uniformity which publishers
refer to as “house style”, for all IUKL thesis.

All the best.

Director of Center of Postgraduate Studies

Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF THESIS
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Language 4
1.3 Thesis, Dissertation and Project Report: Definition and Right-of -Use 4
1.4 Submission of Thesis / Dissertation / Project Report 5
1.5 Technical Specifications 7
1.5.1 Typeface and Font Size 7
1.5.2 Margins 8
1.5.3 Spacing 8
1.5.4 Pagination 9
1.5.5 Paragraphs 9
1.5.6 Thesis Cover 9
1.5.7 Spine 10
1.5.8 Printing Quality 10
1.5.9 Thesis Title 10

CHAPTER 2: FORMAT OF THESIS

2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Title page 12
2.3 Declaration 12
2.4 Abstract 12
2.5 Acknowledgements 12
2.6 Table of Contents 13
2.7 List of Tables 13
2.8 List of Figures 14

2.9 List of Symbols 14

2
2.10 List of Abbreviations 14
2.11 List of Glossaries 14
2.12 List of Publications 14
2.13 Text of Thesis 15
2.13.1 Chapter Layout 15
2.13.2 Numbering the Chapters and Sub-sections 15
2.13.3 Tables 15
2.13.4 Figures 16
2.13.5 Equations 16
2.13.6 Quotations 17
2.14 References 17
2.15 Appendices 18

CHAPTER 3: WRITING CONVENTIONS

3.1 Units of Measure 19
3.2 Numbers 20
3.3 Policy on Direct Quotations 21
3.4 Use of Editorial Service 21

APPENDICES
A Spine and Cover of the thesis/project paper 22
B Sample of Thesis Spine 23
C Title Page 24
D Declaration Form 25
E Format of Abstract 26
F Table of Contents 27
G List of Tables 29
H List of Figures 30
I List of Standard Abbreviations 32
J References: American Psychological Association (APA) 35

3
 CHAPTER 1

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF THESIS

1.1 Introduction

This guide is intended to assist graduate students of Infrastructure University Kuala

Lumpur in the preparation of their thesis. It deals only with the format of the thesis and
some writing conventions. In this guide, the reference to the term “thesis” also include to
mean “dissertation” and “project report” the definition and right-of-use of these terms
will be explained in section 1.3 (below). Throughout the document, the term “his” refer to
both gender. Students should refer closely to this guide and seek clarification with the staff
of CPS and supervisor on specific matters relating to the preparation of their thesis.

1.2 Language

The thesis shall be written in English. Spelling convention shall generally follow the British
English. There shall be consistency in the use of the language throughout the thesis. The
Roman alphabet shall be used unless otherwise required by the Faculty. The thesis shall be
written in the third person.

1.3 Thesis, Dissertation and Project Report: Definition and Right-of-Use

a) The document output of a full-research programme (either Master or Doctoral,

Structure A) shall be called a Thesis.

b) The document output of a partial-research programme (Master by Coursework plus

research project, structure B) shall be called a Thesis/Dissertation. The right-of-
use shall be limited to Structure B programme only and depending on the credit
hours.

4
c) The document output of a coursework programme (Master by Coursework,
structure C) shall be called a Project Paper. The right-of-use shall be limited to
Structure C programme only.

1.4 Submission of Thesis / Dissertation / Project Report

As prescribed in the Academic Regulations of Graduation Studies Programme of the

University, candidates intending to submit their thesis shall comply with the following

procedures:

Structure A
i. Notice of thesis submission

A candidate shall give at least three (3) months notice by filling up the form of
Notice of Thesis Submission form (CPSF9) of his intention to submit a Doctoral or
Masters thesis (Structure A) for examination.

ii. Confirmation of submission:

 Once the thesis is completed, the candidate shall first seek consent from his
Supervisor to submit the thesis via a form provided by CPS.
 In very extreme circumstances and a very much discouraged situation,
should the Supervisor disagree to the submission and the candidate still
insists on doing so, he may submit the thesis with a registered disagreement
from the Supervisor on a same form.

iii. Submission for examination:

 Format Checking - An unbound copy of the thesis shall first be submitted
to the Head of Department/Head of Programme to be checked for
conformity to the format stipulated in the Guide to the Preparation of Thesis
before it can be allowed to be submitted for examination

5
  Once deemed to conform, a Master’s candidate shall submit to the CPS,
THREE (3) copies of his/her thesis for examination, while a Doctoral
candidate shall submit FOUR (4) copies (bound with soft cover), together
with a form provided by CPS to be duly completed.
 TURNITIN report is to be generated by using the supervisor’s account. The
maximum percentage allowed is thirty percent (30%) by IUKL, unless
specified lesser by the respective faculties.

Structures B and C
i. Notice of thesis submission
A candidate shall give one (1) month notice for submission of a Master’s
thesis/dissertation (Structure B).

ii. Draft submission:

 An unbound/softbound copy of the dissertation/project shall be submitted
to the Programme Coordinator to be checked for conformity to the format
stipulated in the ‘Guide to the Preparation of Thesis’ before it can be
allowed to be submitted for examination
 Once deemed to conform, a candidate shall submit to the CPS, three (3)
copies of his thesis / dissertation for examination
 TURNITIN report is to be generated by using the supervisor’s account. The
maximum percentage allowed is thirty percent (30%) by IUKL, unless
specified lesser by the respective faculties.

A candidate shall, submit to the Director of CPS, FOUR(4) hardbound copies, and TWO
(2) softcopy (in PDF format) on CDs of the approved thesis. The candidate shall also
submit one bound copy to the supervisor and/or co-supervisor(s).

6
1.5 Technical Specifications

Typing shall be done on a word processor on A4 sized (210 mm x 297 mm) white paper
(80 g) of. Printing of thesis shall be done single-sided. Duplicating or pin-feed computer
papers should not be used. The initial thesis/project paper submitted for examination may
be printed by photocopying or employing offset printing. All copies must be clean and
legible. The maximum length (excluding tables, prefaces, footnotes and appendices) for a
submission is:
Master’s Structure C : 15,000-25,000 words
Master’s Structure B : 30,000-40,000 words
Master’s Structure A : 50,000-60,000 words
PhD Thesis : 80,000- 120,000 words

Note: If the number of words exceed the maximum limit, written approval is required from
the main supervisor and must be endorsed by CPS.

