Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

* 0 3 4 2 0 2 1 6 5 1 *
PHYSICS 0625/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) 1 hour 15 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.

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You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.
Take the weight of 1.0 kg to be 10 N (acceleration of free fall = 10 m / s2).
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
The syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.
This document consists of 16 printed pages.
[Turn over
MAILS - Physics 0625/Paper 4
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows the axes used to plot distance-time graphs.
distance
0
0 time
Fig. 1.1
On Fig. 1.1, draw graphs for an object that is
(i) moving with constant speed, labelling the graph A,
(ii) moving with decreasing speed, labelling the graph B. [2]
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows the axes used to plot speed-time graphs.
speed
0
0 time
Fig. 1.2
On Fig. 1.2, draw graphs for an object that is
(i) moving with constant acceleration, labelling the graph S,
(ii) moving with increasing acceleration, labelling the graph T. [2]
2
(c) A plane is at rest on an airport runway. The brakes of the plane are released and the engine
of the plane provides a constant accelerating force.
Using the following data, calculate the take-off speed of the plane. Ignore any resistive forces.
constant forward force = 56 000 N

mass of plane = 16 000 kg
time of travel along runway = 16 s
speed = ...........................................................[4]
[Total: 8]
3 [Turn over
2 (a) Explain why momentum is a vector quantity.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The crumple zone at the front of a car is designed to collapse during a collision.
concrete wall
crumple
zone
Fig. 2.1
In a laboratory test, a car of mass 1200 kg is driven into a concrete wall, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
A video recording of the test shows that the car is brought to rest in 0.36 s when it collides
with the wall. The speed of the car before the collision is 7.5 m / s.
Calculate
(i) the change of momentum of the car,
change of momentum = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) the average force acting on the car.
average force = ...........................................................[2]
4
(c) A different car has a mass of 1500 kg. It collides with the same wall and all of the energy
transferred during the collision is absorbed by the crumple zone.
(i) The energy absorbed by the crumple zone is 4.3 × 105 J. Show that the speed of the car
before the collision is 24 m / s.
[2]
(ii) Suggest what would happen to the car if it is travelling faster than 24 m / s when it hits
the wall.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
5 [Turn over
3 (a) A stationary object is acted upon by a number of forces.
State the conditions which must be true if the object
(i) does not accelerate,
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) does not rotate.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a boat that has been lifted out of a river. The boat is suspended by two ropes.
It is stationary.
T1 T2
C P
1.20 m 0.40 m
24 kN
Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)
The weight of the boat, acting at the centre of mass, is 24 kN. The tensions in the ropes are
T1 and T2.
Determine
(i) the moment of the weight of the boat about the point P,
moment = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) the tension T1,
T1 = ...........................................................[3]
(iii) the tension T2.
T2 = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
6
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a Galilean thermometer. This thermometer is used to measure the approximate
temperature of the surrounding air.
bulb E, label: 28 °C
glass cylinder bulb D, label: 26 °C

bulb C, label: 24 °C
bulb B, label: 22 °C
water
bulb A, label: 20 °C
Fig. 4.1
The glass cylinder contains water. When the temperature of the water changes, so does its density.
Each bulb has a label printed with a temperature, as shown in Fig. 4.1. The bulbs have different
densities. At 21 °C, only bulb A is at the bottom of the cylinder.
(a) Explain, in terms of density, why bulb A is at the bottom of the cylinder and the other bulbs are
floating.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The temperature of the surrounding air increases to a temperature above 23 °C.
(i) Suggest one reason why there is a delay before the temperature of the water increases
to 23 °C.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain why, after this delay, bulb B sinks. Assume the bulbs do not expand.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Bulbs A, B and C are now at the bottom of the cylinder. Bulbs D and E are floating.
State the possible temperature range of the water in the cylinder.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
7 [Turn over
5 (a) (i) State two ways in which evaporation is different from boiling.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Give one example of a change of state which does not involve boiling or evaporation.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The graph in Fig. 5.1 shows the variation of temperature with time for a substance that is
initially liquid.
temperature
A
B
time
Fig. 5.1
(i) State what is taking place at points A, B and C. You should say what changes of state, if
any, are taking place.
point A ...............................................................................................................................
point B ................................................................................................................................
point C ...............................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) Suggest why the graph is steeper at point C than at point A.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
8
6 Fig. 6.1 shows apparatus that is used to demonstrate some effects of the transfer of energy by
radiation.
glass bulb
painted heater shiny
matt black glass bulb
glass tube glass tube
air air
liquid
Fig. 6.1
The glass bulb painted matt black, the shiny glass bulb and the spaces above the liquid in the tube
all contain air.
The heater glows red when switched on. The heater is the same distance from each bulb.
(a) State the two types of radiation that are emitted by the heater.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[1]
(b) Before the heater is switched on, the liquid levels in the glass tube are the same.
State and explain any changes in the liquid levels that take place when the heater is
switched on.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 5]
9 [Turn over
7 Fig. 7.1 shows an object and its image formed by a converging lens. One ray from the tip of the
object to the tip of the image is shown.
Fig. 7.1 is drawn full size.
lens
object
image
Fig. 7.1
(a) Place a tick (3) in all boxes that correctly describe the image.
diminished
enlarged
inverted
upright
real
virtual
[2]
(b) On Fig. 7.1, draw a ray, passing through a principal focus of the lens, from the tip of the object
to the tip of the image. Label the principal focus F. [1]
(c) Use the ray you have drawn in (b) to determine the focal length of the lens.
focal length = ...........................................................[1]
(d) Draw another ray, not passing through a principal focus of the lens, that passes from the tip
of the object to the tip of the image. [1]
[Total: 5]
10
8 (a) A transformer consists of two coils of wire wound on a core.
(i) Suggest the material from which the two coils are made. State the reason for using this
material.
material ..............................................................................................................................
reason ................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Suggest the material from which the core is made. State the reason for using this
material.
material ..............................................................................................................................
reason ................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Fig. 8.1 represents the system of transmission of electrical energy from a power station to a
home that is a long distance away.
132 kV
transformer X transformer Y
transmission
power cables and
22 kV 240 V
station pylons home
Fig. 8.1
(i) State the difference between transformer X and transformer Y.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain why a very high voltage is used for transmission over large distances.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(iii) Suggest why the voltage for use by a home consumer is 240 V, and not a much higher
value.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 9]
11 [Turn over
9 Fig. 9.1 shows a graph of current against potential difference (p.d.) for a filament lamp.
0.80
current / A
0.60
0.40
0.20
0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
p.d. / V
Fig. 9.1
(a) State what happens to the resistance of the filament of the lamp as the p.d. changes
(i) from 0 V to 1.0 V,
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) from 1.0 V to 8.0 V.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) At normal brightness, the p.d. across the lamp is 8.0 V.
Calculate, for normal brightness,
(i) the resistance of the lamp,
resistance = ...........................................................[3]
(ii) the power of the lamp.
power = ...........................................................[2]
12
(c) Five of these lamps, operating at normal brightness, are connected in parallel to a power
supply.
power supply
Fig. 9.2
Determine
(i) the electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the power supply,
e.m.f. = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) the current from the power supply.
current = ...........................................................[1]
[Total: 9]
13 [Turn over
10 (a) Describe, in terms of particles and the terminals of the battery, the movement of charge in an
electric circuit.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Fig. 10.1 shows a lightning flash between a cloud and the ground beneath.
cloud
lightning flash
ground
Fig. 10.1
The charge built up on the cloud before the lightning flash is 0.60 C. This charge is completely
transferred to the ground by the lightning flash in 5.0 × 10–5 s (0.000050 s).
(i) Calculate the current between the cloud and the ground.
current = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) The potential difference (p.d.) between the cloud and the ground during the lightning flash is
2.5 × 108 V.
Calculate the energy transferred during the lightning flash.
energy = ...........................................................[2]
(iii) Suggest what happens to the energy calculated in (b)(ii).
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
14
11 A radioactive source is placed 20 mm from a radiation detector, as shown in Fig. 11.1.
lead
source
narrow beam detector
of radiation
20 mm
The initial count rate recorded by the detector is 150 counts / s.
A sheet of paper is placed between the source and the detector. The count rate recorded by the
detector falls to 60 counts / s.
With the paper still in place, a magnetic field is set up perpendicular to the direction of the radiation.
The count rate recorded by the detector falls to 20 counts / s.
The count rates have not been corrected for background. The background count is measured as
20 counts / s.
(a) State the evidence that each type of radiation is present in, or absent from, the radiation
emitted by the source.
α-particles .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
β-particles .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
γ-rays ........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[5]
15 [Turn over
(b) Determine how much of the original count rate of 150 counts / s, if any, is due to each type of
radiation.
α-particles ................................................ counts / s
β-particles ................................................ counts / s
γ-rays ................................................ counts / s

[2]
[Total: 7]
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16
1 Fig. 1.1 is the speed-time graph for an ice skater.
12
speed
m/s
10
0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
time t / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) Explain what is meant by deceleration.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Use Fig. 1.1 to determine
(i) the distance travelled between times t = 3.0 s and t = 6.0 s,
distance = ...........................................................[2]
17
(ii) the deceleration between times t = 3.0 s and t = 6.0 s.
deceleration = ...........................................................[2]
(c) (i) State what happens to the size of the deceleration after time t = 6.0 s.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State what happens to the resultant force on the skater after time t = 6.0 s.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
18 [Turn over
2 A footballer kicks a ball vertically upwards. Initially, the ball is stationary.
(a) His boot is in contact with the ball for 0.050 s. The average resultant force on the ball during
this time is 180 N. The ball leaves his foot at 20 m / s.
Calculate
(i) the impulse of the force acting on the ball,
impulse = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) the mass of the ball,
mass = ...........................................................[2]
(iii) the height to which the ball rises. Ignore air resistance.
height = ...........................................................[3]
(b) While the boot is in contact with the ball, the ball is no longer spherical.
State the word used to describe the energy stored in the ball.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
19
3 Fig. 3.1 shows remote sensing equipment on the surface of a distant planet.
Fig. 3.1
(a) The mass of the equipment is 350 kg. The acceleration of free fall on the surface of this planet
is 7.5 m / s2.
(i) State what is meant by the term weight.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Calculate the weight of the equipment on the planet.
weight = ...........................................................[2]
(b) The equipment releases a balloon from a point that is a small distance above the surface
of the planet. The atmosphere at the surface of this planet has a density of 0.35 kg / m3. The
inflated balloon has a mass of 80 g and a volume of 0.30 m3.
Make an appropriate calculation and then predict and explain the direction of any motion of
the balloon. Show your working.
prediction ..................................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 7]
20 [Turn over
4 (a) A 240 V, 60 W lamp is connected to a 240 V supply. The lamp has a constant temperature.
State
(i) the rate at which the lamp transfers energy to the surroundings,
rate = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) the names of the thermal processes by which the lamp transfers energy to the
surroundings.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows a thick copper block that has been heated to 400 °C. One side of the block is
dull black. The other side of the block is polished and shiny.
thermometer A thermometer B
copper block
dull black surface polished shiny surface
Fig. 4.1
(i) In Experiment 1, the thermometer bulbs are both painted black. They are placed at equal
distances from the surfaces of the block. The maximum temperature shown by each
thermometer is recorded.
Explain any difference between the maximum temperature shown by the two
thermometers.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
21
(ii) In Experiment 2, the thermometer bulbs are both shiny silver-coloured. They are placed
at the same distances from the surfaces of the block as in Experiment 1.
State and explain any differences that are observed in the maximum temperatures
shown by the thermometers in Experiments 1 and 2.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Fig. 4.2 shows a firefighter wearing shiny silver-coloured clothing.
Fig. 4.2
State the benefit to a firefighter of wearing shiny silver-coloured clothing.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
22 [Turn over
5 Fig. 5.1 shows some gas trapped in a metal cylinder by a piston.
metal cylinder
piston
gas
Fig. 5.1
(a) The position of the piston is fixed. The cylinder is moved from a cold room to a warm room.
Explain, in terms of molecules, what happens to the pressure of the gas in the cylinder.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) The piston is now released. It moves to the right and finally stops.
Explain these observations in terms of the pressure and the volume of the gas in the cylinder.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 6]
23
6 (a) A ray of light in glass is incident on a boundary with air.
State what happens to the ray when the angle of incidence of the ray is
(i) less than the critical angle of the glass,
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) greater than the critical angle of the glass.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 6.1 shows a ray of light incident on a glass block at A. The critical angle of the glass
is 41°.
air
B
30°
ray of light
glass block
(i) On Fig. 6.1, without calculation, continue the ray from point B until it leaves the glass
block. [2]
(ii) Calculate the refractive index of the glass.
refractive index = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 6]
24 [Turn over
7 A loudspeaker produces a sound wave of constant frequency.
(a) State what is meant by frequency.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The sound wave travels in air towards a barrier with a small gap at its centre. Fig. 7.1
represents the compressions of the wave travelling towards the barrier.
gap barrier
direction
of travel
compression barrier
Fig. 7.1
(i) State what is meant by a compression.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The width of the gap is smaller than the wavelength λ of the wave.
On Fig. 7.1, draw the pattern of the compressions after the sound wave has passed
through the gap. [2]
(iii) The barrier is adjusted so that the gap becomes wider.
Describe how this affects the pattern of the compressions after the sound wave has
passed through the gap.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
25
(c) The frequency of the sound wave is 6800 Hz. The speed of sound in air is 340 m / s.
(i) Calculate the wavelength of the sound wave in air.
wavelength = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) State a typical value for the speed of sound in a liquid.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
26 [Turn over
8 A bar magnet is made of metal.
(a) Suggest a metal from which the bar magnet is made.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 8.1 shows the bar magnet being inserted into a coil of wire. The N-pole and the S-pole of
the bar magnet are marked.
movement coil
of magnet
S N
Fig. 8.1
The coil is connected to a galvanometer.
(i) Explain why the galvanometer deflects as the bar magnet is being inserted into the coil.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) Explain what determines the direction of the reading on the galvanometer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Describe a method for demagnetising a bar magnet.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
27
9 (a) The resistance of a circuit component varies with the brightness of the light falling on its
surface.
(i) State the name of the component.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Draw the circuit symbol for this component.
[1]
(b) Fig. 9.1 shows a 6.0 V battery connected in series with a 1.2 kΩ resistor and a thermistor.
1.2 kΩ
6.0 V
Fig. 9.1
(i) At a certain temperature, the resistance of the thermistor is 2.4 kΩ.
Calculate the reading on the voltmeter.
voltmeter reading = ...........................................................[4]
(ii) The battery connected to the circuit in Fig. 9.1 is not changed.
Suggest a change that would cause the reading of the voltmeter to decrease.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
28 [Turn over
10 (a) Describe the movement of charge that causes an object to become positively charged.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 10.1 shows a negatively charged rod held over an uncharged metal sphere.
negatively
charged rod
– – – – – – – – –
uncharged metal sphere
insulating support
Fig. 10.1
(i) On Fig. 10.1, add + and – signs to represent the results of the movement of charge
within the sphere. [2]
(ii) Describe the actions that must be taken to obtain an even distribution of positive charge
on the surface of the sphere.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 5]
29
11 (a) A radioactive source is tested over a number of hours with a radiation detector. The readings
are shown in Table 11.1.
Table 11.1
time / hours 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
detector reading / (counts / s) 324 96 39 23 21 17 21 20 19 20 18
Use the readings to suggest a value for the background count rate during the test, and to
determine the half-life of the sample.
background count rate = ...............................................................
half-life of sample = ...............................................................

