National Taiwan University - Calculus 3 for Class 01-12

Worksheet 2 : Applications of Double Integrals

Name: 陳泓署 ID: B 115050 LL Department:

ESOE

Reference : Stewart §15.4, 15.5

In double integrals, we would integrate over a 2-dimensional region on the xy-plane. In applications, we refer to such
a region as representing a ”lamina”, or a thin flat plate. Many methods on this worksheet extend naturally to triple
integrals. Students should come back to these topics after learning triple integrals.
Area and Mass.
Recall that the area of the region R can be evaluated via the double integral
ZZ
Area(R) = 1 dA.
R
If the region R is occupied by a lamina with a given continuous density function ⇢(x, y) (mass per unit area), then
any small rectangle Rij in R would have approximate mass

mij ⇡ ⇢ x⇤ij , yij

⇤
A , where x⇤ij , yij
⇤
is a sample point, A is the area of Rij .

By the idea of Riemann sum, the total mass of the lamina is given by
k X̀
X ZZ
Mass = lim ⇢ x⇤ij , yij
⇤
A= ⇢(x, y) dA.
k,`!1 R
i=1 j=1

There is a similar formula for electric charge density and total charge. The same idea can be extended to all types
of density functions over all shapes. As an example, the volume of a 3-dimensional object evaluated by a double
integral can also be understood as taking the height function as the density function in this setup.

Exercise 1. A lamina with density functions ⇢(x, y) = 1 + x + y occupies the region bounded by y = 1 x2 and
y = 0. Find the area and the mass of the lamina.
h
1 dA ==
tcexty dyix
s
i exey
y
. .
S

「 1 -
x '
」

ytxy +Ʃ^ %
*
dx 1

州
=
(
时

∴ x =
{i / -

x+ x -

x + 些
x
-
x
^+ idx
4

: 必
③ ⼀区⼀ ixli
=
2
- -
3

-
10 0 - + 5

-p 2 +厉
1
z

Exercise 2. A lamina with density function ⇢(x, y) = x2 + y 2 occupies the region inside the polar curve (cardioid)
r=1 sin ✓. Find the area and the mass.
1 SMQ sih =
h
'
shoo
" g shordrdo 1
-

.
" - 2 -
." "
Aren =fb . dA : 。 20 = do
1

= J

>>Ʃ
f 。 1

+O θ+Ʃθ mr θπ= i π [ rs - ,
t
0 +π -

0 ) =π

smOr = 号 | smdo
[ "
=
rd < 。 "

Mass =
{ xydA {
0

β( .
台 ^

S玩亏
ssnO sho_ sin
3
+ 3 odo

] □π= E
1
- π 3 sh - 5
亏ω θ+ 30
sθ
s
=

,0 + 3 ω ( 01
+ω s
 Average Value and Center of Mass.
Finding the average value of a function is a natural topic in many real world scenarios. It is important to remember
that a precise domain must be specified before an average can be computed. The average value of the function f (x, y)
over the region R is given by ZZ
1
f (x, y) dA.
Area(R) R
Another natural topic is the center of mass of an object. If the object has uniform density, then the center of mass is
also called the ”centroid”. The xy-coordinates of the centroid are obtained by computing the ”moments” about
the y-axis and the x-axis. ZZ ZZ ◆ ✓
1 1
(x, y) = x dA , y dA
Area(R) R Area(R) R
If a lamina of shape R has a given density ⇢(x, y), then the coordinates of the center of mass is given by
✓ ZZ ZZ ◆
1 1
(x, y) = x · ⇢(x, y) dA , y · ⇢(x, y) dA
Mass R Mass R

Exercise 3. Find the maximum, minimum, and average value of the function f (x, y) = y sin(x3 ) over the triangular
region R = {(x, y) | 0  y  1, y  x  1}.
Noeie 7 ≤ x≤ 1 = ] 0
≤ s ,hlo } ≤ s , h / x} ≤ s h , [ 13 } =
shl
3
fC 1 sims
f< o ysih ( x )
max
≤
sn ( 1 ) :
= .
o )
= o
.

lt =
.

Hene (

mim :

Aren
= ddA =Ʃ
)
/ % % ysh( x3 dydy
3
dA
空{
2
Ysm ( x
=
,
Auorage
=

×
3

l比 { a =
3
x) | 6 dx 5 xsom ( x dx
}. ↑
2
) dx
= sm ( =
du = 2
,
x

=
5 S .
'
shudu = 5
asuld =
-
÷s
1

Exercise 4. Find the center of mass of the lamina that occupies the region R = {(x, y) | 0  x  1, x2  y  1}
and has density function ⇢(x, y) = xy.

ketchmai =

sdd 的啥 { JJixydydx
= lix "idx - fixci " i - ix
=Ʃ" & =
:
8

: - x * dx i

-
)

{xiRydydx
*
1 %x
5

massSbxxYdA 5 -π ?
- 6
= 6
. %

= 6
- Ʃ

≥ x dA =
3 .