1.5.1 Typeface and Font Size

Observe the following guides for the typeface and font size
 The entire text of the thesis, including headings and page numbers must be typed
using 12-point font size in Times New Roman,
 Cover Page shall be typed in 18-point font size in Arial.
 Fonts used in tables, illustrations and drawings shall not be less than 10-points.
Use consistent fonts on all figures and tables.
 Bold print shall be used for headings.
 The font shall not be scripted or italicized except for scientific names and terms in
a different language.
 The use of excessive italic or bold font for the purpose of emphasis within the text
is discouraged.
 Use only the black colour font.
 Underlining of text, titles or headings shall be avoided.

7
1.5.2 Margins

Text margins from the edges of untrimmed paper shall be according to Table 1. All
information (text headings, footnotes, and figures), including page numbers, must be within
the text area.

Table 1: Text margins from the edges of untrimmed paper

Page orientation
Margins
Portrait Landscape

Top margin 25 mm 40 mm

Bottom margin 25 mm 25 mm

Left margin 40 mm 25 mm

Right margin 25 mm 25 mm

Spacing

The following guidelines shall be observed:

i. The spacing between lines in text shall be 1.5 line spacing;

ii. The spacing between the chapter number and the title, and between the title and the
first line of a text shall be 3 (3 = 2 X 1.5) line spacing;

iii. The spacing between paragraphs shall be 3 (3 = 2 X 1.5) line spacing;

iv. The spacing between heading and subheading and between subheading and first line
of a text shall be 3(3 = 2 X 1.5) line spacing;


8
1.5.4 Pagination

 All page numbers should be printed 1.0 cm from the bottom margin and placed at
the right hand side without punctuation.
 Font size 8 is recommended for numbers.
 Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, etc.) should be used in the Prefatory Section. Although
the Title Page is the first page of the Prefatory Section, no number is printed on it.
Numbering begins on the second page with (ii).
 Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, …) begin with the first page of Chapter 1. The
numbering begins here at 1 and continues to the end of the thesis, including
References and Appendices.

1.5.5 Paragraphs
 All paragraphs in the main text shall be justified between margins.
 The number and the title of sub-section shall be aligned with the left margin.
 A paragraph spanning between two pages shall leave at least two lines of text on
both the pages.
 A heading or sub-heading cannot appear alone at the bottom of a page. It must be
followed by at least two lines of text of the following paragraph.

1.5.6 Thesis Cover (Appendix A)

The final thesis submitted to the University must be permanently bound (hardcover). A
Buckram type cover must be used and written with golden ink for the lettering. All contents
on cover page shall be in 18-point, single spacing, all caps, bold.

9
The thesis hardcover shall be of the following colours:
Doctoral : Maroon (Buckram 533)
Master : Structure A – Blue (Buckram 544)
Structure B and C – Blue (Buckram 544)

The thesis hardcover shall contain the title, student name, the phrases, the name of the
degree, the name of the university “Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur” and the year
submitted. The title shall be typed forming a reverse pyramid paragraph.

1.5.7 Spine (Appendix B)

The spine shall contain the student name, name of the degree and the year submitted,
typed in 16-point, Arial, single spacing, all caps, bold and in golden coloured typeface.

1.5.8 Printing Quality

The thesis must only be printed on a letter-quality or laser printer. Only the original copy
of a thesis or good and clean photocopies will be accepted. Copies with correcting fluid
will not be accepted.

1.5.9 Thesis Title

The title of the thesis should not exceed 20 words.

10
 CHAPTER 2

FORMAT OF THESIS

2.1 Introduction

Every thesis is composed of three physical content divisions:

 Preliminary pages
 Text pages or main body, usually divided into chapters and sections
 The ending pages

Each content division has several sections, which shall be arranged in the following
sequence:

Preliminary pages
Title Page
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Approval
Declaration
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Symbols
List of Abbreviations
List of Glossaries (optional)
List of Publications

Main Body of the Work

All Chapters

11
 References

Appendix or Appendices
Publications (compulsory)
Any other relevant materials (optional)

2.2 Title Page (Appendix C)

This page shall include the following:

i. Full title of thesis (in uppercase);
ii. Full name of author (in uppercase);
iii. Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (in uppercase); and
iv. Year of final submission.
Title Page shall be in 12-point, 1.5 spaceing, inTimes New Roman.

2.3 Abstract (Appendix E)

The abstract is written after the completion of writing the thesis/project paper. It does not
normally include any reference to the literature. Abbreviations or acronyms must be
preceded by the full term at the first use. An abstract should be between 300-500 words. It
includes a brief statement of the problem, a concise description of the research method and
design, a summary of major findings, including their significance or lack of it, and
conclusions. It should be in one (1) page ONLY.

2.4 Declaration (Appendix D)

This page contains the signed declaration from the student on the authenticity of the
thesis/dissertation. The wordings of the declaration shall conform to the required standard
format.

12
This page includes the following information:
i. Declaration text
ii. Name
iii. Date
iv. Signature

2.5 Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements usually contain written expressions of appreciation for guidance and

assistance from individuals and institutions. It shall not exceed one page.

2.6 Table of Contents (Appendix F)

This page serves as a guide to the contents of the thesis. Every heading and subheading
within the text of the thesis shall be listed as in the Table of Contents which is limited to 4
subsections only (e.g., 4.3.2.1).

2.7 List of Tables (Appendix G)

This list shows the exact titles or captions of all tables in the text and appendices,
together with the beginning page number of each table.

13
2.8 List of Figures (Appendix H)

The exact title of figures and its corresponding page number shall be listed. Figures shall
be numbered consecutively throughout the thesis.

2.9 List of Symbols

All symbols used in the thesis shall be listed with their meaning.

2.10 List of Abbreviations (Appendix I)

All abbreviations used in the thesis shall be listed with their meaning. Universally
recognized scientific abbreviations (e.g., °C, cm, mm, kg, ha) need not be listed.

2.11 List of Glossaries

All glossaries used in the thesis shall be listed with their meaning.

2.12 List of Publications

All publications authored by the candidate related to the research work shall be listed in
the APA format

14
2.13 Text of Thesis

Candidates and supervisors should ensure that the text follows the agreed conventions of
the University. The main text of thesis shall consists of introduction, literature review,
methodology, results and discussion, conclusions and future works.