[4]
(b) Hydrogen-3 (tritium) has one proton and two neutrons. The nucleon number of tritium is three.
It decays by emitting a β-particle.
Complete the nuclide equation to show this decay. The symbol X represents the nuclide
produced by this decay.
........... ........... ...........

........... H ........... β + ........... X
[3]
30 [Turn over
(c) The arrows in Fig. 11.1 show the paths of three α-particles moving towards gold nuclei in a
thin foil.
gold nucleus
gold nucleus
gold nucleus
Fig. 11.1
On Fig. 11.1, complete the paths of the three α-particles. [3]
[Total: 10]
31
1 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graph for the motion of a car.
20
speed
m/s
15
10
0
0 10 20 30 40
time / s
Fig. 1.1
The mass of the car is 1200 kg.
(a) Calculate, for the first 20 s of the motion,
(i) the distance travelled by the car,
distance = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) the acceleration of the car,
acceleration = ...........................................................[2]
(iii) the resultant force acting on the car.
resultant force = ...........................................................[2]
(b) Describe the motion of the car in the period of time from 25 s to 40 s.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
32
2 (a) State Hooke’s Law.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) For forces up to 120 N, a spring obeys Hooke’s Law.
A force of 120 N causes an extension of 64 mm.
(i) On Fig. 2.1, draw the force-extension graph for the spring for loads up to 120 N. [1]
150
force / N
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80
extension / mm
Fig. 2.1
(ii) Calculate the spring constant k of the spring.
k = ...........................................................[2]
(c) A student makes a spring balance using the spring in (b). The maximum reading of this
balance is 150 N.
The student tests his balance with a known weight of 140 N. He observes that the reading of
the balance is not 140 N.
Suggest and explain why the reading is not 140 N.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 6]
33 [Turn over
3 All the sides of a plastic cube are 8.0 cm long. Fig. 3.1 shows the cube.
8.0 cm
The mass of the cube is 0.44 kg.
(a) Explain what is meant by mass.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) (i) Calculate the density of the plastic from which the cube is made.
density = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) The density of one type of oil is 850 kg / m3.
State and explain whether the cube floats or sinks when placed in a container of this oil.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) On the Moon, the weight of the cube is 0.70 N.
(i) Calculate the gravitational field strength on the Moon.
gravitational field strength = ...........................................................[2]
34
(ii) In a laboratory on the Moon, the plastic cube is held stationary, using a clamp, in a
beaker of the oil of density 850 kg / m3.
The arrangement is shown in Fig. 3.2.
clamp
cube
3.0 cm clamp
stand
oil
bench
Fig. 3.2
The lower face of the cube is 3.0 cm below the surface of the oil.
Use your answer to (c)(i) to calculate the pressure due to the oil on the lower face of the
cube.
pressure = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
35 [Turn over
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a balloon filled with helium that is used to lift measuring instruments to a great
height above the Earth’s surface.
Fig. 4.1
(a) Explain, in terms of momentum, how the atoms of helium produce a force on the wall of the
balloon.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) At ground level, the pressure of the helium in the balloon is 1.0 × 105 Pa. The volume occupied
by the helium is 9.6 m3.
The balloon is released and it rises quickly through the atmosphere. The volume occupied by
the helium increases, but the temperature of the helium may be assumed to stay constant.
(i) Explain, in terms of the helium atoms in the balloon, why the pressure in the balloon is
smaller than at ground level.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Calculate the pressure of the helium when it occupies a volume of 12 m3.
pressure = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
36
5 (a) A wave passes through a gap in a barrier. The wavelength of the wave is the same magnitude
as the width of the gap in the barrier.
Tick one box to indicate what happens to the wave.
diffraction and dispersion

diffraction only
dispersion only
refraction and diffraction
refraction and dispersion
refraction only
[1]
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows six wavefronts of a wave travelling on the surface of deep water. The wave is
incident on a boundary with a region where the water is shallow.
boundary
direction
of wave
deep water shallow

water
Fig. 5.1
(i) On Fig. 5.1, draw the wavefronts of the wave in the shallow water where the wave travels
more slowly. [2]
(ii) The depth of the shallow water is now changed so that the speed of the wave in the
shallow water is 0.60 m / s. The speed of the wave in the deep water is 0.80 m / s.
The distance between successive wavefronts in the deep water is 1.4 cm.
Calculate the wavelength of the wave in the shallow water.
wavelength = ...........................................................[4]
[Total: 7]
37 [Turn over
6 (a) The left-hand column of the table shows some possible speeds of a sound wave.
In the right-hand column, write down the medium in which a sound wave has this speed.
Choose from solid, liquid or gas.
speed of sound wave medium

m/s
1500
5000
300
[2]
(b) Fig. 6.1 represents a series of compressions and rarefactions of a sound wave.
Fig. 6.1
(i) On Fig. 6.1, mark, with the letters X and Y, the mid-points of two rarefactions. [1]
(ii) State, in terms of pressure, what is meant by a rarefaction.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Astronauts set up a mirror on the Moon’s surface. A laser beam is transmitted from the Earth’s
surface to the mirror and is then reflected back to Earth.
On a certain day, the time between transmitting the beam from a point on the Earth’s surface
and receiving the reflected signal at the same point is 2.56 s.
The speed of the laser beam is 3.00 × 108 m / s.
Calculate the distance between the Earth’s surface and the Moon’s surface.
distance = ...........................................................[3]
[Total: 7]
38
7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows a converging lens and its principal axis. The points labelled F are each a
principal focus of the lens.
F F
Fig. 7.1
On Fig. 7.1, draw two rays from the top of the object O, to locate the image of O.
Label the image I. [3]
(b) Underline three of the terms below to describe the nature of the image produced by a
converging lens used as a magnifying glass.
diminished enlarged inverted real same size upright virtual
[2]
(c) Fig. 7.2 shows the path of a ray of red light passing through a glass prism.
prism
air
Fig. 7.2
A ray of green light enters the prism along the same path as the ray of red light.
On Fig. 7.2, draw the path of the ray of green light as it passes through the prism and emerges
into the air. [2]
[Total: 7]
39 [Turn over
8 (a) Describe a renewable process by which electrical energy is obtained from the energy stored
in water. You may draw a diagram in the space.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) Explain why the process described in (a) can be regarded as renewable.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Explain whether the Sun is the source of the energy stored in the water in (a).
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
40
9 Fig. 9.1 shows a circuit with three 1.5 V cells.
A H
C 3.0 Ω D
B G
E F
6.0 Ω
Fig. 9.1
(a) Calculate
(i) the total electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the cells,
e.m.f. = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) the total resistance of the circuit,
resistance = ...........................................................[3]
(iii) the current in the 3.0 Ω resistor.
current = ...........................................................[2]
(b) State, using the letters in Fig. 9.1, how you would connect
(i) an ammeter to measure the total current in the circuit,
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) a voltmeter to measure the potential difference (p.d.) across the 6.0 Ω resistor.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
41 [Turn over
10 (a) (i) Draw the circuit symbol for a diode.
[1]
(ii) State the function of a diode.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 10.1 shows the proposed system for charging the battery of an electric toothbrush.
battery
+ –
handle of
toothbrush
B
coil X
coil Y
230 V
base of
a.c.
charger
Fig. 10.1
The handle of the brush contains the battery and a coil X. The circuit from coil X to the battery
is not shown.
The base of the charger contains a coil Y, wound on an iron core, connected to the a.c. mains
supply.
To charge the battery, the handle is lowered so that coil Y is inside coil X.
Fig. 10.1 shows the direction needed for the charging current at the battery.
42
(i) On Fig. 10.1, complete the circuit from terminals A and B of coil X to the battery.
Include a diode. [2]
(ii) Explain how an alternating voltage is produced in coil X.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 7]
43 [Turn over
11 The radioactive isotope carbon-14 (146 C) emits β-particles as it decays.
(a) The decay of carbon-14 produces an isotope of nitrogen (N).
(i) State the nature of a β-particle and state where it is produced.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Complete the nuclide equation for the radioactive decay of carbon-14.
14 C ..... .....
6 ..... N + ..... β [3]
(b) The half-life of carbon-14 is 5700 years.
Explain what is meant by the term half-life.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) A workman operates a machine that uses β-particles to determine the level of liquid in a
plastic water bottle that is being filled.
Suggest why
(i) α-particles are not suitable for the same purpose,
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) γ-rays are not suitable for the same purpose.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
44
1 (a) Define acceleration.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time axes for the graph of the motion of a car.
30
speed
m/s
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
time / s
Fig. 1.1
(i) The car starts from rest.
From time = 0 to time = 15 s, the car has a constant acceleration to a speed of 28 m / s.
From time = 15 s to time = 32 s, the car has a constant speed of 28 m / s.
From time = 32 s, the car has a constant deceleration of 2.0 m / s2 until it comes to rest.
On Fig. 1.1, draw the graph, using the space below for any calculations.
[5]
(ii) From time = 15 s to time = 32 s, the path of the car is part of a circle.
For this motion, state
1. the direction of the resultant force on the car,
...........................................................................................................................................
2. what happens to the velocity of the car.
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 8]
45
2 (a) A force is used to move an object from the Earth’s surface to a greater height.
Explain why the gravitational potential energy (g.p.e.) of the object increases.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Fig. 2.1 shows a train moving up towards the top of a mountain.
Fig. 2.1
The train transports 80 passengers, each of average mass 65 kg, through a vertical height of
1600 m.
Calculate the increase in the total gravitational potential energy (g.p.e.) of the passengers.
increase in g.p.e. = ......................................................... [2]
(c) The engine of the train has a power of 1500 kW. The time taken to reach the top of the
mountain is 30 minutes.
Calculate the efficiency of the engine in raising the 80 passengers 1600 m to the top of the
mountain.
efficiency = ......................................................... [4]
[Total: 7]
46 [Turn over
3 (a) Complete the statement by writing in the blank spaces.
The moment of a force about a pivot is equal to ......................................................................
multiplied by .......................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a horizontal rod of length 2.4 m and weight 160 N. The weight of the rod acts
at its centre. The rod is suspended by two vertical ropes X and Y. The tension in each rope is
80 N.
80 N 80 N
2.4 m
rope X rope Y
rod
160 N
Fig. 3.1
(i) State the name given to the point at which the weight of the rod acts.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the mass of the rod.
mass = ......................................................... [1]
(iii) The rod is in equilibrium.
Using data from Fig. 3.1, explain why.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 7]
47
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a cold plastic spoon that has just been placed in hot liquid in a cup.
plastic spoon
hot liquid
Fig. 4.1
(a) Describe, in terms of molecules, why the temperature of the whole of the spoon increases.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The plastic spoon is replaced by a metal spoon.
Describe an additional process by which the temperature of the whole of this spoon increases.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) The cup contains 150 g of liquid of specific heat capacity 4.2 J / (g °C). When the cold spoon is
placed into the hot liquid, the temperature of the liquid decreases from 80 °C to 56 °C.
Calculate the loss of thermal energy from the liquid.
energy loss = ......................................................... [3]
[Total: 8]
48 [Turn over
5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows the apparatus used to observe the motion of smoke particles that are in the air
in a box.
eye
microscope
air molecules
light and
smoke particles
Fig. 5.1
Light from a lamp enters the box through a window in one side of the box. The smoke particles
are observed using a microscope fixed above a window in the top of the box.
(i) The motion of a single smoke particle is observed through the microscope.
In the circle shown, sketch the path of this smoke particle.
[1]
(ii) Explain why the smoke particle follows the path that is observed.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
49
(b) A tennis player is practising by hitting a ball many times against a wall.
The ball hits the wall 20 times in 60 s. The average change in momentum for each collision
with the wall is 4.2 kg m / s.
Calculate the average force that the ball exerts on the wall.
average force = ......................................................... [3]
[Total: 7]
50 [Turn over
6 (a) Fig. 6.1 represents the electromagnetic spectrum.
visible light
radio waves microwaves A B C D
Fig. 6.1
State the radiation in each of the regions represented by A, B, C and D in Fig. 6.1.
A ................................................................
B ...............................................................
C ...............................................................
D ...............................................................
[2]
51
(b) A source emits visible light.
Fig. 6.2 shows a ray of red light from the source incident on the face XY of a glass prism at
point S.
normal
i S
ray of
red light
Y Z
Fig. 6.2
The angle of incidence i of the ray is 35 °. The refractive index of the glass for red light is 1.5.
(i) Calculate the angle of refraction in the glass at S.
angle of refraction = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) On Fig. 6.2, draw the refracted ray at face XY and the ray emerging from face XZ of the
prism. Label this ray R. [2]
(iii) A ray of blue light follows the same path as the ray of red light incident on the face XY.
On Fig. 6.2, draw the path of this ray in the prism and emerging from the prism.
Label this ray B. [2]
[Total: 8]
52 [Turn over
7 (a) The speed of a light wave in air is 3.00 × 108 m / s. The refractive index of water is 1.33.
Calculate the speed of the light wave in water.
speed = ......................................................... [2]
(b) Fig. 7.1 shows parallel wavefronts of a light wave in air incident on a boundary with a
transparent plastic.
direction
of light wave
air
transparent
plastic
Fig. 7.1
On Fig. 7.1,
(i) draw the positions of the four refracted wavefronts in the plastic, [3]
(ii) draw an arrow to show the direction of travel of the refracted wave, [1]
(iii) label the angle of refraction r of the light wave. [1]
[Total: 7]
53
8 (a) The lamp of a car headlight is rated at 12 V, 50 W.
Calculate the current in the lamp when operating normally.
current = ......................................................... [2]
(b) A car is driven at night.
In a journey, the total charge that passes through the 12 V battery is 270 kC.
(i) Calculate the electrical energy transferred.
energy = ......................................................... [3]
(ii) The fuel used by the car provides 3.6 × 104 J / cm3.
Calculate the volume of fuel used to provide the energy calculated in (b)(i).
volume = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 7]
54 [Turn over
9 Fig. 9.1 shows current-potential difference graphs for a resistor and for a lamp.
6.0
current / A
4.0 lamp
2.0
resistor
0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
potential difference / V
Fig. 9.1
(a) (i) The potential difference (p.d.) applied to the resistor is increased. Tick the box that
indicates the effect on the resistance of the resistor.
resistance increases
resistance is constant
resistance decreases
[1]
(ii) The potential difference (p.d.) applied to the lamp is increased. Tick the box that indicates
the effect on the resistance of the lamp.
resistance increases
resistance is constant
resistance decreases
[1]
(b) The p.d. across the lamp is 6.0 V. Calculate the resistance of the lamp.
resistance = ......................................................... [2]
55
(c) The lamp and the resistor are connected in parallel to a 6.0 V supply.
Calculate the current from the supply.
current = ......................................................... [2]
(d) The lamp and the resistor are connected in series to another power supply. The current in
the circuit is 4.0 A.
Calculate the total p.d. across the lamp and the resistor.
p.d. = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
56 [Turn over
10 (a) Fig. 10.1 shows a straight wire AB placed in the magnetic field between the poles of a magnet.
The ends of AB are connected to a galvanometer.
N S
Fig. 10.1
When AB is moved vertically, the needle of the galvanometer shows a deflection.
State three factors that affect the size of the deflection.
1 ...............................................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................................
3 ...............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) Fig. 10.2 shows a transformer.
240 V P S 12 V
Fig. 10.2
(i) The primary coil P has 8000 turns and an input of 240 V. The secondary coil S has an
output of 12 V.
Calculate the number of turns in the secondary coil.
number = ......................................................... [2]