( )

ixydy ↓ · i-
=
S{
"

- 5}
"

y s 台炒
=
↓A =
6 x
: 6

× (1 -

x ) dx :
2 Six -

x dx = 2
(

2
 Linear Transformations.
For double integrals, the method of substitution §5.5 can be upgraded to a more general ”Change of Variables” or
”Change of Coordinates”. Converting to polar coordinates §15.3 is an example of a non-linear transformation.
A linear transformation is a pair of equations x = a · u + b · v and y = c · u + d · v, where a, b, c, d are constants and
u, v are our new variables. The transformation describes a one-to-one correspondence between the xy-plane and the
uv-plane as long as ad bc 6= 0. Hence any region R on the xy-plane is transformed into a region D on the uv-plane.
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y) dA = f (au + bv, cu + dv) · |ad bc| dA
R D
Because area is changed under a transformation, the change of variables formula NEEDS a term called the
”Jacobian”, which adjusts the size of dA. Linear transformations have the term |ad bc|. The biggest challenge in
a transformation is setting up iterated integrals for the region D, which may require some pictures.
3 1 1 3
Example: Consider the transformation x = u v, y = u + v. The Jacobian is equal to 2.
2 2 2 2
y v y (1, 2) v

R1 (1, 1) D2 (1, 1)
D1 (0.8, 0.4) R2
x u x u

xy-plane uv-plane xy-plane uv-plane

ZZ
Hence the formula allows us to evaluate (x + y) dA via the transformation:
R2
ZZ ZZ Z 1 Z 1
(x + y) dA = (2u + 2v) · 2 dA = (2u + v) · 2 du dv = 3.
R2 D2 0 0
ZZ
Exercise 5. Evaluate the double integral (3x + 2y) dA, where R is the parallelogram satisfying 0  3x + y  8,
R
4x y  4, with the transformation x = u v, y = u + 3v.
x
et { uut; )/ 4
州
=| 3x
=

15 |= 4
x .Y 1 u=
(
{ ={ ( u V :2
}
| 0 ≤ ,
R ,y
3v
2 4 u

⼦( U .
v ) V = ( xy )/

台 ( sx+ zyJdA =S ( -
u -v 2 + )0 ) 4
drdu ) + cu '
)
= 4 S. Si5 ut 2 uddn
3 2

Uutirlid S loudu
i =
6
'

4 S 5
51
-
4
-
4
=
.
. %

Exercise 6. Use a suitable transformation to find the center of mass of the lamina occupying the trapezoidal region
R with vertices (1, 0), (2, 0), (0, 2), and (0, 1) with density function ⇢(x, y) = x + y.

,
21合 x
(o
( { x災 u
|: 」
.

1 -

品
v =
xty v-
=
"
JPuuli Jiodo
'

台
'

xtydxdy dv
'
=
{ s
, ,
u+ ( r -

ul dodr =
.
=

)
品 ∴ n.
Ʃ Ʃ=Ʃ
F
=
= 2 -

3
Optional Topics:

Surface Area.
The equation z = f (x, y) was used to describe a surface in xyz-space. Double integral can be used to compute
surface area above a region R.
s ✓ ◆2 ✓ ◆2
ZZ
@f @f
Surface Area = 1+ + dA.
R @x @y
Notice the similarity with the arc length formula. (More details on this formula in Chapter 16)

Exercise 7. Find the area of the part of the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 that lies under the plane z = 9.

Joint Probability Density Function.

Probability density functions and related applications were introduced in §8.5. When a pair of continuous random
variables X, Y are considered together, we use a joint density function f (x, y).
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y) dA = 1 and P ((X, Y ) 2 R) = f (x, y) dA
R2 R
The expected values for X and Y are given by similar formulas.
ZZ ZZ
E[X] = x · f (x, y) dA and E[Y ] = y · f (x, y) dA
R2 R2

Exercise 8. Let X and Y be waiting times (in minutes) for two separate event. Suppose that the joint density
function is 8
<1e (x+2y)/10
if x 0, y 0
f (x, y) = 50
:0 otherwise
Find the expected values and the probability that the total waiting time is less than 20 minutes.
(Note: ”Less than 20 mins” is expressed by the region R = {(x, y) | x 0, y 0, x + y  20}.)