2.13.1 Chapter Layout

A chapter may be divided into major sections and subsections. Major section and
subsection of a chapter shall be identified by numbers. Major section is numbered first
level (e.g. 1, 2, 3) and subsection is level numbered (e.g. 1.1, 1.1.1, 1.2.3, 1.2.3.4). This
shall be consistent throughout the thesis and is limited to 4 levels.

2.13.2 Numbering the Chapters and Sub-sections

All chapters and their sub-sections must be numbered and followed by a label. The chapters
are numbered using Arabic numeric, i.e. Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3, and so on. The
sub-sections shall not be indented but arranged in a structured manner up to 4 levels. Sub-
sections beyond level four shall be labelled using characters.

2.13.3 Tables

Tables are numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals throughout the thesis (including
text and appendices). The numbering shall be by chapter (e.g. Table 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, in Chapter
1, and 2.1, 2.2 in Chapter 2 and so on). All tables are to be listed under List of Tables in
the preliminary pages (including tables appearing in the appendices). Tables shall be placed
after their first mention in the text. Table number, title and caption are placed above the
table. Table sources and notes shall be placed directly below the caption.

15
2.13.4 Figures

Each of the figures is numbered consecutively according to the chapter throughout the
thesis. The numbering shall be by chapter (e.g. Figure 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, in Chapter 1, and 2.1,
2.2 in Chapter 2 and so on). Figures shall be inserted after their first mention in the text.

All figures are to be listed under List of Figures in the preliminary pages (including figures
appearing in the appendices). Figures shall be placed after their first mention in the text.
Figure number, title and caption are placed below the figure. Figure sources and notes shall
be placed directly below the caption. Figures shall conform to standard margin
requirements. Figures shall be referred in text as Figure 4.5 (first letter capitalised and not
preceded by ‘the’). The following format and quality of figures shall be observed:

 Figures shall be in electronic format. Hand-drawn figures are not acceptable.

 If photographs are used, they must be of high resolution. Both colour (min. 400
dpi, 8 bit per pixel, uncompressed) and grayscale images (min. 220 dpi, 8 bit per
pixel) may be used.
 Graphs shall not use any coloured or shaded background. Only major gridlines
can be used when they are absolutely necessary.
 Engineering/technical drawings shall follow the appropriate standards. Large
size drawings shall be placed in the appendix.

2.13.5 Equations

All equations, mathematical and/or chemical, shall not be considered as text. All equations
shall be typed on separate lines using an equation editor found in word processing
programs. Equations shall be numbered consecutively following chapter number, and
placed within bracket at the end of the line, for example:

(Equation 4.24)

16
Detailed derivation, if suitable, shall be placed in the appendix. Within body of text, an
equation is referred to as for example, Equation 4.1. If there is more than one equation
referred, list all of the equations in a single reference, for example Equation 4.1, 4.3 - 4.5.

2.13.6 Quotations

A quotation which is inserted in a sentence must not be more than 40-words long and must
always be written within inverted commas.

For example,

According to [4], “Ethical axioms are found and tested not very differently from the axioms
of science. Truth is what stands the test of experience.”

Quotations which are more than 40-words in length must be typed separately in a new
paragraph and italicized.

The author is responsible for choosing a style of quotation that is appropriate to the field
and using that style correctly and consistently.

2.14 References (Appendix J)

Any thesis that makes use of other works, either in direct quotation or by reference, must
contain a reference listing of these sources. List only the sources which have been cited in
the text. The citation format shall be APA system.

17
Appendices

Appendices contain those materials which are very important to help understand materials
of the thesis, but are too detailed to be accommodated in the body of the main text.
Appendices include original data, summary, preliminary tests, tables that contain data of
lesser importance, very lengthy quotations, supporting decisions, forms and documents,
computer printouts, detailed engineering drawings and other pertinent documents.
Appendix materials shall be grouped by type, e.g. Appendix A: Questionnaire, Appendix
B: Original Data, Appendix C: Results Tables.

Tables and figures in the appendices shall be numbered consecutively following the
appendix number; captioned and listed in the List of Tables and List of Figures. For
example, the figures or tables in the appendices shall be numbered as A.1, C.1, B.5, etc.

18
 CHAPTER 3

WRITING CONVENTIONS
3.1 Units of Measure

The use of Systéme International (SI) units, approved by the International General
Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM), is mandatory as primary units of measure.
Other units may be given in parentheses after the SI unit, if the original measure is in
different system of units. An exception is when English units are used as identifiers in
trade, such as “3½ in disk drive”. SI units are constructed from seven base units for
independent physical quantities (A, cd, K, kg, m, mol, and s), and two supplementary units
for plane angle (rad) and solid angle (sr), as shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Base and supplementary units in SI system

Unit type Quantity Unit name Unit symbol

Base units Amount of substance mole Mol

Electric current Ampere A

Length Meter m

Luminous intensity Candela Cd

Mass Kilogram kg

Thermodynamic Kelvin K
temperature

Time Second s

Supplementary Plane angle Radian rad

units
Solid angle Steradian sr

19
3.2 Numbers

All integers less than ten shall be spelt out unless they are attached to units of measure (e.g.
5 kg, 10 mL). Use numerals for numbers 10 or more than 10. If a sentence begins with a
number, write the number in words, e.g. “Three hundred and eighty-five farmers were
sampled from the study area”.

Use numerals for a series of figures, for example:

(i) In the room there were 4 chairs, 12 boxes, 13 books, 10 files, 9 umbrellas and
8 pairs of shoes.

(ii) The number of taxi permits issued during the past five years was 8, 53, 27, 38,
52 and 90.

The symbol % may be used in place of the word percent, e.g. 27.3% and typed without a
space. If the candidate prefers to write 27.3 percent in full, then consistency shall be
maintained throughout.

Use 0.50 (decimal point) instead of 0,50 (comma, used in French text); 9000 instead of
9,000 but if more than 10,000: 10,000 instead of 10000. Use × 20 (multiplication symbol,
with space after and before required) instead of 20 (space missing)/ X20 (letter X, space
missing)/ x 20 (letter x). Use 4 + 5 > 7 (spaces between operators and numbers or variables
are required) instead of 4+5>7 (spaces missing) but in the case of number magnitudes the
symbol positive ‘+’/negative ‘-‘ there must be no space between the symbol and number
(example –8 / +8 instead of – 8 / + 8).

20
Use letters in roman numerals where intended: Part I, Part II instead of Part 1, Part 11. Also
use World War II instead of World War 2; ‘Henry VIII’ instead of ‘Henry 8’, following
conventional practice.