57
(ii) A circuit containing a resistor is connected to the terminals A and B.
A direct current (d.c.) is required in this resistor.
On Fig. 10.2, draw this circuit. [1]
[Total: 6]
58 [Turn over
11 (a) To ensure the safety of workers in laboratories where radioactive sources are used, describe
how radioactive materials
(i) should be stored,
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) should be handled.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Complete the table below for three types of emission from radioactive sources.
type of emission nature range in air absorbed by
electromagnetic radiation several km
helium nucleus 0.2 mm paper
electron
[3]
(c) State the type of radiation emitted when
an americium nucleus ( Am) decays into a neptunium nucleus ( Np),

241 237
(i) 95 93
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
a phosphorus nucleus ( 15 P) decays into a silicon nucleus ( 16 Si).

32 32
(ii)
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
59
1 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graph for a vehicle accelerating from rest.
30
speed 25
m/s
20
15
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
time / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) Calculate the acceleration of the vehicle at time = 30 s.
acceleration = ...........................................................[2]
(b) Without further calculation, state how the acceleration at time = 100 s compares to the
acceleration at time = 10 s. Suggest, in terms of force, a reason why any change has taken
place.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Determine the distance travelled by the vehicle between time = 120 s and time = 160 s.
distance = ...........................................................[3]
[Total: 8]
60
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a fork-lift truck lifting a box.
box
Fig. 2.1
The electric motor that drives the lifting mechanism is powered by batteries.
(a) State the form of the energy stored in the batteries.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The lifting mechanism raises a box of mass 32 kg through a vertical distance of 2.5 m in 5.4 s.
(i) Calculate the gravitational potential energy gained by the box.
gravitational potential energy = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) The efficiency of the lifting mechanism is 0.65 (65%).
Calculate the input power to the lifting mechanism.
input power = ...........................................................[3]
(c) The batteries are recharged from a mains voltage supply that is generated in an oil-fired
power station.
By comparison with a wind farm, state one advantage and one disadvantage of running a
power station using oil.
advantage .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
disadvantage ............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
61 [Turn over
3 A rectangular container has a base of dimensions 0.12 m × 0.16 m. The container is filled with a
liquid. The mass of the liquid in the container is 4.8 kg.
(a) Calculate
(i) the weight of liquid in the container,
weight = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) the pressure due to the liquid on the base of the container.
pressure = ...........................................................[2]
(b) Explain why the total pressure on the base of the container is greater than the value calculated
in (a)(ii).
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) The depth of liquid in the container is 0.32 m.
Calculate the density of the liquid.
density = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 6]
62
4 (a) Describe the movement of the molecules in
(i) a solid,
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) a gas.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) A closed box contains gas molecules.
Explain, in terms of momentum, how the molecules exert a pressure on the walls of the box.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 7]
63 [Turn over
5 (a) A ray of light in air is incident on a glass block. The light changes direction.
State
(i) the name of this effect,
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) the cause of this effect.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 5.1, drawn to full scale, shows a thin converging lens of focal length 3.5 cm.
1.0 cm lens
1.0 cm
Fig. 5.1
(i) On Fig. 5.1, mark each of the two principal focuses and label each with the letter F. [1]
(ii) An object O of height 4.4 cm is placed a distance of 7.5 cm from the lens.
On Fig. 5.1, draw rays from the tip of the object O to locate the image. Draw and label
the image. [3]
(iii) Determine the height of the image.
height of the image = ...........................................................[1]
(iv) State and explain whether the image is real or virtual.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
64
6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows wavefronts approaching a gap in a barrier.
wavefront
barrier
Fig. 6.1
(i) On Fig. 6.1, draw three wavefronts to the right of the barrier. [2]
(ii) Fig. 6.2 shows the gap in the barrier increased to five times the gap in Fig. 6.1.
wavefront
barrier
Fig. 6.2
On Fig. 6.2, draw three wavefronts to the right of the barrier. [2]
65 [Turn over
(b) Describe, with a labelled diagram, an experiment using water waves that shows the reflection
of wavefronts that occur at a straight barrier.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 8]
66
7 (a) State, in terms of their structure, why metals are good conductors of electricity.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A cylindrical metal wire W1, of length l and cross-sectional area A, has a resistance of 16 Ω.
l
A second cylindrical wire W2 having length 2 and cross-sectional area 2 A, is made from the
same metal.
Determine
(i) the resistance of W2,
resistance of W2 = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) the effective resistance of W1 and W2 when connected in parallel.
resistance of parallel pair = ...........................................................[2]
(c) The parallel pair of resistors in (b)(ii) is connected to a battery that is made from three cells in
series, each of electromotive force (e.m.f.) E. There is a current in each resistor.
(i) State the e.m.f. of the battery.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The current in the battery is IB, the current in W1 is I1 and the current in W2 is I2.
Place a tick (3) in one box to indicate how these three currents are related.
I1 > I2 > IB
I1 > IB > I2
I2 > I1 > IB
I2 > IB > I1
IB > I1 > I2
IB > I2 > I1
I1 = I2 = IB
[1]
[Total: 7]
67
8 In a laboratory at normal room temperature, 200 g of water is poured into a beaker. A thermometer
placed in the water has a reading of 22 °C.
Small pieces of ice at 0 °C are added to the water one by one. The mixture is stirred after each
addition until the ice has melted. This process is continued until the temperature recorded by the
thermometer is 0 °C.
The total mass of ice added to the water is found to be 60 g.
(a) The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J/(g °C).
Calculate the thermal energy lost by the water originally in the beaker.
thermal energy = ...........................................................[2]
(b) Assume that all the thermal energy lost by the water originally in the beaker is transferred to
the ice.
Calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.
specific latent heat of fusion of ice = ...........................................................[2]
(c) Suggest a reason for any inaccuracy in the value of the specific latent heat of fusion of ice
calculated in (b). Assume the temperature readings and the values for the mass of the water
and the mass of the ice are accurate.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 5]
68 [Turn over
9 (a) A student wants to demagnetise a permanent bar magnet. She suggests these steps:
1. Place the magnet in a long coil.

2. Switch on a large alternating current in the coil.
3. Switch off the current.
4. Remove the bar from the coil.
State and explain whether the steps will always be able to demagnetise the magnet.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) (i) Fig. 9.1 shows a coil supplied with current using a split-ring commutator.
coil
magnet
S
N split-ring
carbon brush
battery
Fig. 9.1
State and explain any motion of the coil.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
69
(ii) The coil in Fig. 9.1 consists of three turns of wire. The magnetic field strength of the
magnet is M. With a current of 2.0 A in the coil, the coil experiences a turning effect T.
The first row of Table 9.1 shows this data.
Table 9.1
magnetic field
number of turns current in the coil / A turning effect
strength
3 2.0 M T
3 8.0 M
6 2.0 M
M
3 2.0 2
Complete Table 9.1 to give the turning effect for the changes made to the arrangement
shown in Fig. 9.1. Choose your answers from the box.
T T T
8 4 2 T 2T 4T 8T
[3]
[Total: 9]
70 [Turn over
10 (a) Explain why the voltage of the supply to the primary coil of a transformer must be alternating.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Fig. 10.1 shows a transformer.
A
240 V 8000
mains turns
Fig. 10.1
There are 8000 turns in the primary coil of the transformer. The primary coil is connected to a
240 V mains supply. A 6.0 V lamp connected to the secondary coil operates at full brightness.
(i) Calculate the number of turns in the secondary coil,
number of turns = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) The current in the lamp is 2.0 A. The transformer operates with 100% efficiency.
Calculate the current in the primary circuit.
current = ...........................................................[2]
(iii) The primary circuit contains a 2 A fuse.
Calculate the maximum number of lamps, identical to the lamp in (ii), that can be
connected in parallel in the secondary circuit without blowing the fuse.
number of lamps = ...........................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
71
222
11 Radon-222 is radioactive. It can be represented as 86
Rn.
(a) For a neutral atom of radon-222, state
1. the number of protons, ...........................
2. the number of neutrons, ...........................
3. the number of electrons. ...........................

[2]
(b) A radon-222 nucleus decays by α-particle emission to a polonium (Po) nucleus.
Complete the equation for the decay of radon-222.
222
86
Rn [2]
(c) Radon-222 has a half-life of 3.8 days.
At a certain time, a sample contains 6.4 × 106 radon nuclei.
Calculate the number of α-particles emitted by the radon nuclei in the following 7.6 days.
number = ...........................................................[3]
[Total: 7]
72
1 A train of mass 5.6 × 105 kg is at rest in a station.
At time t = 0 s, a resultant force acts on the train and it starts to accelerate forwards.
Fig. 1.1 is the distance-time graph for the train for the first 120 s.
5000
distance / m
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time t / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) Use Fig. 1.1 to determine:
1. the average speed of the train during the 120 s
average speed = ...........................................................[1]
2. the speed of the train at time t = 100 s.
speed = ...........................................................[2]
73
(ii) Describe how the acceleration of the train at time t = 100 s differs from the acceleration
at time t = 20 s.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) (i) The initial acceleration of the train is 0.75 m / s2.
Calculate the resultant force that acts on the train at this time.
resultant force = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) At time t = 120 s, the train begins to decelerate.
State what is meant by deceleration.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
74 [Turn over
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a uniform plank AB of length 2.0 m suspended from two ropes X and Y.
P Q
1.5 m
rope X rope Y
A B
0.5 m
W = 210 N
Fig. 2.1
The weight W of the plank is 210 N. The force in rope X is P. The force in rope Y is Q.
(a) State, in terms of P, the moment of force P about B.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Calculate:
(i) the moment of W about B
moment = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) the force P
force P = ...........................................................[2]
(iii) the force Q.
force Q = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 6]
75
3 (a) State what is meant by the principle of conservation of energy.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a girl throwing a heavy ball.
ball
Fig. 3.1
(i) State the energy changes that take place from when the girl begins to exert a force on
the ball until the ball hits the ground and stops moving.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) The mass of the ball is 4.0 kg. The girl exerts a force on the ball for 0.60 s. The speed of
the ball increases from 0 m / s to 12 m / s before it leaves the girl’s hand.
Calculate:
1. the momentum of the ball on leaving the girl’s hand
momentum = ...........................................................[2]
2. the average resultant force exerted on the ball.
average resultant force = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
76 [Turn over
4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows liquid in a cylinder.
cylinder
liquid
Fig. 4.1
The depth of the liquid is 10 cm and the radius of the cylinder is 3.0 cm. The weight of the
liquid in the cylinder is 2.5 N.
Calculate the density of the liquid.
density = ...........................................................[3]
(b) Fig. 4.2 shows a device that measures the pressure of a gas supply.
gas supply
liquid
Fig. 4.2
(i) State the name of the device. .......................................................................................[1]
77
(ii) The difference h between the two liquid levels is 2.0 cm. The density of the liquid is
800 kg / m3.
Calculate the difference between the pressure of the gas and atmospheric pressure.
pressure difference = ...........................................................[2]
(iii) A similar device with a tube of smaller cross-sectional area is connected to a gas supply
at the same pressure.
State and explain any effect on the value of h.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
78 [Turn over
5 (a) (i) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of the structure of a thermocouple
thermometer. Include the device from which a reading is taken.
[3]
(ii) A thermocouple thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the flame of a small
candle.
State two reasons why the thermocouple thermometer is suitable for this application.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) State and explain any effect on the sensitivity of a liquid-in-glass thermometer of:
(i) reducing the diameter of the capillary tube
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) increasing the volume of the liquid-filled bulb.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
79
6 (a) State three factors that determine the rate of evaporation of water.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
3. ...............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) A person climbs out of a swimming pool and stands in the open air.
Explain why evaporation of water from the surface of the person’s body causes the person to
feel cold.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 5]
80 [Turn over
7 (a) A laser produces a beam of monochromatic light. State what is meant by the term
monochromatic.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A wave, in air, is incident on a glass block. Fig. 7.1 shows the wavefronts at the air-glass
boundary. The arrow shows the direction of travel of the wavefronts.
direction of
travel of
wavefronts
air
glass
Fig. 7.1
The wave undergoes reflection and refraction at the air-glass boundary.
On Fig. 7.1 draw:
(i) the wavefronts of the reflected wave [3]
(ii) the wavefronts of the refracted wave. [3]
(c) A transverse wave is produced in a long, horizontal rope. The rope is much longer than the
wavelength of the wave.
In the space below, sketch a diagram to show the appearance of the rope as the wave passes
along it. Label two important features of the wave.
[2]
[Total: 9]
81
8 A vibrating source on a ship produces a sound wave that travels through the ocean. The wave
produced is a longitudinal wave.
(a) Explain what is meant by the term longitudinal wave.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) The frequency of the sound wave is 800 Hz.
(i) The speed of sound in air is 330 m / s.
State a typical value for the speed of sound in a liquid.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Using your value from (b)(i), calculate the wavelength of the sound wave in the ocean.
wavelength = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 6]
82 [Turn over
9 Fig. 9.1 shows the symbol for a 12 V battery.
12 V
Fig. 9.1
(a) Two lamps are connected in parallel with the battery. On Fig. 9.1, using the correct symbols,
complete the circuit diagram. [1]
(b) One of these lamps has a resistance of 6.0 Ω.
Calculate, for this lamp:
(i) the current
current = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) the power.
power = ...........................................................[2]
(c) The power of the other lamp is 36 W.
Calculate the total energy delivered to this lamp in 20 hours.
energy = ...........................................................[3]
[Total: 7]
83
10 A transformer consists of two coils of wire wound on a metal core. Fig. 10.1 represents the
transformer.
core
primary coil secondary coil
Fig. 10.1
(a) State the name of the metal from which the core is made.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The primary coil of the transformer is connected to the output voltage of an a.c. generator
which supplies an alternating current.
(i) Explain why there is a voltage between the two terminals of the secondary coil.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) There are 560 turns on the primary coil and 910 turns on the secondary coil of the
transformer. The voltage between the two terminals of the secondary coil is 78 V.
Calculate the voltage supplied by the a.c. generator.
generator voltage = ............................................................[2]
(c) Transformers are used to increase the voltage when electrical energy is transmitted in cables
across long distances.
Explain why power losses in the cables are lower when the voltage is high.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
84 [Turn over
11 (a) Fig. 11.1 shows data about nine elements.
proton number element symbol