3.3 Policy on Direct Quotations

Direct quotations must be minimized.

3.4 Use of Editorial Service

Some candidates employ professional editors to “polish” their thesis presentation. This
shall be done before the thesis is sent for examination. The University does not insist that
all thesis have to be sent to professional editors (who charge a fee for their services).
However, candidates shall know that the University accepts only thesis that are reasonably
free from basic errors in spelling, grammar and punctuation. The supervisor(s) cannot be
held responsible for errors in the thesis and the candidate cannot expect supervisor(s) to be
the editor(s). The supervisor may recommend the candidate to engage a professional
editorial service to “polish” the thesis presentation. Upon submission of the final thesis
prior to binding, the CPS will browse through the thesis to ensure that it conforms to the
present Guide.

21
 APPENDIX A: Spine and Cover of the thesis/project paper

45mm from the top of the page

3 cm
Arial

NAME OF CANDIDATE
18 points

TITLE OF THESIS/PROJECT PAPER

Arial
18 points

NAME OF CANDIDATE
MASTER/PhD
YEAR

NAME OF DEGREE
3 cm
NAME OF UNIVERSITY
YEAR OF SUBMISSION
25mm

22
Appendix B: Sample of Thesis Spine
(a) (b)
For thickness not exceeding 25 mm For thickness exceeding 25 mm

30 mm
30 mm
AHMAD SUFFIAN HAQUE

AHMAD SUFFIAN HAQUE

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
2016

2016
IUKL

IUKL
30 mm

30 mm

23
APPENDIX C: Title Page

Title Page
25 mm

FULL TITLE OF THESIS/PROJECT PAPER

( Uppercase, Centre, bold, 12- point font, single spacing)

By
3 line spacing

FULL NAME OF AUTHOR

( Uppercase, centre, bold, 12-point font,)

Thesis/Project Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment/Fulfillment as the

Requirement for the Master in Communication/Doctor of Philosophy
(Management) by Research Degree in the Faculty of Business Administration

IUKL
1.5 line spacing
year of viva

25 mm

24
APPENDIX D: Declaration

DECLARATION

I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations which have
been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, and is not
concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur or
at any other institution.

(Signature)

NAME OF STUDENT

Date:

25
Appendix E: Format of Abstract

Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur in

fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of .................... (insert the name of the degree)

[1.5 line spacing]

TITLE OF THESIS

By

NAME OF STUDENT

Month and Year of Viva Voce

Chair: Name of Chairman of Supervisory Committee, PhD

Faculty: Name of Faculty

The abstract is a digest of the entire thesis and should be given the same careful attention

as the main text. It does not normally include any reference to the literature. Abbreviations

or acronyms must be preceded by the full term at the first use.

An abstract should be between maximum 300 words. It includes a brief statement of the

problem, a concise description of the research method and design, a summary of major

findings, including their significance or lack of it, and conclusions.

26
Appendix F - Table of Contents
(Main headings and subheadings numbering is optional)

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

ABSTRACT ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii
APPROVAL viii
DECLARATION ix
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Sub-subheading 1 5
2.1.1 Sub-heading 1 7
2.1.2 Sub-subheading 2 10
Sub-subheading 2 15
Sub-heading 3 21
Sub-subheading 1 22
Sub-subheading 2 25
Sub-subheading 3 33
Sub-heading 4 33

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS / METHODOLOGY

Sub-heading 1 (e.g. Materials) 38
Sub-heading 2 (Method 1) 42
Sub-heading 3 (Method 2) 45
Sub-heading 4 (Method 3) 47
Sub-subheading 1 48
Sub-subheading 2 50
Sub-subheading 3 52
Sub-heading 5 (Method 4) 55
Sub-heading 6 (Method 5) 58
Sub-subheading 1 58
Sub-subheading 2 63

27
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 66
Sub-heading 1 66
Sub-subheading 1 69
Sub-subheading 2 72
Sub-heading 2 75
Sub-subheading 1 76
Sub-subheading 2 81
Sub-subheading 3 88
Sub-heading 3 94
Sub-heading 4 105

5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND 111

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE
RESEARCH

REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY 115

APPENDICES 124

PUBLICATIONS 133
(Publications that arise from the study) - if applicable

28
Appendix G - List of Tables

Sample of Table (with vertical lines)

Table 6 (or Table 3.2). Number of visitors according to participation in different
activities
Activity No. of participants (N=96) NA
Wildlife sighting - 96
- 96
Fishing
92 (95.8) 4
Photography - 96
47 (49.0) 49
Camping
96 (100) -
Picnicking 84 (87.5) 12
4( 4.2) 92
Visiting waterfall
50(52.1) 46
Sightseeing and nature observation

Bird watching

Visiting historic sites

29
Appendix H - List of Figures

Samples of Figures

Figure 1 (or Figure 1.1). The Corporate Governance Framework

in Malaysia – The Onion Model
(Source: Hashanah Ismail, 2005

Example of Graph

Figure 12 (or Figure 4.5). Effect of Boiling on Leaching of

Vitamin C from Spinach

30
 Example of a Pie Chart

Figure 3 (or Figure 2.2). Number of Postgraduate Students at Infrastructure

University Kuala Lumpur

31
Appendix I: List of Standard Abbreviations

Abbreviation Meaning

app. appendix

art./arts. article(s)

b. born

bk./bks. book(s)

c. copyright

ca. (circa): about, approximately

cf. compare

chap./chaps. chapter(s)

col./cols. column(s)

comp./comps. compiler(s);compiled by

dept./depts. department(s)

d. died

div./divs. division(s)

32
 e.g. (exempli gratia): for example
Abbreviation Meaning
ed./eds. edition(s); editor, edited by

et al. (et alia): and others

et seq. (et sequers): and the following

etc. (et cetera): and so forth

fig./figs. figure(s)

ibid. (ibidem): in the same place

id. (idem): the same

i.e. (id est); that is

infra. below

l.v. (locus variis): various places (of

publication)

ms./mss. manuscript(s)

n/nn footnote(s)

n.d. no date

no./nos. number(s)

n.s. new series

o.s. old series

p./ps. page(s)

33
 par./pars. paragraph(s)

passim here and there

Abbreviation Meaning

pt./pts. part(s)

q.v. (quod vide): which see (refer to)

sc. scene

sec./secs. section(s)

sic. so, thus

supp./supps. supplement(s)

s.l. (sinoloco): place of publication

not mentioned

s.n. (sine nomine): details of

publication not mentioned in the
referred material

s.v. (sub-verbo, sub-voce): under the

word or heading

trans. translator; translated by

v./vv. verse(s)

viz. (videlicet): namely

vol./vols. volume(s)

vs. (versus): against

34
Appendix J: American Psychological Association (APA)

Samples of Commonly used Reference Format

In-Text Citations (APA Publication Manual, pp. 174-179)

What You Are Citing In-Text Citation

The entire work (Smith, 2004)

A specific page (Smith, 2004, p. 39)

If the author's name is included in the Smith (2004, p. 39) claims that...
text of the sentence where the citation
Use only the date or date and page number.
takes place

An online article with no page numbers. (Myers, 2000, para. 5)

(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)

Use abbreviation "para." followed by the

paragraph number you are citing. When
possible, specify a section of the article.

Citing multiple authors See Authors, below.

Authors (APA Publication Manual, pp. 181-183)

One author

Example: Example:
Reference List Citation In-Text Citation
Courtois, C. A. (2004). (Courtois, 2004)

Two authors

Example: Example:
Reference List Citation In-Text Citation
Kelley, P. C., & Chang, P. L. (2007). (Kelley & Chang, 2007)

35
Three to five authors

Example: Example:
Reference List Citation In-Text Citation
Hughes, J. C., Brestan, E. V., & Valle, L. First citation:
A. (2004). (Hughes, Brestan, & Valle, 2004)

Subsequent citations:
(Hughes et al., 2004)

When a work has more than 2 authors,

subsequent in-text citations consist of the first
author's name followed by "et al." (Latin for
"and others") and the date.

Six or seven authors

Example: Example:
Reference List Citation In-Text Citation
Phelps, B. R., Lima, M., Gomez, J., First citation:
MacArthur, R. T., Gansu, L., & Nehru, M. (Phelps et al., 2004)
(2004).
Subsequent citations:
(Phelps et al., 2004)

When a work has 6-7 authors, in-text citations

consist of the first author's name followed by "et
al." (Latin for "and others") and the date.

36
Eight or more authors

Example: Example:
Reference List Citation In-Text Citation
Carter, A., Dougherty, S., Addington, M., First citation:
Stanley, R., Stanley, C., Schuffler, G., . . . (Carter et al., 2004)
Smyrna, B. F. (2004).
Subsequent citations:
When there are eight or more authors, (Carter et al., 2004)
include the first 6 authors' names followed
by an ellipsis (. . .) and the final author's When a work has 8 or more authors, in-text
name. citations consist of the first author's name
followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and
the date.

Group author

Example: Example:
Reference List Citation In-Text Citation
American Dietetic Association. (1999). First citation:
(American Dietetic Association [ADA], 1999)

Subsequent citations:
(ADA, 1999)

No authors listed

Example: Example:
Reference List Citation In-Text Citation

None to claim their bones: Relics of an old ("None to Claim Their Bones," 1888)
Brooklyn graveyard. (1888, April 12). New
York Times, pp. 3-4. Retrieved from In cases where the title contains a colon, use
http://www.nytimes.com/ only the text before the colon in your in-text
citation.
List the source by title in your reference list.
Alphabetize reference list entries beginning

37
with a title using the primary word of the
title (excluding a, an, and the).

Titles (APA Publication Manual, pp. 185-187)

Capitalization: For all sources other than periodicals (that is, newspapers, magazines, and
scholarly journals), capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns only.
Do not capitalize the rest (see example below).

All major words in periodical titles should be capitalized (for example, Psychology
Today, Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved.)

Italics: Titles are italicized for the following items:

 Books

 E-Books

 Periodicals

 Web sites

 Dissertations/thesis

 Reports/technical papers

 Works of art

Source Example

Journal article title Freud's Vienna revisited.

Book title Student cheating and plagiarism in the Internet era: A

wake-up call.

Volume & Issue Numbers (APA Publication Manual, p. 186)

APA does not use "Volume", "Vol.", "v.", "Issue" or related terms. Use italics for the
volume number.

38
Source Example

Magazine and journal volume 12(4)

and issue number formatting
12 is the volume number (in italics) and 4 is the issue
number.

If each issue of a journal begins on page 1, give the

issue number in parentheses immediately after the
volume number, as above.

Page Numbers (APA Publication Manual, pp. 178, 200)

Issue What To Do

When to use "p." and "pp." Use "p." and "pp." to indicate page numbers when
citing newspaper articles and book chapters. Omit
them when citing journal and magazine articles.
Follow the examples in this guide.

Online periodical where page National Geographic, 300(2).

numbers are not given
300 is the volume number. Follow the issue number
of the magazine or journal with a period.

Undated Sources (APA Publication Manual, p. 185)

Use "(n.d.)" (for "no date") in your citation.

Reference List Citation In-Text Citation

Knowles, A. (n.d.). House of dust [Collage]. (Knowles, n.d.)

Retrieved from Oxford Art Online database.

39
Citing a Source within a Source (APA Publication Manual, p. 178)

Scenario: You read a 2007 article by Linhares and Brum that cites an earlier article, by
Frederick. You want to cite Frederick's article, but you have not read Frederick's article
itself.

Reference List Citation In-Text Citation

Linhares, A., & Brum, P. (2007). Understanding our Frederick's study (as cited in
understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do Linhares & Brum, 2007) found
chunks play? Cognitive Science, 31(6), 989-1007. that...
http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1080/03640210701703725
Your in-text citation gives credit to
Your Reference list will contain the article you read, Frederick and shows the source in
by Linhares and Brum. Your Reference list will NOT which you found Frederick's ideas.
contain a citation for Frederick's article.

Academic Journals (APA Publication Manual, pp. 198-199; Style Guide, p. 12)

Source Reference List Citation

Library database Sagarin, B. J., & Lawler-Sagarin, K. A. (2005). Critically

with DOI evaluating competing theories: An exercise based on the Kitty
Genovese murder. Teaching of Psychology, 32(3), 167–169.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top3203_8

What is a DOI?
Some library databases, such as PsycARTICLES and PsycINFO,
list a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for individual articles. A DOI
is a unique identifying number for an article. In the database record
for an article, you will see an element that looks like this, which
you should include at the end of your APA reference, preceded by
"http://dx.doi.org/":

40
 This link will allow a reader to link to doi.org for more information
about the article.

However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012, p.