2 helium He
3 lithium Li
4 beryllium Be
5 boron B
6 carbon C
7 nitrogen N
8 oxygen O
9 fluorine F
10 neon Ne
Fig. 11.1
Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope with a nucleon number of 14. It decays by emitting

β-particles.
Use any data you need from Fig. 11.1 to write down the nuclide equation for this decay.
[4]
85
(b) A radioactive sample is placed close to a detector. The radioactive isotope in the sample has
a long half-life. The detector records a count rate of 597 counts / s.
Fig. 11.2 shows the readings when different materials are placed between the radioactive
sample and the detector.
count rate
material
counts / s
a sheet of paper 602
a piece of thin aluminium 598
a piece of thin lead 510
Fig. 11.2
Explain whether any α-particles, β-particles or γ-rays are emitted by the radioactive sample.
α-particles .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
β-particles .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
γ-rays ........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 7]
86
1 Fig. 1.1 is the distance-time graph for a moving car.
500
distance / m
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time t / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) On Fig. 1.1, mark a point P where the acceleration of the car is zero. [1]
(b) Determine:
(i) the speed of the car at time t = 15 s
speed = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) the average speed of the car between time t = 30 s and time t = 45 s.
average speed = ...........................................................[2]
(c) At time t = 45 s, the car starts to decelerate. At time t = 55 s and at a distance of 400 m from
the starting point, the car stops. It then remains stationary for 5.0 s.
On Fig. 1.1, draw a possible continuation of the distance-time graph. [3]
[Total: 8]
87
2 (a) Complete Fig. 2.1 by writing in the right-hand column the name of the quantity given by the
product in the left-hand column.
product quantity
mass × acceleration
force × time
[2]
Fig. 2.1
(b) Fig. 2.2 shows a man hitting a ball with a golf club.
golf club ball
Fig. 2.2
The ball has a mass of 0.046 kg. The golf club is in contact with the ball for 5.0 × 10–4 s and
the ball leaves the golf club at a speed of 65 m / s.
(i) Calculate:
1. the momentum of the ball as it leaves the golf club
momentum = ...........................................................[2]
2. the average resultant force acting on the ball while it is in contact with the golf club.
average force = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) While the golf club is in contact with the ball, the ball becomes compressed and changes
shape.
State the type of energy stored in the ball during its contact with the golf club.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
88 [Turn over
3 The density of mercury is 1.4 × 104 kg / m3.
(a) Fig. 3.1 shows an instrument that is being used to determine the atmospheric pressure.
space A
760 mm
mercury
(i) State the name of the instrument.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State what is in space A.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Calculate the atmospheric pressure.
atmospheric pressure = ...........................................................[2]
(b) Fig. 3.2 shows mercury stored in a cylindrical glass jar of internal radius 4.0 cm. The depth of
mercury in the jar is 12 cm.
mercury
12 cm
8.0 cm
Calculate the weight of mercury in the jar.
weight = ...........................................................[3]
[Total: 7]
89
4 A wave is travelling across the surface of water in a tank at a speed of 0.15 m / s.
(a) The wavelength of the wave is 0.030 m.
Calculate the frequency of the wave.
frequency = ...........................................................[2]
(b) This water wave is a transverse wave.
(i) Explain what is meant by the term transverse wave motion.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) Draw a diagram that represents a transverse wave travelling from left to right across the
page. On your diagram, label:
• the wavelength
• the amplitude.
[3]
[Total: 8]
90 [Turn over
5 (a) A student is supplied with a small block of iron, a thermometer and an electrical heater of
power P.
There are two holes drilled in the iron block. The heater fits tightly into one hole and the
student places the thermometer into the other hole.
Fig. 5.1 shows the equipment.
cable
thermometer
heater
iron block
Fig. 5.1
The student uses this equipment when determining the specific heat capacity of iron.
State:
• the other equipment the student will need

• the measurements the student needs to take
• the equation used when calculating the value of the specific heat capacity of iron.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
91
(b) In the student’s home there is a wood-burning stove, which is also made of iron. The mass of
the wood-burning stove is 85 kg.
(i) State what is meant by the thermal capacity of an object.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The specific heat capacity of iron is 460 J / (kg °C).

Calculate the thermal capacity of the wood-burning stove.
thermal capacity = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
92 [Turn over
6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows white light incident at point X on a glass prism.
screen
prism
ray of white light
Fig. 6.1
(i) From point X on Fig. 6.1, draw a ray of red light, labelled R and a ray of violet light,
labelled V, to show how a spectrum is formed on the screen. [2]
(ii) State the colour of light in the visible spectrum with the shortest wavelength.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The critical angle for a type of glass is 42°.
Fig. 6.2 and Fig. 6.3 show two prisms ABC and PQR made of this type of glass. A ray of
monochromatic red light passes into each of the prisms.
A P
45° normal 60° Y normal
45° 60°
B C Q R
Fig. 6.2 Fig. 6.3
(i) State what is meant by monochromatic light.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
93
(ii) Describe and explain what happens to the ray of light in Fig. 6.2 as it strikes side AC of
the prism.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) Describe and explain what happens to the ray of light in Fig. 6.3 as it strikes the glass at
point Y.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 9]
94 [Turn over
7 A defibrillator is a machine that sends an electrical charge through the heart of a patient whose
heart is not beating correctly. Doctors learn to use a defibrillator by practising on a medical dummy.
Fig. 7.1 shows the two contacts of a defibrillator attached to a medical dummy.
contacts
defibrillator
medical
dummy
Fig. 7.1
The contacts that touch the dummy are made from metal, and when the defibrillator is being used,
one contact becomes strongly negatively charged and the other contact becomes strongly positively
charged. The handles of the contacts are made from plastic, which is an electrical insulator.
(a) (i) State how the structure of an electrical insulator differs from the structure of a conductor.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Suggest why the handles are made from an electrical insulator.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Explain, in terms of the particles involved, how one contact becomes negatively charged and
how the other contact becomes positively charged.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The defibrillator passes a charge of 9.1 × 10–3 C through the medical dummy in 6.5 × 10–4 s.
Calculate the average current in the dummy.
current = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
95
8 A 9.0 V battery is connected to a 120 Ω resistor in series with wire P.
Fig. 8.1 shows a voltmeter connected across the 120 Ω resistor.
9.0 V
120 Ω
P
Fig. 8.1
(a) State the energy changes that are taking place in the circuit.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The reading on the voltmeter is 2.4 V.
Calculate:
(i) the current in the 120 Ω resistor
current = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) the potential difference (p.d.) across wire P
p.d. = ...........................................................[1]
(iii) the resistance of wire P.
resistance = ...........................................................[1]
(c) Wire P has a diameter d and a length l. A second piece of wire Q is made of the same
material as P.
The diameter of wire Q is 0.50 × d and its length is 5.0 × l.
Calculate the resistance of wire Q.
resistance = ...........................................................[4]
[Total: 10]
96 [Turn over
9 (a) Describe how a direct current (d.c.) differs from an alternating current (a.c.).
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 9.1 shows how the voltage output of an a.c. generator varies with time.
8.0
voltage / V
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
time / s
–2.0
–4.0
–6.0
–8.0
Fig. 9.1
A heater is connected directly to the a.c. generator and the maximum current in the heater is
0.75 A.
(i) On Fig. 9.2, sketch a graph to indicate how the current in the heater varies with time.
1.00
current / A
0.75
0.50
0.25
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
time / s
–0.25
–0.50
–0.75
–1.00
[1]
Fig. 9.2
97
(ii) Calculate the power produced by the heater when the current is 0.75 A.
power = ...........................................................[2]
(c) Fig. 9.3 shows the coil ABCD of the a.c. generator between two magnetic poles.
rotation
direction
B C
N A D S
Fig. 9.3
(i) On Fig. 9.3, draw a straight arrow to indicate the direction in which side AB of the coil is
moving. Label this arrow M. [1]
(ii) Deduce the direction of the current induced in side AB of the coil and explain your
reasoning.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) The rate at which the coil of the a.c. generator rotates increases.
State two ways in which the alternating voltage changes.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 9]
98 [Turn over
10 Thorium-234 (23940Th) is radioactive. It decays by β-emission to form an isotope of protactinium
(Pa).
(a) Complete the nuclide equation for this decay.
..... .....
234Th Pa + β
90 ..... .....
[2]
(b) A pure sample of thorium-234 emits β-particles at a count rate of 2480 counts / second.
The half-life of thorium-234 is 24 days.
Calculate the count rate for the emission of β-particles from the thorium in the sample after
72 days have passed.
count rate ...........................................................[3]
(c) The isotope of protactinium in (a) is also radioactive. It decays by β-emission and has a
half-life of 70 seconds.
State and explain how this would affect the observed count rate for the sample in (b) after
72 days.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 8]
99
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Fig. 1.1 shows the distance-time graph for the journey of a cyclist.
350
300
distance / m
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
time / s
Fig. 1.1
(i) Describe the motion of the cyclist in the time between:
1. time = 0 and time = 15 s
...........................................................................................................................................
2. time = 15 s and time = 30 s
...........................................................................................................................................
3. time = 30 s and time = 40 s.
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) Calculate, for the 40 s journey:
1. the average speed
average speed = ......................................................... [2]
2. the maximum speed.
maximum speed = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]
100
2 (a) State one advantage and one disadvantage of using a wind turbine as a source of electrical
energy.
advantage .................................................................................................................................
disadvantage ............................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Fig. 2.1 shows a wind turbine.
wind speed
16 m / s
area swept out by

the turbine blades
Fig. 2.1
(i) The wind blows at a speed of 16 m / s towards the turbine blades. In one second, a
volume of 24 000 m3 of air passes through the circular area swept out by the blades. The
density of air is 1.3 kg / m3.
Calculate:
1. the mass of air that passes through the circular area swept out by the blades in 1.0 s
mass = ......................................................... [2]
2. the kinetic energy of the mass of air that passes through the area swept out by the
blades.
kinetic energy = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest why some of the kinetic energy of the air that passes through the circular area
swept out by the blades is not converted into electrical energy.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
101 [Turn over
3 (a) An object is moving in a straight line at constant speed.
State three ways in which a force may change the motion of the object.
1 ...............................................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................................
3 ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows an object suspended from two ropes. The weight of the object is 360 N. The
magnitude of the tension in each rope is T.
T T
45° 45°
object
360 N
Fig. 3.1
In the space below, determine the tension T by drawing a vector diagram of the forces acting
on the object.
State the scale you have used.
scale ...............................................................
T = ...............................................................
[5]
[Total: 7]
102
4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a mercury barometer. The tube containing the mercury is vertical.
mercury
Fig. 4.1
(i) The height h indicates a value of the atmospheric pressure.
State what is contained in the space labelled S.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) On a particular day the atmospheric pressure is 1.02 × 105 Pa. The density of mercury
is 13 600 kg / m3.
Calculate the value of h indicated by the barometer.
h = ......................................................... [2]
(iii) The tube containing mercury is now tilted so that it makes an angle of 10° with the
vertical. After tilting, there continues to be a space above the mercury in the tube.
State and explain whether the vertical height of mercury in the tube is smaller, the same,
or greater than the value calculated in (a)(ii).
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Another mercury barometer in the same room at the same time shows a lower value of h than
the barometer in (a).
Suggest and explain a reason for the lower value.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 7]
103 [Turn over
5 (a) State the values of the fixed points of a temperature scale.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) (i) The graduations on a liquid-in-glass thermometer are equally spaced.
For the equal spacing of the graduations to be correct, state:
1. an assumption that is made about the liquid in the thermometer
...........................................................................................................................................
2. an assumption that is made about the structure of the thermometer.
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Liquid-in-glass thermometer A has a greater range than liquid-in-glass thermometer B.
State one way the design of thermometer A is different from thermometer B.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Liquid-in-glass thermometer C has a greater sensitivity than liquid-in-glass thermometer D.
State one way the design of thermometer C is different from thermometer D.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
104
(c) (i) In the space provided, draw a labelled diagram of a thermocouple thermometer.
[3]
(ii) Suggest when a thermocouple thermometer is more suitable than a liquid-in-glass

thermometer.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]
105 [Turn over

6 An electrical heater is placed on the floor of a room in a house. The heater is switched on.
(a) State the main process by which thermal energy is transferred to the air in all parts of the
room.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The heater has a power of 1.5 kW. The air in the room has a mass of 65 kg. The specific heat
capacity of air is 720 J / (kg °C).
(i) Calculate the time it takes for this heater to raise the temperature of the air in the room
from 8.0 °C to 15.0 °C.
time = ......................................................... [4]
(ii) State two reasons why the time calculated in (b)(i) is smaller than the actual time taken
to raise the temperature of the air in the room from 8.0 °C to 15.0 °C.
1 .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 7]
106
7 (a) In Fig. 7.1, the small circles represent molecules. The arrows refer to the change of state
from the arrangement of molecules on the left to the arrangement of molecules on the right.
Fig. 7.1
Complete the following by writing solid, liquid or gas in each of the blank spaces.
1. Change of state X is from ............................................ to ............................................ .
2. Change of state Y is from ............................................ to ............................................ .