5) notes that it is still acceptable to use the older style of DOI
format in a citation, for example:

Amidzic, O., Riehle, H. J., & Elbert, T. (2006). Toward a

psychophysiology of expertise: Focal magnetic gamma bursts as a
signature of memory chunks and the aptitude of chess
players.Journal of Psychophysiology, 20(4), 253-258.
doi:10.1027/0269-8803.20.4.253

Library database Reitzes, D. C., & Mutran, E. J. (2004). The transition to retirement:
without DOI Stages and factors that influence retirement
adjustment.International Journal of Aging and Human
Development, 59(1), 63-84. Retrieved from
http://www.baywood.com/journals/PreviewJournals.asp?Id=0091-
4150

No DOI? Find the journal's homepage.

Do a Web search to find the address of the homepage of the journal
that published the article and include it in your citation (example).
Please be aware, however, that the full text of articles may not
actually be available at the journal homepage.

Cannot find the journal's homepage?

In this case, do a Web search for the name of the database you are
using (for example, "JSTOR" or "Business Source Complete") and
use the address of its homepage.

Free Web Giancola, P. R. (2004). Executive functioning and alcohol-related

aggression. American Psychologist, 59(2), 5-7. Retrieved from
http://www.apa.org/journals/amp/

In print Hughes, J. C., Brestan, E. V., & Valle, L. A. (2004). Problem-

solving interactions between mothers and children. Child and
Family Behavior Therapy, 26(1), 1-16.

41
Magazines:

Daily or Weekly Magazines (APA Publication Manual, p. 200; Style Guide, pp. 13-
14)

Source Reference List Citation

Library database Jackson, P. (2011, March 1). Navy Yard Hill and the founding of
with DOI Washington City. Capitol Hill Historian, 2, 5-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/20113

What is a DOI?
Some library databases, such as Academic Search Complete and
PsycINFO, list a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for individual
articles. A DOI is a unique identifying number for an article. In the
database record for an article, you will see an element that looks
like this, which you should include at the end of your APA
reference, preceded by "http://dx.doi.org/":

This link will allow a reader to link to doi.org for more information
about the article.

However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012, p.

5) notes that it is still acceptable to use the older style of DOI
format in a citation, for example:

Janney, K. (2006, May). Crow rookeries and urban toponyms in the

United States. Corvid, 10(1), 2-6. doi:11.1111/0224-8900.21.4.260

Library database Borowitz, A. (2004, November 15). Pavlov's brother. New Yorker,
without DOI 80(35), 63-66. Retrieved from http://www.newyorker.com/

No DOI? Find the magazine's homepage.

Do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo!)
to find the address of the homepage of the journal that published the
article and include it in your citation (example). Please be aware,

42
 however, that the full text of articles may not actually be available
at the journal homepage.

Cannot find the magazine's homepage?

In this case, do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google
or Yahoo!) for the name of the database you are using (for example,
"JSTOR" or "Business Source Complete") and use the address of its
homepage.

Free Web Springen, K. (2005, January 17). Artful aging. Newsweek, 145(3),
25-27. Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/

In print Borowitz, A. (2004, November 15). Pavlov's brother. New Yorker,

80(35), 63-66.

Monthly Magazines (APA Publication Manual, p. 200; Style Guide, pp. 13-14)

Source Reference List Citation

Library database Niu, J. (2012, March-April). An overview of web archiving. D-

with DOI Lib, 18(3-4). http://dx.doi.org/10.1045/march2012-niu1

What is a DOI?
Some library databases, such as Academic Search Complete and
PsycINFO, list a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for individual
articles. A DOI is a unique identifying number for an article. In the
database record for an article, you will see an element that looks
like this, which you should include at the end of your APA
reference, preceded by "http://dx.doi.org/":

This link will allow a reader to link to doi.org for more information
about the article.

43
 However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012, p.
5) notes that it is still acceptable to use the older style of DOI
format in a citation, for example:

Rostok, M. (2011, August 1). Android malware on the rise. eWeek,

2(6), 11. doi:11.3267/2553/8911.324.260

Library database Norman, A. D. (1988, March). Infuriating by design. Psychology

without DOI Today, 22(3), 52-56. Retrieved from
http://www.psychologytoday.com/

No DOI? Find the magazine's homepage.

Do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo!)
to find the address of the homepage of the journal that published the
article and include it in your citation (example). Please be aware,
however, that the full text of articles may not actually be available
at the journal homepage.

Cannot find the magazine's homepage?

In this case, do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google
or Yahoo!) for the name of the database you are using (for example,
"JSTOR" or "Business Source Complete") and use the address of its
homepage.

Free Web Gelb, N. (2003, May). Winter of discontent. Smithsonian, 34(2),

50-55. Retrieved from http://www.smithsonianmagazine.com/

In print Ives, F., & Lydon, J. (2005, January). Freud's Vienna

revisited.Discover, 26(2), 16-17.

Tip:

 When an issue of a magazine covers several months, the name of the first and last
month in the range should be given in the citation, separated by a dash, for
example: "(1993, June-July)".

44
Newspapers (APA Publication Manual, pp. 200-201; Style Guide, p. 14)

Source Reference List Citation

Library database Brown, P. L. (1999, September 5). Tiffany glass and other tales
from the crypt. The New York Times, pp. 1, 5. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/

Do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo!)

for the newspaper homepage and use the homepage URL after the
words "Retrieved from".

Free Web Foreman, J. (2003, August 12). Allston gothic. The Boston Globe.
Retrieved from http://www.boston.com/

In print Brown, P. L. (1999, September 5). Tiffany glass and other tales
from the crypt. The New York Times, pp. 1, 5.

The page number of a newspaper article is preceded by "p." in a

reference list citation. When an article appears on multiple pages,
the page range is preceded by "pp." (for example, "pp. 4-6").
When an article appears on discontinuous pages, separate the page
numbers with a comma (ex. "pp. 4, 8"). When a newspaper uses
section letters in its page numbers, these should be included in your
citation (ex. "p. A1", "pp. B1, B6").