[2]
(b) Explain, in terms of the forces between their molecules, why gases expand more than solids
when they undergo the same rise in temperature.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) A cylinder of volume 0.012 m3 contains a compressed gas at a pressure of 1.8 × 106 Pa.
A valve is opened and all the compressed gas escapes from the cylinder into the atmosphere.
The temperature of the gas does not change.
Calculate the volume that the escaped gas occupies at the atmospheric pressure
of 1.0 × 105 Pa.
volume = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 7]
107 [Turn over
8 Fig. 8.1 shows parallel wavefronts of a light wave in ice. The wavefronts are incident on a boundary
with air.
direction
of wave
ice
air
Fig. 8.1
The speed of the light wave in air is 3.0 × 108 m / s. The refractive index of the ice is 1.3.
(a) On Fig. 8.1:
(i) draw the wavefronts of the wave that passes into the air [3]
(ii) draw arrows to show the direction of travel of the refracted wave [1]
(iii) label the angle of incidence i and the angle of refraction r. [1]
(b) Calculate the speed of the light wave in the ice.
speed = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 7]
108
9 Fig. 9.1 shows current-potential difference (p.d.) graphs for a resistor and for a thermistor.
6.0
current / A
4.0
resistor
2.0 thermistor
0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
p.d. / V
Fig. 9.1
(a) Calculate the resistance of the thermistor when the p.d. across it is 7.0 V.
resistance = ......................................................... [2]
(b) In Table 9.1, tick the boxes that indicate the effect on the resistances of the resistor and of the
thermistor when the p.d. across them is increased from 0 to 7.0 V.
Table 9.1
component resistance increases resistance is constant resistance decreases

resistor
thermistor
[2]
109
(c) The thermistor and the resistor are connected in parallel to a 7.0 V supply.
Calculate:
(i) the current from the supply
current = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) the energy transferred from the supply in 5.0 minutes.
energy = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
110 [Turn over

10 (a) The electrical energy produced by a power station is transmitted over long distances at a very
high voltage.
Explain why a very high voltage is used.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Fig. 10.1 represents a transformer.
core
4000
120 V P turns S 9.0 V
Fig. 10.1
(i) The primary coil P has 4000 turns and an input of 120 V. The secondary coil S has an
output of 9.0 V.
Calculate the number of turns in the secondary coil.
number = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) State a suitable material for the core of the transformer.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
111
11 (a) (i) One isotope of iridium-194 is represented by
194
Ir
77
This isotope decays by β-emission to a stable isotope of platinum (Pt).
Complete the nuclide equation for this decay.
194 ...... ......

Ir Pt + β
77 ...... ...... [3]
(ii) The half-life of iridium-194 is 19 hours. A sample of iridium-194 has an initial count-rate
of 1100 counts / min.
Calculate the count-rate from this sample after 38 hours.
count-rate = ......................................................... [2]
(b) State two ways in which γ-emission differs from β-emission.
1 ...............................................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 7]
112
1 A rocket is stationary on the launchpad. At time t = 0, the rocket engines are switched on and
exhaust gases are ejected from the nozzles of the engines. The rocket accelerates upwards.
Fig. 1.1 shows how the acceleration of the rocket varies between time t = 0 and time t = tf.
acceleration
0
0 tf
time t
Fig. 1.1
(a) Define acceleration.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) On Fig. 1.2, sketch a graph to show how the speed of the rocket varies between time t = 0
and time t = tf.
speed
0
0 tf
time t
Fig. 1.2
[3]
113
(c) Some time later, the rocket is far from the Earth. The effect of the Earth’s gravity on the
motion of the rocket is insignificant. As the rocket accelerates, its momentum increases.
(i) State the principle of the conservation of momentum.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain how the principle of the conservation of momentum applies to the accelerating
rocket and the exhaust gases.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
114 [Turn over

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a sign that extends over a road.
support post
ACCIDENT
SLOW DOWN
sign
1.8 m
concrete
block W
1.3 m
P
70 cm
Fig. 2.1
The mass of the sign is 3.4 × 103 kg.
(a) Calculate the weight W of the sign.
W = ......................................................... [2]
(b) The weight of the sign acts at a horizontal distance of 1.8 m from the centre of the support
post and it produces a turning effect about point P.
Point P is a horizontal distance of 1.3 m from the centre of the support post.
(i) Calculate the moment about P due to the weight of the sign.
moment = ......................................................... [3]
115
(ii) A concrete block is positioned on the other side of the support post with its centre of
mass a horizontal distance of 70 cm from the centre of the support post.
1. State what is meant by centre of mass.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
2. The weight of the concrete block produces a moment about point P that exactly
cancels the moment caused by the weight W.
Calculate the weight of the concrete block.
weight = ......................................................... [2]
(c) The concrete block is removed. The sign and support post rotate about point P in a clockwise
direction.
State and explain what happens to the moment about point P due to the weight of the sign as
it rotates.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 10]
116 [Turn over

3 A cube of side 0.040 m is floating in a container of liquid. Fig. 3.1 shows that the surface of the
liquid is 0.028 m above the level of the bottom face of the cube.
air
cube 0.040 m
liquid
0.028 m
valve
pump
Fig. 3.1
The pressure of the air above the cube exerts a force on the top face of the cube. The valve is
closed.
(a) Explain, in terms of air molecules, how the force due to the pressure of the air is produced.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The density of the liquid in the container is 1500 kg / m3.
Calculate:
(i) the pressure due to the liquid at a depth of 0.028 m
pressure = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) the force on the bottom face of the cube caused by the pressure due to the liquid.
force = ......................................................... [2]
117
(c) The valve is opened and liquid is pumped into the container. The surface of the liquid rises a
distance of 0.034 m.
The cube remains floating in the liquid with its bottom face 0.028 m below the surface of the
liquid.
(i) Calculate the work done on the cube by the force in (b)(ii).
work done = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest one reason why this is not an efficient method of lifting up the cube.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]
118 [Turn over

4 Gas of mass 0.23 g is trapped in a cylinder by a piston. The gas is at atmospheric pressure which
is 1.0 × 105 Pa. Fig. 4.1 shows the piston held in position by a catch.
gas cylinder
air at atmospheric
pressure
piston
heater catch
Fig. 4.1
The volume of the trapped gas is 1.9 × 10–4 m3.
An electrical heater is used to increase the temperature of the trapped gas by 550 °C.
(a) The specific heat capacity of the gas is 0.72 J / (g °C).
(i) Calculate the energy required to increase the temperature of the trapped gas by 550 °C.
energy = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) The power of the heater is 2.4 W.
1. Calculate how long it takes for the heater to supply the energy calculated in (a)(i).
time = ......................................................... [2]
2. In practice, it takes much longer to increase the temperature of the gas by 550 °C
using the heater.
Suggest one reason for this.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
119
(b) When the temperature of the gas has increased by 550 °C, its pressure is 2.9 × 105 Pa. The
catch is then released allowing the piston to move. As the piston moves, the temperature of
the gas remains constant.
(i) State and explain what happens to the piston.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Determine the volume of the gas when the piston stops moving.
volume = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
120 [Turn over

5 Liquids and gases are two states of matter.
(a) In both boiling and evaporation, a liquid changes into a gas.
(i) State two ways in which boiling differs from evaporation.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Before injecting a patient, a doctor wipes a small amount of a volatile liquid on to the
patient’s skin.
Explain, in terms of molecules, how this procedure cools the patient’s skin.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) Gases can be compressed but liquids are incompressible.
Explain, in terms of molecules, why liquids are incompressible.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]
121
6 Green light of frequency 5.7 × 1014 Hz is travelling in air at a speed of 3.0 × 108 m / s. The light is
incident on the surface of a transparent solid.
Fig. 6.1 shows the wavefronts and the direction of travel of the light in the air.
wavefront
air
solid
Fig. 6.1
The light travels more slowly in the transparent solid.
(a) Explain, in terms of the wavefronts, why the light changes direction as it enters the solid. You
may draw on Fig. 6.1 as part of your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The refractive index of the transparent solid is 1.3.
(i) The light is incident on the surface of the solid at an angle of incidence of 67°.
Calculate the angle of refraction of the light in the solid.
122
(ii) Determine the wavelength of the green light in the transparent solid.
wavelength = ......................................................... [4]
[Total: 9]
123 [Turn over

7 Fig. 7.1 shows a circuit diagram that includes component X.
A
X
20 Ω
30 Ω
Fig. 7.1
(a) State the name of component X.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the battery is E. The switch is closed.
The potential difference (p.d.) across the 30 Ω resistor is V30.

The p.d. across the 20 Ω resistor is V20.
The p.d. across component X is VX.
State an equation that relates VX to:
(i) V30
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) E and V20.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
124
(c) The e.m.f. of the battery is 6.0 V and the resistance of component X is 15 Ω.
Calculate:
(i) the total resistance of the circuit
resistance = ......................................................... [3]
(ii) the ammeter reading.
reading = ......................................................... [2]
(d) The temperature of component X increases.
State and explain what happens to the ammeter reading.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 10]
125 [Turn over

8 A student turns the handle of an alternating current (a.c.) generator and the coil rotates.
Fig. 8.1 represents the structure of the a.c. generator.
handle
coil
N S
slip rings
coil
voltage
output
brush
Fig. 8.1
(a) There is an alternating voltage output between the two terminals.
(i) Explain why rotating the coil produces an output voltage.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) State the position of the rotating coil when the alternating output voltage is at a maximum
value and explain why the maximum output occurs at this position.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
126
(b) A lamp and an open switch are connected in series to the output terminals of the a.c.
generator.
The switch is closed and the lamp lights up. The student has to apply a greater force on the
handle.
Explain why a greater force is needed to keep the lamp lit.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 8]
127 [Turn over

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows a beam of α-particles moving towards a thin sheet of gold in a vacuum.
gold sheet
beam of α-particles
detectors
vacuum
Fig. 9.1
Detectors in the region surrounding the thin gold sheet detect the α-particles and determine
the number of particles that travel in various directions.
State and explain what can be deduced from the following observations.
(i) The majority of the α-particles pass through the gold sheet undeflected and are detected
on the far side.
deduction ...........................................................................................................................
explanation ........................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) A small number of α-particles are deflected as they pass through the gold sheet.
deduction ...........................................................................................................................
explanation ........................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) A very small number of α-particles are deflected through very large angles or return back
the way they came.
deduction ...........................................................................................................................
explanation ........................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
128
(b) A beam that consists of both α-particles and β-particles is passed through a region of space
where there is a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the beam.
State two ways in which the deflection of the α-particles differs from that of the β-particles.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 8]
129
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a distance‑time graph for a cyclist travelling between points P and V on a straight
road.
800
distance / m
600
V
S T U
400
R
200
Q
P
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
time / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) Describe the motion between:
Q and R ....................................................................................................................................
R and S .....................................................................................................................................
S and T. .....................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) Calculate the speed between U and V.
speed = ......................................................... [2]
(c) After point V, the straight road continues down a steep hill. The cyclist travels down the steep
hill. He does not apply the brakes and all resistive forces can be ignored.
On Fig. 1.1, sketch a possible motion for the cyclist after V. [1]
[Total: 6]
130 [Turn over

2 Fig. 2.1 is the top view of a small ship of mass 1.2 × 106 kg. The ship is moving slowly sideways at
0.040 m / s as it comes in to dock.
large wooden pillars
dock wall
small ship
0.040 m / s
Fig. 2.1
The ship hits the wooden pillars which move towards the dock wall.
(a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the ship before it hits the pillars.
kinetic energy = ......................................................... [2]
(b) The ship is in contact with the pillars for 0.30 s as it comes to rest.
Calculate the average force exerted on the side of the ship.
force = ......................................................... [4]
131
(c) Assume that the kinetic energy calculated in (a) is used to do work moving the pillars.
Calculate the distance moved by the pillars.
distance = ......................................................... [2]
(d) Dock walls sometimes have the pillars replaced with rubber car tyres.
Explain how this reduces the possibility of damage when a boat docks.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 9]
132 [Turn over

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a small submarine submerged below the surface of the sea.
surface of the sea
sea
3.0 × 103 m water
submarine
Fig. 3.1
(a) The density of sea water is 1030 kg / m3.
Calculate the pressure due to the sea water on the top of the submarine when it is 3.0 × 103 m
below the surface.
pressure = ......................................................... [2]
133
(b) The submarine emits a pulse of sound to detect other objects in the sea. The speed of sound
in sea water is 1500 m / s. An echo is received with a time delay of 0.50 s after the original
sound is emitted.
(i) Calculate the distance between the submarine and the other object.
distance = ......................................................... [3]
(ii) Another pulse of sound is emitted through the air when the submarine is on the surface.
An echo is received from a second object that is in the air. This echo is received 0.50 s
after the pulse of sound is emitted.
Compare the distance of the second object from the submarine with the distance
calculated in (b)(i). Tick one box. Give a reason for your answer.
distance is smaller
distance is the same
distance is larger
Reason ........................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 6]
134 [Turn over

4 (a) Water molecules escape to the atmosphere from water boiling in a pan. Water molecules
evaporate from the surface of a bowl of cool water and also escape to the atmosphere.
State two ways in which boiling is different from evaporation.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows a heater in a metal block.
thermometer
electric heater
metal block
Fig. 4.1
The power of the heater is 370 W and it is switched on for 4.0 minutes. The metal block has a
specific heat capacity of 420 J / (kg °C) and a mass of 5.0 kg.
Calculate the increase of temperature of the block. Assume all the thermal energy from the
heater is transferred to the block.
temperature increase = ......................................................... [4]
[Total: 6]
135
5 Fig. 5.1 shows a cross‑section of the inside of a vacuum flask containing a cold liquid. The walls of
the vacuum flask are made of glass.
stopper
silvered
surfaces
vacuum
glass
Fig. 5.1
(a) The vacuum flask is being used to keep a liquid cool on a hot day.
Explain how the labelled features of the vacuum flask keep the liquid cool by reducing thermal
energy transfer. Include the names of the processes involved.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [5]
(b) Suggest a suitable material for the stopper.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 6]
136 [Turn over

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows wavefronts of a wave approaching a narrow gap and passing through the gap.
The wavelength is λ.
wavefronts gap barrier
direction of
travel
barrier
Fig. 6.1
(i) State the name of the process that occurs as the wave passes through the gap.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
λ
(ii) A wave with a wavelength approaches the same gap.
2
On Fig. 6.2, draw three wavefronts for this wave as it approaches the gap and three
more wavefronts as the wave continues beyond it. [3]
Fig. 6.2
137
(b) Table 6.1 shows 5 different types of electromagnetic wave.
In the blank column in Table 6.1, write the numbers 1 to 5 to show the order of wavelength.
Write 1 for the wave with the shortest wavelength and 5 for the wave with the longest
wavelength. [2]
Table 6.1
type of electromagnetic wave order of wavelength

gamma rays
light
microwaves
ultraviolet
X‑rays
(c) (i) State the speed of radio waves in air.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) A radio station transmits radio waves with a frequency of 96 MHz.

Calculate the wavelength of these radio waves.
wavelength = ......................................................... [3]
[Total: 10]
138 [Turn over

7 Fig. 7.1 shows light approaching a boundary between two materials at speed v. The speed of the
light after crossing the boundary is 1.3v.
light
50°
boundary
Fig. 7.1
(a) Determine the angle of incidence.
angle of incidence = ......................................................... [1]
(b) Calculate the angle of refraction.
[Total: 4]
139 [Turn over

8 Fig. 8.1 shows a 240 V mains supply connected to an air‑conditioning unit and a freezer. A fuse X
is placed in the circuit as shown.
240 V
air-conditioning
mains freezer
unit
supply
Fig. 8.1
The freezer has an operating power of 700 W.
(a) Calculate the current in the freezer.
current = ......................................................... [2]
(b) The maximum operating current of the air‑conditioning unit is 7.5 A.
Fuses of current rating 1 A, 3 A, 5 A, 10 A, 13 A and 30 A are available.
Suggest a suitable rating for fuse X. Give two reasons for your answer.
fuse rating .................................................................................................................................
Reason 1 ..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Reason 2 ..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
140
(c) A fuse is made out of a short length of wire.
Explain why fuses of a higher rating are made of thicker wire.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(d) Electrical energy can be obtained from renewable and non‑renewable sources of energy.
(i) State two renewable sources of energy.
Source 1 ........................................................
Source 2 ........................................................ [2]
(ii) State one social, economic or environmental disadvantage of one of your answers to
(d)(i).
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 11]
141 [Turn over

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows an electrical component.
Fig. 9.1
State the name of the component shown in Fig. 9.1. ......................................................... [1]
(b) In the space below, write down the truth table for a NOR gate.
[2]
142
(c) Fig. 9.2 shows the connections between two logic gates.
A D
B
E
C
Fig. 9.2
Complete the truth table shown in Table 9.1 for this combination of logic gates.
Table 9.1
inputs intermediate output

point
A B C D E
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
[3]
(d) Referring to a simple electron model, state what distinguishes electrical conductors from
electrical insulators.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
143 [Turn over

10 Fig. 10.1 shows a simple alternating current generator.
rotation
of coil
coil
N S
P
output
Q
Fig. 10.1
(a) On Fig. 10.2, sketch a graph to show how the electromotive force (e.m.f.) induced varies with
time for one revolution of the coil. Assume that the coil starts in the horizontal position, as
shown in Fig. 10.1.
Label the points on the time axis where the coil has completed 1/4 revolution and
3/4 revolution. [3]
e.m.f.
0
0 time
Fig. 10.2
(b) Explain why an e.m.f. is induced only when the coil is turning.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
144
(c) State the name of the components labelled P and Q and state their purpose.
Name: .......................................................................................................................................
Purpose: ...................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) State two possible changes that cause a larger e.m.f. to be induced.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 8]
145 [Turn over

11 (a) Americium (Am) is a radioactive isotope. A nucleus of americium contains 95 protons and
146 neutrons. It decays by emitting an α‑particle to form a nucleus of an isotope of neptunium
(Np).
Write down the nuclide equation for the decay of americium to neptunium.
[4]
(b) Ionisation smoke detectors contain americium and two small electrodes with a small voltage
between them. The air between the electrodes is ionised by α‑particles so that there is a
small electric current between the electrodes.
(i) Suggest and explain the effect of smoke on the current between the electrodes in the
smoke detector.
Suggestion: .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
Explanation: ......................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest two reasons for using an α‑particle emitter in a smoke detector.
Reason 1 ...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
Reason 2 ...........................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 7]
Permission to reproduce items where third‑party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer‑related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.
146
1 A car accelerates from rest at time t = 0 to its maximum speed.
Fig. 1.1 is the speed-time graph for the first 25 s of its motion.
40
speed
m/s
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
t/s
Fig. 1.1
(a) The mass of the car is 2300 kg.
For the time between t = 0 and t = 5.0 s, determine:
(i) the acceleration of the car
acceleration = ........................................................ [2]
(ii) the resultant force acting on the car.
resultant force = ........................................................ [2]
147
(b) Describe the motion of the car between t = 10 s and t = 15 s. Explain how Fig. 1.1 shows this.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(c) Between t = 10 s and t = 15 s, the force exerted on the car due to the engine remains constant.
Suggest and explain why the car moves in the way shown by Fig. 1.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
148 [Turn over

2 (a) State two properties of an object that may be changed by the action of forces.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A chest expander is a piece of equipment used by athletes in a gym. Fig. 2.1 shows a chest
expander that consists of five identical springs connected in parallel between two handles.
springs
Fig. 2.1
Each spring has an unstretched length of 0.63 m.
Two athletes are stretching the chest expander by pulling on the two handles in opposite
directions.
(i) The springs obey Hooke’s law.
Explain what is meant by this statement.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Each athlete pulls the handle towards himself with a force of 1300 N.
1. State the tension in each spring.
tension = ........................................................ [1]
2. The chest expander stretches and each spring is now 0.94 m long.
Calculate the spring constant k of each spring.
k = ........................................................ [2]
149
(iii) State the energy changes taking place as the two athletes use their muscles to stretch
the chest expander.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
150 [Turn over

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a shooting competition, where air rifles fire soft metal pellets at distant targets.
target
air rifle
Fig. 3.1
When an air rifle is fired, it exerts an impulse of 0.019 N s on the pellet.
(a) Define impulse.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The pellet has a mass of 1.1 × 10–4 kg.
Determine:
(i) the speed with which the pellet leaves the rifle
speed = ........................................................ [2]
(ii) the kinetic energy of the pellet as it leaves the rifle.
kinetic energy = ........................................................ [3]
151
(c) The pellet melts when it strikes the target.
Describe how the molecular structure of the liquid metal differs from that of the solid metal.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 9]
152 [Turn over

4 Fig. 4.1 shows a loudspeaker that is producing a sound wave in air of frequency 15 000 Hz.
hollow
paper
cone
Fig. 4.1
(a) Describe how the cone of the loudspeaker produces this sound.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The speed of sound in air is 330 m / s.
Calculate the wavelength of this sound.
wavelength = ........................................................ [2]
153
(c) The loudspeaker is placed a considerable distance to the left of a barrier with a gap. The
width of the gap is double the wavelength of the sound. Sound from the loudspeaker reaches
the barrier and passes through the gap.
Fig. 4.2 shows the gap in the barrier.
barrier
barrier
On Fig. 4.2, sketch a diagram that represents the sound wave as a series of wavefronts
• travelling towards the barrier
• in the gap
• and travelling away from the barrier.

[3]
[Total: 8]
154 [Turn over

5 Fig. 5.1 shows a sphere that is negatively charged. The sphere is attached to a plastic stand.
plastic stand
Fig. 5.1
(a) On Fig. 5.1, draw arrows to indicate the pattern and direction of the electric field in the region
surrounding the sphere. [2]
(b) A smaller, uncharged metal sphere S is suspended by a plastic thread and brought close to
the negatively charged sphere. Fig. 5.2 shows the two spheres.
plastic thread
Fig. 5.2
(i) By drawing on Fig. 5.2, indicate the distribution of charge on S. [2]
(ii) State what happens to S.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) An earth wire is then touched against S.
Describe what happens in the wire and state how this affects the charge on S.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
155
(c) The metal sphere S is an electrical conductor. The plastic thread is an electrical insulator.
Explain this difference by referring to the structures of the two materials.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
156 [Turn over

6 Fig. 6.1 shows a shower that takes in cold water. The water passes through an electric water
heater and emerges from the showerhead at a higher temperature.
showerhead
electric
water heater
Fig. 6.1
The power of the heater is 9000 W.
(a) The shower is powered by a 230 V electricity supply.
(i) Calculate the current in the heater when it is switched on.
current = ........................................................ [2]
(ii) Suggest a suitable rating for the fuse in the heater circuit.
fuse rating = ........................................................ [1]
(b) The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C). The initial temperature of the cold water
is 16 °C.
Determine the maximum mass of water that can be heated to a temperature of 35 °C in 1.0 s.
mass = ........................................................ [4]
157
(c) A safety control in the shower switches off the shower when the water becomes dangerously
hot. The control uses a thermocouple thermometer to measure the temperature of the heated
water.
(i) Describe the structure of a thermocouple thermometer. Include a diagram in your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest one reason why a thermocouple thermometer is suitable for this purpose.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]
158 [Turn over

7 The resistance of a 1.0 m length of resistance wire is 7.6 Ω. A length of this wire is taped to a metre
rule. A crocodile clip is connected to one end of the resistance wire exactly at the 0 m mark of the
rule. Fig. 7.1 shows the crocodile clip connected to terminal P.
0 m mark movable contact metre rule

l
1.0 m mark
crocodile clip
resistance wire
connecting wire
terminal P terminal Q
Fig. 7.1
A second terminal Q is connected to a movable contact using a long length of connecting wire.
The movable contact is in contact with the resistance wire at a length l from the 0 m mark on the
rule.
The movable contact is placed at different points on the resistance wire. The resistance R of the
length l of the wire depends on l.
(a) On Fig. 7.2, sketch a graph to show how R varies with l for values of l between l = 0 and
l = 1.0 m. Mark appropriate values on the axes of the graph.
R/Ω
0
0 l/m
Fig. 7.2
[2]
159
(b) Fig. 7.3 shows a battery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 12 V connected across the 1.0 m length
of the resistance wire.
12 V
l
movable contact metre rule
resistance wire
terminal P terminal Q
Fig. 7.3
(i) State what is meant by electromotive force (e.m.f.).
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Calculate:
1. the current in the resistance wire
current = ........................................................ [2]
2. the potential difference (p.d.) between terminal P and terminal Q when l = 0.35 m
p.d. = ........................................................ [1]
3. the charge that passes through the resistance wire in 5.5 minutes.
charge = ........................................................ [2]
[Total: 9]
160 [Turn over
8 Fig. 8.1 shows a ray of red light incident on one side of a glass prism in air.
glass prism
red light
Fig. 8.1
For red light, the refractive index of glass is nR.
(a) The angle of incidence is 53° and the angle of refraction in the glass is 30°.
(i) Calculate nR.
nR = ........................................................ [2]
(ii) On Fig. 8.1, sketch a line to indicate the path of the red light when it emerges from the
glass prism. Label this path R. [1]
(iii) Explain why the quantity refractive index does not have a unit.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) For violet light, the refractive index nV of glass is slightly larger than nR.
(i) A ray of violet light is incident on the prism along the same path as the ray of red light.
On Fig. 8.1, sketch a line to indicate the path of the violet light in the prism and when it
emerges into the air. Label this path V. [1]
(ii) When a ray of white light is incident on the prism, dispersion produces a continuous
spectrum of coloured light.
State how the speed of light in glass depends on its frequency. Explain how this is shown
by the dispersion of white light in the prism.
statement ..........................................................................................................................
explanation ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 8]
161
9 (a) The chemical symbol of the element lithium is Li. The proton number of lithium is 3.
Fig. 9.1 is a representation of a nucleus of a radioactive isotope of lithium that is about to

decay.
Fig. 9.1
(i) Write down, using nuclide notation, the symbol that represents this isotope of lithium.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) This isotope of lithium decays by β-particle emission to form another nucleus.
Complete Fig. 9.2 to represent this decay by:
• using the same representation as in Fig. 9.1 and in the space after the arrow, draw
a diagram of the nucleus formed by the decay
• writing the name of the particle that is identical to a β-particle on the answer line
provided.
+
.............................................
Fig. 9.2
[3]
(b) A radiation detector is set up in a laboratory where there are no radioactive samples.
On six separate occasions, the detector is switched on for 1.0 minute and the background
count is recorded. The counts are:
23 27 25 24 20 25
(i) State why the readings are not all identical.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest a possible source for this background radiation.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
162
(iii) A sample containing only one radioactive isotope is brought into the laboratory. The
half-life of the isotope is 15 hours.
The sample is placed near to the radiation detector in this laboratory. The detector is
switched on and, after 1.0 minute, a count of 440 is recorded.
The sample is left next to the detector and the experiment is repeated 45 hours later.
The detector is switched on for 1.0 minute.
Predict the reading for the count obtained on this occasion.
reading ........................................................ [3]
[Total: 9]
163
1 Fig. 1.1 is the top view of a rectangular paddling pool of constant depth. The pool is filled with
sea water.
44.0 m
20.0 m
(a) The volume of the sea water in the pool is 264 m3.
Calculate the depth of the pool.
depth = ........................................................ [3]
164
(b) The mass of the sea water in the pool is 2.70 × 105 kg.
Calculate the density of the sea water. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
density = ........................................................ [2]
(c) Calculate the pressure due to the sea water at the bottom of the pool.
pressure = ........................................................ [2]
(d) State a suitable instrument for measuring the dimensions given in Fig. 1.1.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]
165 [Turn over

2 (a) State the two conditions which must be true for an object to be in equilibrium.
condition 1 ................................................................................................................................
condition 2 ................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Fig. 2.1 shows a uniform metre rule PQ in equilibrium.
10 cm 40 cm
P Q
pivot
0.50 N
Fig. 2.1
The distance PQ is 100 cm. The mass of the metre rule is 0.12 kg and its weight is W.
(i) On Fig 2.1, draw and label:
1. an arrow to show the force W acting on PQ at the centre of mass
2. an arrow to show the force R acting on PQ at the pivot.