Encyclopedia Articles (APA Publication Manual, p. 205; Style Guide, p. 18)

Source Reference List Citation

Library database Miura, A. (2012). Human behavior with blogs. In Y Zheng

with DOI (Ed.),Encyclopedia of cyber behavior.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0315-8

45
 What is a DOI?
Some library databases, such as Academic Search Complete and
PsycINFO, list a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for individual e-
books. A DOI is a unique identifying number for an e-book. In the
database record for an e-book, you will see an element that looks
like this, which you should include at the end of your APA
reference, preceded by "http://dx.doi.org/":

This link will allow a reader to link to doi.org for more information
about the e-book.

However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012, p.

5) notes that it is still acceptable to use the older style of DOI
format in a citation, for example:

Rostok, M. (2011). Android malware. In K. K. Frank (Ed.),

Encyclopedia of mobile security. doi:10.3218/7853/8922.666.261

Library database Smith, A. J. (2001). Child development. In B. Strickland

without DOI (Ed.), The Gale encyclopedia of psychology. Retrieved from
http://www.gale.cengage.com/

No DOI? Find the publisher's homepage.

Do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo!)
to find the address of the homepage of the journal that published the
article and include it in your citation. Please be aware, however,
that the full text of encyclopedia may not actually be available at
the jpublisher's homepage.

Cannot find the publisher's homepage?

In this case, do a Web search (using a search engine such as Google
or Yahoo!) for the name of the database you are using (for example,
"JSTOR" or "Business Source Complete") and use the address of its
homepage.

46
Book, Film and Product Reviews (APA Publication Manual, pp. 208-209)

Source Reference List Citation

Library database Grimes, W. (2006, December 13). Beyond Mandalay, the road to
isolation and xenophobia [Review of the book The river of lost
footsteps: Histories of Burma, by T. Myint-U]. New York Times, pp.
E8, E10. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/

An untitled book, film, or product review (for example, a

review covering multiple works):

Guha, M. (2006). [Review of the books Fleeting pleasures: A

history of intoxicants, by M. London and Dirty: A search for
answers inside America's teenage drug epidemic, by M.
Maran]. Journal of Mental Health, 15, 713-716. Retrieved from
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713432595

Follow the correct formatting for the type of publication (e.g. a

newspaper, a scholarly journal) the review is taken from, including
the DOI if one is available.

Free Web Cohen, P. (2007, May 9). Love, honor, cherish, and buy [Review of
the book One perfect day: The selling of the American wedding, by
R. Mead]. New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/09/books/09bride.html

Books (APA Publication Manual, pp. 202-204)

Source Reference List Citation

Basic book Jans, N. (1993). The last light breaking: Life among Alaska's
Inupiat Eskimos. Anchorage, AK: Alaska Northwest Books.

47
Edited book Miller, J., & Smith, T. (Eds.). (1996). Cape Cod stories: Tales from
Cape Cod, Nantucket, and Martha's Vineyard. San Francisco, CA:
Chronicle Books.

For a single editor, use "(Ed.)".

Books where the American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual

author and of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington,
publisher are the DC: Author.
same

Numbered edition Arking, R. (2006). The biology of aging: Observations and

other than the first principles (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Revised edition Culliney, J. L. (2006). Islands in a far sea: The fate of nature in
Hawai'i(Rev. ed.). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press.

Multi-volume set Green, C. M. (1962-1963). Washington (Vols. 1-2). Princeton, NJ:

Princeton University Press.

If volumes in a work or set are published in different years, give the

range of years separated by a dash as above.

Chapter or article in Eliot, T. S. (2001). Tradition and the individual talent. In V. B. Leitch
an anthology (Ed.), The Norton anthology of theory and criticism (pp. 1092-1097).
New York, NY: W. W. Norton. (Original work published 1920)

Note that the page numbers of an article or chapter are preceded by

"pp." when citing it (for example, "pp. 25-50"). In cases where an
article/chapter occupies a single page, the page is preceded by "p."
(ex. "p. 4").

If an article has been reprinted from a source published earlier, give

the original date of publication in the "original work" element of the
citation as shown above (when using this element, the final period in
a citation is omitted).

Tips:

 Cities, States and Countries: For U.S. cities, add the standard postal abbreviations
for state (for example, "Chatham, MA"). Foreign cities should be followed by the
name of their country (ex. "Brisbane, Australia").

48
  Place of publication: Separate place of publication from publisher with a colon
(for example "New York, NY: Zone Books"). If more than one city is given, list
only the first.

 Publisher names: "Co.", "Inc." and related abbreviations should not be included
in citations (for example, "Ivan R. Dee, Inc." should be given as "Ivan R. Dee".)

Source Reference List Citation

Library database Chaffe-Stengel, P., & Stengel, D. (2012). Working with sample
with DOI data: Exploration and
inference.http://dx.doi.org/10.4128/9781606492147

What is a DOI?
Some library databases, such as Academic Search Complete and
PsycINFO, list a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for individual e-
books. A DOI is a unique identifying number for an e-book. In the
database record for an e-book, you will see an element that looks like
this, which you should include at the end of your APA reference,
preceded by "http://dx.doi.org/":

This link will allow a reader to link to doi.org for more information
about the e-book. However, the APA Style Guide to Electronic
References notes that it is still acceptable to use the older style of
DOI format in a citation (see page 5), for example:

Conoloff, A. (2012). Salvaging the

suburbs.doi:11.8870/6001/2122.442.261

Library e-book Miller, L. (2008). Careers for nature lovers & other outdoor
database without types.Retrieved from http://www.ebscohost.com
DOI
No DOI? Use the URL for the database.
When a book has no DOI, write “Retrieved from” followed by the
URL of the database. Use these URLs for library e-book databases:

 EBSCO eBooks Collection:

Retrieved from http://www.ebscohost.com

49
  Safari Books Online:
Retrieved from http://www.safaribooksonline.com

 Books 24x7:
Retrieved from http://library.books24x7.com

Book read on an e- Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: The story of success [Kindle DX

book reader version]. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com

After the book title, put in brackets the name of the e-book reader,
with the word “version.” Follow that with the DOI. If the book has
no DOI, write “Retrieved from” followed by the URL of the site from
which you downloaded the e-book.

Free Web Seton, E. T. (1911). The Arctic prairies: A canoe-journey of 2,000

miles in search of the caribou. Retrieved from
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6818

Book chapter from a Quina, K., & Kanarian, M. A. (1988). Continuing education. In P.
library database Bronstein & K. Quina (Eds.), Teaching a psychology of people:
(suggested format) Resources for gender and sociocultural awareness (pp. 200-208).
Retrieved from http://www.ebscohost.com/academic/psycinfo

When using just a chapter from a book the same rules apply regarding
DOI or no DOI as listed above, depending on where the book was
retrieved.