[2]
(ii) By taking moments about the pivot, calculate F.
F = ........................................................ [4]
(iii) Calculate R.
R = ........................................................ [2]
[Total: 10]
166
3 Fig. 3.1 shows a gas contained in a cylinder enclosed by a piston.
pressure gauge
piston
cylinder
gas
Fig. 3.1
(a) Describe, in terms of momentum of the molecules, how a pressure is exerted on the walls of
the cylinder.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The piston is pushed into the cylinder. The volume decreases from 820 cm3 to 330 cm3 . The
pressure gauge measures the pressure after compression as 20 000 Pa. The temperature
remains constant.
Calculate the value of the pressure before the gas was compressed.
pressure = ........................................................ [3]
[Total: 6]
167 [Turn over

4 (a) A student carries out an experiment to determine the thermal capacity of a metal block. The
block is heated by an electric heater for 23 minutes. The current in the heater is 3.0 A at a
potential difference (p.d.) of 12 V.
The temperature of the block rises from 20 °C to 70 °C.
Calculate the thermal capacity of the block.
thermal capacity = ........................................................ [4]
(b) 1. Two metal spheres of different diameters are heated to 900 °C in a hot oven. The two
spheres are removed from the oven.
State and explain any difference in the initial rates of emission of radiation of thermal energy
between the two spheres.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. One hot sphere is now heated in a hotter oven.
State and explain any effect on the rate of emission of radiation of thermal energy from that
sphere when it is removed from the hotter oven.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 7]
168
5 (a) One difference between a longitudinal wave and a transverse wave is that a longitudinal
wave consists of compressions and rarefactions.
(i) Explain the terms compression and rarefaction using ideas about particles.
compression ......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
rarefaction .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Describe one other way in which longitudinal wave motion differs from transverse wave
motion.
Longitudinal wave motion ..................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
Transverse wave motion ...................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) (i) A sound wave of frequency 0.120 kHz travels through a rock at a speed of 3500 m / s.
Calculate the wavelength of the wave.
wavelength = ........................................................ [3]
(ii) The wave travels from the rock into the air.
State and explain whether the wave will be audible to a healthy human ear.
statement ..........................................................................................................................
explanation ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 9]
169 [Turn over
6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows an empty container and an observer’s eye. There is a small coin at position O.
The observer is unable to see the coin.
eye
Fig. 6.1
The observer and the coin stay in the same position and the container is filled with water. The
observer can now see the coin.
(i) Explain why the coin can be seen by the observer.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State the name of the wave process which occurs as the light passes from the water into
the air.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Explain why the image of the coin is a virtual image.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State the speed of light in air.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The refractive index of water is 1.3.
Calculate the speed of light in water.
speed of light in water = ........................................................ [3]
[Total: 8]
170
7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows a coil of wire wound on a thin plastic cylinder. The plastic has no effect on any
magnetic field. The galvanometer is extremely sensitive.
magnet
coil of wire
S N B
A
small trolley
plastic cylinder
Fig. 7.1
A magnet is fixed to a small trolley that runs without friction on a track through the cylinder
and coil.
(i) The trolley is released from point A so it runs through the coil from right to left.
State and explain what is observed on the galvanometer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The trolley is now released from point B so it runs through the coil from right to left again.
State what is observed on the galvanometer and explain why it is different to your answer
in (a)(i).
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
171 [Turn over

(b) Fig. 7.2 shows an extension lead used to supply power to a 3 kW electric heater on a cool
evening.
damp grass
3 kW electric
heater
cut in outer
insulation
plug and socket

lying on grass
paved area
extension lead designed
for use with a 25 W lamp
Fig. 7.2
State and explain three dangers with this arrangement.
danger 1 ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
danger 2 ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
danger 3 ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 8]
172
8 (a) A wire of length 2.0 m and cross-sectional area 0.40 mm2 has a resistance of 0.14 Ω.
Calculate the resistance of another wire of the same material of length 3.0 m and
cross-sectional area 0.90 mm2.
resistance = ..................................................... Ω [4]
(b) A student is designing a digital electronic circuit. Fig. 8.1 shows her partly completed design.
A C
B D
Fig. 8.1
(i) Table 8.1 is a truth table.

Complete the columns in this truth table to show the values for input B in the circuit.
Table 8.1
Input A Input B Point C Point D Output O

1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
[2]
(ii) The column O in the truth table shows the desired output values for the circuit.
On Fig. 8.1, complete the circuit to achieve these output values. Label any gate used. [2]
[Total: 8]
173 [Turn over

9 (a) Describe what is meant by the term electric field.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Fig. 9.1 shows two parallel conducting plates connected to a battery.
conducting plate
Fig. 9.1
On Fig. 9.1, draw five lines to show the electric field pattern between the two plates. [2]
174
(c) When fully charged, a 1.2 V rechargeable battery can deliver a current of 210 mA for 10 hours.
(i) Calculate the charge that can be delivered by the fully charged battery.
charge = ........................................................ [3]
(ii) Calculate the energy stored in the battery when fully charged.
energy stored = ........................................................ [2]
(iii) State the type of energy stored when the battery is charged.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]
175 [Turn over

10 (a) The nucleus of a hydrogen atom is a proton. The mass of a proton is m and the size of the
charge on a proton is e.
Complete Table 10.1. Express your answers in terms of m and e. Three spaces have already
been completed.
Table 10.1
particle or emission mass charge

proton m e
neutron m
γ-ray
nucleus of helium-4
( 42He)
[4]
(b) Many schools and colleges use radioactive isotopes for teaching and research. Describe how
these radioactive isotopes are handled, used and stored in a safe way.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 7]
176
1 Fig. 1.1 is the top view of a tank in an aquarium. The tank is filled with salt water.
1.6 m
1.1 m
1.0 m
3.2 m
The depth of the water in the tank is 2.0 m.
(a) Calculate the volume of the water in the tank.
volume = ........................................................ [3]
(b) The density of the water in the tank is 1.1 × 103 kg / m3.
Calculate the mass of the water in the tank.
mass = ........................................................ [2]
177
(c) Calculate the pressure due to the water at a level of 0.80 m above the base of the tank.
pressure = ........................................................ [3]
[Total: 8]
178 [Turn over

2 (a) (i) State, in words, the equation that defines the moment of a force.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State what is meant by the moment of a force.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Force is a vector quantity.
Explain what is meant by the term vector.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 2.1 shows a tower crane used to lift a load on a construction site.
counterweight
load
Fig. 2.1
Explain how the counterweight prevents the crane from toppling over.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 6]
179
3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows a waterfall.
Fig. 3.1
(i) Describe the main energy transfer which is taking place as the water falls.
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The speed of the water as it hits the bottom is 21 m / s.
Calculate the height h of the waterfall.
height = ........................................................ [3]
(iii) State and explain any assumption you made in (ii).
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The Sun is the source of energy for most energy resources used to produce electricity.
State two energy resources that have another source for their energy.
1. ..............................................................................................................................................
2. ..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 8]
180 [Turn over

4 Solids have a fixed shape. Liquids adapt to the shape of their container. Gases fill their container.
Explain in terms of forces between molecules and arrangement of molecules, why solids, liquids
and gases have these properties.
Solids ...............................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Liquids ..............................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Gases ...............................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
[6]
[Total: 6]
181
5 An electric kettle contains water at a temperature of 19 °C. The kettle has a power rating of 3.0 kW
and is switched on for 3.5 minutes.
(a) Calculate the energy supplied to the kettle by the electricity supply.
electrical energy = ........................................................ [3]
(b) At 3.5 minutes, the temperature of the water reaches 100 °C. The volume of the water in
the kettle is 1700 cm3 and its density is 1.0 g / cm3. The specific heat capacity of water is
4200 J / (kg °C).
Calculate the thermal energy gained by the water.
thermal energy = ........................................................ [5]
(c) Calculate the efficiency of the kettle.
efficiency = ........................................................ [2]
[Total: 10]
182 [Turn over

6 Fig. 6.1 represents wavefronts of a sound wave travelling in air from left to right.
Fig. 6.1
(a) State the name given to the:
(i) region around A in the diagram ............................................................... [1]
(ii) region around B in the diagram. ............................................................... [1]
(b) On Fig. 6.1, draw a double-headed arrow to show one wavelength. [1]
(c) The loudness of the sound increases at the same pitch.
State and explain any change there would be in the pattern of wavefronts shown in Fig. 6.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(d) The wave passes into water.
State and explain any change in the pattern of wavefronts shown in Fig. 6.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 9]
183
7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows the position of a converging lens, its principal axis and an object O.
principal
axis
F O F
lens
Fig. 7.1
Each principal focus of the lens is labelled F.
On Fig. 7.1, draw a ray diagram to locate the position of the image formed by the lens.
Label the image I. [3]
(b) Describe the nature of the image I.
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Images formed by lenses sometimes have coloured edges.
Suggest a reason for this.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 6]
184 [Turn over

8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a negatively charged conducting sphere.
− −
− −
− −
− −
Fig. 8.1
On Fig. 8.1, draw the electric field pattern around the sphere. [2]
(b) The current in an electrical device is 0.21 A.
Calculate the charge that flows during a 75 s period of time.
charge = ........................................................ [2]
[Total: 4]
185
9 Fig. 9.1 shows a circuit containing an LED and two resistors in parallel, each of resistance R.
R R
3.7 V
Fig. 9.1
The normal operating voltage of the LED is 2.1 V and the normal current is 0.19 A.
(a) (i) The potential difference (p.d.) across the LED is measured with a voltmeter.
On Fig. 9.1, draw the symbol for this voltmeter connected to the circuit. [1]
(ii) The current in the LED is measured with an ammeter.
On Fig. 9.1, draw the symbol for this ammeter connected to the circuit. [1]
(b) Calculate the value of R when the LED is operating normally.
R = ........................................................ [5]
[Total: 7]
186 [Turn over

10 (a) A magnet and a coil are attached separately to a door and a door frame as shown in
Fig. 10.1.
The purpose of the arrangement is to activate a circuit connected to an LED indicator when
the door is opening or closing. This will provide a visual indication that the door is being used.
indicator
coil
magnet
S
door frame
door
Fig. 10.1
Initially, the door is closed and then it is opened.
(i) Explain why the indicator comes on and then goes off when the door is opened.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The door shuts. The indicator comes on more brightly but for a shorter time than it
did in (i). Suggest and explain why this happens.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
187
(b) A circuit breaker is recommended for use with an electric lawnmower.
State two reasons for this recommendation.
reason 1 .....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
reason 2 .....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 6]
188 [Turn over

11 (a) The circles shown in Fig. 11.1 represent three gold nuclei. Three α-particles are approaching
the gold nuclei.
α-particle
α-particle
α-particle
Fig. 11.1
On Fig. 11.1, complete the path of each α-particle. [3]
(b) A detector of radioactivity in a laboratory indicates an average of 16 counts / min when no

radioactive samples are present. A radioactive sample of half-life 1.5 days is placed close to
the detector, which indicates a count rate of 208 counts / min.
Calculate the count rate that is indicated 6 days later.
count rate = ...................................... counts / min [4]
189
(c) The waste from nuclear power stations includes the isotopes technetium-99, tin-126 and
selenium-79. These isotopes are radioactive with half-lives of many thousands of years.
State three economic and environmental consequences of producing this waste.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 10]
190
1 A rocket is launched vertically upwards from the ground. The rocket travels with uniform
acceleration from rest. After 8.0 s, the speed of the rocket is 120 m / s.
(a) Calculate the acceleration of the rocket.
acceleration = ........................................................ [2]
(b) (i) On Fig. 1.1, draw the graph for the motion of the rocket in the first 8.0 s.
200
speed
m/s
150
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
time / s
Fig. 1.1
[1]
(ii) Use the graph to determine the height of the rocket at 8.0 s.
height = ........................................................ [2]
(iii) From time = 8.0 s to time = 20.0 s, the rocket rises with increasing speed but with
decreasing acceleration.
From time = 20.0 s to time = 25.0 s, the rocket has a constant speed of less than 200 m / s.
On Fig. 1.1, draw the graph for this motion. [3]

[Total: 8]
191
2 Fig. 2.1 shows an athlete crossing the finishing line in a race. As she crosses the finishing line, her
speed is 10.0 m / s. She slows down to a speed of 4.0 m / s.
Fig. 2.1
(a) The mass of the athlete is 71 kg. Calculate the impulse applied to her as she slows down.
impulse = ........................................................ [3]
(b) (i) Define impulse in terms of force and time.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The athlete takes 1.2 s to slow down from a speed of 10.0 m / s to a speed of 4.0 m / s.
Calculate the average resultant force applied to the athlete as she slows down.
force = ........................................................ [2]
(c) Calculate the force required to give a mass of 71 kg an acceleration of 6.4 m / s2.
force = ........................................................ [2]
[Total: 8]
192 [Turn over
3 Fig. 3.1 shows a model of a wind turbine used to demonstrate the use of wind energy to generate
electricity. The wind is blowing towards the model, as shown.
turbine blades
circular area swept out

by turbine blades
wind
A
V
Fig. 3.1
(a) The mass of air passing through the circular area swept out by the turbine blades each
second is 7.5 kg. The kinetic energy of the air that passes through this circular area each
second is 240 J.
(i) Calculate the speed of the air.
speed = ........................................................ [3]
(ii) The kinetic energy of the air drives a generator. State the input power of the air passing
through the turbine blades.
input power = ........................................................ [1]
193
(b) The output current of the generator is 2.0 A. The output potential difference (p.d.) of the
generator is 11 V.
(i) Calculate the output power of the generator.
output power = ........................................................ [2]
(ii) Calculate the efficiency of the wind turbine.
efficiency = .................................................... % [2]
(c) The density of air is 1.3 kg / m3.