Web Sites (APA Style Guide, pp. 31-34)

Source Reference List Citation

A specific page Single author:

within a Web site
Freitas, N. (2015, January 6). People around the world are voluntarily
submitting to China’s Great Firewall. Why? Retrieved from
http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2015/01/06/
tencent_s_wechat_worldwide_internet_users_
are_voluntarily_submitting_to.html

50
 Multiple authors:

Nafees, Q., Yilong, Y., Andras, N., Zhiming, L., & Janos, S. (2014,
November 19). Anonymously analyzing clinical data sets. Retrieved
from http://arxiv.org/abs/1501.05916

Corporate author:

Sea Turtle Restoration Project. (2006). Threats to sea turtles.

Retrieved from http://www.seaturtleinc.org/rehabilitation/threats-to-
sea-turtles/

In-text citations:

(Freitas, 2015)

(Nafees, Yilong, Andras, Zhiming, & Janos, 2014)

(Sea Turtle Restoration Project, 2006)

Entire Web site If you refer to an entire Web site, you do not need to include an entry
for it in your reference list, but must identify the source clearly in the
text of your paper. For example:

The Sea Turtle Restoration Project homepage presents a wealth of

compelling, well-researched information on the struggle to save the
world's sea turtles from extinction (http://www.seaturtles.org).

Online Classroom Materials

Source Reference List Citation

A document in a Whitford, D. (2006). Cross-curricular initiatives in NSCI170.

UMUC online Document posted in University of Maryland University College
classroom NSCI 170 6981 online classroom, archived at:
http://campus.umuc.edu

No official APA format for citing online classroom materials exists

- this is merely a recommended format to use in citing such
documents.

51
Technical and Research Reports (APA Publication Manual, pp. 205-206; Style
Guide, pp. 19-21)

Source Reference List Citation

Free Web U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2010, March). Information

security: Concerted effort needed to consolidate and secure Internet
connections at federal agencies (Publication No. GAO-10-237).
Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/assets/310/301876.pdf

In print U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2010, March). Information

security: Concerted effort needed to consolidate and secure Internet
connections at federal agencies (Publication No. GAO-10-237).
Washington, DC: Author.

When the author is also the publisher, the publisher's name should be
listed as Author.

Tip:

 The element of the citation giving the publication or report number can be omitted
if this information is not available for the source you're citing.

Dissertations and Thesis (APA Publication Manual, pp. 207-208; Style Guide, pp.
22-23)

Dissertations

Source Reference List Citation

Dissertations and Pecore, J. T. (2004). Sounding the spirit of Cambodia: The living
Thesis database tradition of Khmer music and dance-drama in a Washington, DC
community (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertations and
Thesis database. (UMI No. 3114720)

52
 Note that a “Retrieved from” statement is used, giving the database
name followed by the word “database.” Also, APA calls for the
citation to end with a unique identifying number for the dissertation,
labeling it “UMI No.” That number can be found in Dissertations and
Thesis database, listed in the item record as “Publication Number.”

Free Web Caprette, C. L. (2005). Conquering the cold shudder: The origin and
evolution of snake eyes (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from
http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/send-
pdf.cgi?acc_num=osu1111184984

In print Caprette, C. L. (2005). Conquering the cold shudder: The origin and
evolution of snake eyes (Doctoral dissertation). Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH.

Master's Thesis

Source Reference List Citation

Dissertations and Harzbecker, J. J. (1999). Life and death in Washington DC: An

Thesis database analysis of the Mortality Census data of 1850 (Master's thesis).
Retrieved from Dissertations and Thesis database. (UMI No.
1395513)

Note that a “Retrieved from” statement is used, giving the database

name followed by the word “database.” Also, APA calls for the
citation to end with a unique identifying number for the dissertation,
labeling it “UMI No.” That number can be found in Dissertations and
Thesis database, listed in the item record as “Publication Number.”

Free Web Angelova, A. N. (2004). Data pruning (Master's thesis). Retrieved

from http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-05282004-000943

In print Angelova, A. N. (2004). Data pruning (Master's thesis). California

Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA.

53
Images (Style Guide, p. 27)

Titled Image

Source Reference List Citation

Library database Rousseau, H. (1896). The ship in the storm [Painting]. Retrieved
from Oxford Art Online database.

Free Web Rousseau, H. (1896). The ship in the storm [Painting]. Retrieved
from http://www.uwm.edu/~wash/rousseau.jpg

Image reproduced Rousseau, H. (1896). The ship in the storm [Painting]. Henri
in a printed source Rousseau: Jungles in Paris. By Claire Fresches et al. Washington,
DC: National Gallery of Art. 232.

The plate/image number (or, if this number is not available, the page
number on which the image is printed) should follow the name of the
publisher as shown.

Untitled Image

Create a brief title for it and place it in brackets, unitalicized.

Source Reference List Citation

Library database Muybridge, E. [Photograph of a horse running]. (1887). Retrieved

from Academic Search Complete database.

Image reproduced Muybridge, E. [Photograph of a horse running]. (1887). River of

in a printed source shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the technological wild West. By
Rebecca Solnit. New York, NY: Viking. 52.

The plate/image number (or, if this number is not available, the page
number on which the image is printed) should follow the name of the
publisher as shown.

54
Tips:

 Medium: If known, the medium of the image should be placed in brackets as

shown above, and the collection which owns the image included in your citation
along with its location.

 Institution locations: For U.S. cities, add the standard postal abbreviations for
state (for example, "Chatham, MA"). Foreign cities should be followed by the name
of their country (ex. "Brisbane, Australia").

Streaming Videos (APA Style Guide, p. 26)

Source Example

Free Web Heffernan, M. (2015, May). Margaret Heffernan: Why it's time to
forget the pecking order at work [video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.ted.com/talks/margaret_heffernan_
why_it_s_time_to_forget_the_pecking_order_at_work

Interviews, E-mail Messages, and Other Personal Communications (APA

Publication Manual, p. 179)

Source Example

Personal APA does not require that you cite personal communications
communication (interviews you've conducted, e-mail messages, etc.) in your
reference list. Instead, give an in-text citation only using the
following model:bn

Joe Smith (personal communication, November 18, 2006) informed

me that the server had crashed several hours ago.

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