Calculate the volume of air passing through the circular area swept out by the turbine blades
each second.
volume = ........................................................ [2]
[Total: 10]
194 [Turn over

4 (a) Define the specific latent heat of fusion of a substance.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Small pieces of ice at 0 °C are added to 0.35 kg of water. The initial temperature of the water is
24.5 °C. The temperature of the water decreases to 0 °C. The water loses 35 000 J of thermal
energy as it cools. All of the ice added to the water melts.
The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.3 × 105 J / kg.
Calculate:
(i) the specific heat capacity of water
specific heat capacity = ........................................................ [2]
(ii) the mass of ice added to the water.
mass = ........................................................ [3]
[Total: 7]
195
5 (a) Complete the sentences with words that describe the main process of thermal energy transfer
in each case.
A man goes for a walk on a cold day. He touches a metal gate, which removes thermal
energy from his hands by ................................. . He holds the sides of a cup containing a
hot drink. His hands gain thermal energy by ................................. . Some farm workers have
lit a fire. The man warms his hands by the side of the fire. His hands gain thermal energy by
................................. . [3]
(b) Describe in terms of particles the transfer of thermal energy through the metal of the gate
after transfer from the man’s hands.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Fig. 5.1 shows a car on a sunny day in a hot country.
windscreen
object A
Fig. 5.1
The object labelled A is placed inside the windscreen. It is used by the owner of the car to
reduce the temperature rise of the air in the car.
Ring the most suitable material for the outer surface of object A. Explain your choice.
dull black dull white shiny black shiny white
explanation ................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 7]
196 [Turn over

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows crests of a water wave moving from left to right in a harbour.
crest of wave
harbour wall
Fig. 6.1
(i) On Fig. 6.1, draw three more crests to the right of point A. [2]
(ii) State the name of the wave process that occurs as the wave passes point A.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 6.2 shows the crests of another wave moving from left to right in a different part of the
harbour. This wave moves from deep water to shallow water.
deep water shallow water
crest of wave
Fig. 6.2
(i) On Fig. 6.2, draw an arrow to show the direction of movement of the wave after it has
passed into the shallow water. [1]
(ii) State the name of the process that occurs as the wave passes into the shallow water.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
197
(iii) Complete Table 6.1 to state whether each of the properties of the wave increases,
decreases or stays the same as the wave passes into the shallow water.
Table 6.1
property effect
wavelength
frequency
speed
[3]
[Total: 8]
198 [Turn over

7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows a converging lens and the image I formed when an object is placed to the left
of the lens. The principal focuses are labelled A and B and the centre of the lens is labelled C.
(i) On Fig. 7.1, draw two rays to locate the position of the object.
Draw the object and label it O.
lens
A C B
I
Fig. 7.1
[3]
(ii) Ring all of the following distances that are equal to the focal length of the lens.
AB AC CB 2AB
[2]
199
(b) Fig. 7.2 shows green light passing through a triangular glass block.
Fig. 7.2
Red light enters the triangular glass block shown in Fig. 7.2 along the same path as the green
light.
(i) On Fig. 7.2, draw the path of the red light within the triangular glass block. [1]
Fig. 7.3 shows green light passing through a rectangular glass block.
Red light enters the rectangular glass block shown in Fig. 7.3 along the same path as the
green light.
Fig. 7.3
On Fig. 7.3:
(ii) draw the path of the red light within the rectangular glass block [1]
(iii) draw the path of the red light after leaving the rectangular glass block. [1]
[Total: 8]
200 [Turn over

8 Fig. 8.1 shows a circuit.
12 V
A 3.0 Ω
2.0 Ω
6.0 Ω
X Y
2.0 m
Fig. 8.1
The lamp has a resistance of 3.0 Ω. Line XY represents a uniform resistance wire of resistance
6.0 Ω.
(a) Calculate the reading on the ammeter.
ammeter reading = ........................................................ [2]
201
(b) Fig. 8.2 shows the circuit with a different connection to the resistance wire and an added
resistor. The length XY of the whole resistance wire is 2.0 m. The contact is made at Q where
the distance XQ is 0.60 m.
12 V
A 3.0 Ω
1.5 Ω 2.0 Ω
0.60 m
X Q Y
2.0 m
Fig. 8.2
Calculate the resistance of the circuit.
resistance = ........................................................ [4]
[Total: 6]
202 [Turn over

9 (a) State the name of the logic gate with the symbol shown in Fig. 9.1.
Fig. 9.1
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) State the name of the logic gate with the truth table shown in Table 9.1.
Table 9.1
input output
0 1
1 0
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Fig. 9.2 shows a digital circuit.
A C
E
B
Fig. 9.2
Complete the truth table in Table 9.2 for this circuit for all possible combinations of input.
Table 9.2
A B C D E
1 1
1 0
1 0
0 0
[4]
[Total: 6]
203
10 (a) Fig. 10.1 is a simplified top view of a flat coil. There is an alternating current (a.c.) in the coil.
Fig. 10.1
Describe the magnetic effect of this alternating current.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Fig. 10.2 shows a pan placed above the coil. The base of the pan is made of steel.
pan
coil
Fig. 10.2
State what quantity is induced in the base of the pan.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The pan contains water.
State and explain the effect of the quantity induced in part (b) on the temperature of the water
in the pan.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 6]
204 [Turn over

11 (a) The isotope hydrogen-1 has a proton number of 1 and a nucleon number of 1.
Two isotopes of helium are helium-3 and helium-4.
Helium-3 has a proton number of 2 and a nucleon number of 3.
Helium-4 has a nucleon number of 4.
Complete Table 11.1 for neutral atoms of these isotopes of helium.
Table 11.1
helium-3 helium-4
number of neutrons
number of electrons
mass compared to a neutral

atom of hydrogen-1
[3]
(b) An experiment takes place in a laboratory shielded from all background radiation. A sample
of radioactive material is wrapped in aluminium foil of thickness 0.1 mm. A detector of ionising
radiation placed 1 cm from the foil records a reading.
A piece of aluminium of thickness 5 mm is placed between the detector and the foil. The
detector reading drops to zero.
State and explain any type of radiation passing through the aluminium foil.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 6]
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
205
1 An aeroplane of mass 2.5 × 105 kg lands with a speed of 62 m / s, on a horizontal runway at time
t = 0. The aeroplane decelerates uniformly as it travels along the runway in a straight line until it
reaches a speed of 6.0 m / s at t = 35 s.
(a) Calculate:
(i) the deceleration of the aeroplane in the 35 s after it lands
deceleration = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) the resultant force acting on the aeroplane as it decelerates
force = ......................................................... [2]
(iii) the momentum of the aeroplane when its speed is 6.0 m / s.
momentum = ......................................................... [2]
(b) At t = 35 s, the aeroplane stops decelerating and moves along the runway at a constant speed
of 6.0 m / s for a further 15 s.
On Fig. 1.1, sketch the shape of the graph for the distance travelled by the aeroplane along
the runway between t = 0 and t = 50 s. You are not required to calculate distance values.
distance
0
0 35 50
time / s
Fig. 1.1
[3]
206
(c) As the aeroplane decelerates, its kinetic energy decreases.
Suggest what happens to this energy.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 10]
207 [Turn over

2 Fig. 2.1 is the extension–load graph for a light spring S.
30
extension / cm
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
load / N
Fig. 2.1
(a) State the range of loads for which S obeys Hooke’s law.
from ....................................................... to .......................................................... [1]
(b) Using information from Fig. 2.1, determine the spring constant k of spring S.
k = ......................................................... [2]
208
(c) A second spring, identical to spring S, is attached to spring S. The two springs are attached
to a rod, as shown in Fig. 2.2. A load of 4.0 N is suspended from the bottom of spring S. The
arrangement is in equilibrium.
rod
second spring
spring S
4.0 N load
Fig. 2.2
(i) State the name of the form of energy stored in the two springs when they are stretched.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Determine the extension of the arrangement in Fig. 2.2.
extension = ................................................... cm [1]
(iii) The load is carefully increased to 6.0 N in total.
Calculate the distance moved by the load to the new equilibrium position as the load
increases from 4.0 N to 6.0 N.
distance moved = ......................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
209 [Turn over

3 Fig. 3.1 shows gas trapped in the sealed end of a tube by a dense liquid.
open end
sealed
trapped gas end
cm3
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
dense liquid
Fig. 3.1
The scale marked on the sealed end of the tube is calibrated to read the volume of gas trapped
above the liquid surface. Fig. 3.1 shows that initially the volume V1 of the gas is 60 cm3.
The pressure of the atmosphere is 1.0 × 105 Pa.
(a) State how Fig. 3.1 shows that the pressure of the trapped gas is equal to the pressure of the
atmosphere.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Explain, in terms of the momentum of its molecules, why the trapped gas exerts a pressure
on the walls of the tube.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
210
(c) More of the dense liquid is poured into the open end of the tube. The level of the liquid surface
in both the sealed and the open ends of the tube rises as shown in Fig. 3.2. The temperature
of the trapped gas and atmospheric pressure both remain constant.
open end
15 cm
sealed
trapped gas end
cm3
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
dense liquid
Fig. 3.2
(i) In the sealed end of the tube, the volume V2 of the trapped gas is 50 cm3. In the open
end of the tube, the liquid surface is 15 cm above the new level in the sealed tube.
Calculate the pressure p2 of the trapped gas.
pressure p2 = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) Calculate the density of the liquid in the tube.
density = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
211 [Turn over

4 Water has a specific heat capacity of 4200 J / (kg °C) and a boiling point of 100 °C.
(a) State what is meant by boiling point.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A mass of 0.30 kg of water at its boiling point is poured into a copper container which is
initially at 11 °C. After a few seconds, the temperature of the container and the water are both
95 °C.
(i) Calculate the energy transferred from the water.
energy transferred = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) Calculate the thermal capacity of the copper container.
thermal capacity of the copper container = ......................................................... [2]
(iii) Water from the container evaporates and the temperature of the remaining water
decreases slowly.
Explain, in terms of molecules, why evaporation causes the temperature of the remaining
water to decrease.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 8]
212
5 The distance between the centre of a thin converging lens and each principal focus is 5.0 cm.
(a) Describe what is meant by the term principal focus for a thin converging lens.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The lens is used as a magnifying glass to produce an image I of an object O.
(i) Underline the terms that describe the nature of the image produced by a magnifying
glass. [2]
diminished enlarged inverted real same size upright virtual
(ii) Fig. 5.1 is a full-scale diagram of the lens and the image I.
centre of lens
1 cm
1 cm
Fig. 5.1 (full-scale)
1. On Fig. 5.1, mark both principal focuses and label each of them F. [1]
2. By drawing on Fig. 5.1, find the position of object O and add object O to the diagram.
[3]
(iii) Using Fig. 5.1, determine the distance of object O from the centre of the lens.
distance = ......................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]
213 [Turn over

6 The speed of sound in air is 340 m / s.
(a) Calculate the range of wavelengths for sounds that are audible by a healthy human ear.
wavelengths range from ................................. to ................................. [2]
(b) Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
Describe how a longitudinal wave differs from a transverse wave.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(c) Fig. 6.1 shows a band in front of a building.
Fig. 6.1
The drum produces a low frequency sound. Other musical instruments produce a high
frequency sound. These sounds are equally loud.
A young man at the side of the building hears the drum but not the high frequency sounds
from the other musical instruments.
Explain why this happens.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 8]
214
7 An electromagnet consists of a solenoid X that is made of copper wire. The solenoid contains an
iron core.
(a) Explain why:
(i) the structure of copper makes it a suitable material for the wire
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) iron is a suitable material for the core of an electromagnet.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Fig. 7.1 shows the electromagnet inside a second solenoid Y.
terminals of Y
solenoid X iron core
solenoid Y
a.c. power supply
Fig. 7.1
(i) Describe and explain what happens in solenoid Y when solenoid X is connected to an
alternating current (a.c.) power supply.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) A switch and a lamp are connected in series with the terminals of solenoid Y. When the
switch is closed, the lamp lights up at normal brightness.
Describe and explain what happens to the current in solenoid X when the switch is
closed.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
215 [Turn over
8 The power supply used in an electric vehicle contains 990 rechargeable cells each of electromotive
force (e.m.f.) 1.2 V.
The cells are contained in packs in which all the cells are in series with each other. The e.m.f. of
each pack is 54 V.
(a) Calculate the number of packs in the power supply.
number of packs = ......................................................... [2]
(b) When in use, each pack supplies a current of 3.5 A.
(i) Calculate the rate at which each cell is transferring chemical energy to electrical energy.
rate of energy transfer = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) The packs are connected in parallel to supply a large current to drive the electric vehicle.
Explain why it is necessary to use thick wires to carry this current.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 7]
216
9 (a) Describe how a digital signal differs from an analogue signal. You may draw a diagram.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) (i) In the appropriate box, draw the symbol for an AND gate and the symbol for an OR gate.
AND gate OR gate
[1]
(ii) State how the behaviour of an AND gate differs from that of an OR gate.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
217 [Turn over

(c) An arrangement of logic gates A, B and C is shown in Fig. 9.1. The arrangement has two
inputs, X and Y and two outputs P and Q.
X B
P
Y
Fig. 9.1
Output P of logic gate B has logic state 1 (high).
(i) Determine the logic states of the two inputs of logic gate B.
upper input = ...............................................................
lower input = ...............................................................

[1]
(ii) Determine and explain the logic state of output Q.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
logic state of Q = ......................................................... [3]
[Total: 8]
218
10 Fig. 10.1 represents a neutral atom of an isotope of element X.
Fig. 10.1
(a) State one similarity between this atom and a neutral atom of a different isotope of element X.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The isotope of element X is radioactive. It decays to form an isotope of element Y by emitting
a β-particle.
(i) Using Fig. 10.1 deduce the nuclide notation for the isotope of Y produced by this decay.
......
nuclide notation:
...... Y [3]
(ii) β-particles ionise the air they pass through less strongly than the same number of
α-particles.
Suggest why this is so.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 7]
219
1 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed–time graph of a person on a journey.
On the journey, he walks and then waits for a bus. He then travels by bus. He gets off the bus and
waits for two minutes. He then walks again. His journey takes 74 minutes.
50
speed
km / h
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
time / min
Fig. 1.1
(a) For the whole journey calculate:
(i) the distance travelled
distance = ......................................................... [3]
(ii) the average speed.
average speed = ......................................................... [2]
220
(b) State and explain which feature of a speed–time graph shows acceleration.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) State and explain the acceleration of the person at time = 40 minutes.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
221 [Turn over

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a train.
Fig. 2.1
The total mass of the train and its passengers is 750 000 kg. The train is travelling at a speed of
84 m / s. The driver applies the brakes and the train takes 80 s to slow down to a speed of 42 m / s.
(a) Calculate the impulse applied to the train as it slows down.
impulse = ......................................................... [3]
(b) Calculate the average resultant force applied to the train as it slows down.
force = ......................................................... [2]
(c) Suggest how the shape of the train helps it to travel at high speeds.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) The train took 80 s to reduce its speed from 84 m / s to 42 m / s. Explain why, with the same
braking force, the train takes more than 80 s to reduce its speed from 42 m / s to zero.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) On a wet day, the train travels a greater distance before it stops along the same track. The
train has the same speed of 84 m / s before the brakes are applied.
Suggest a reason for this.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]
222
3 (a) A solar panel receives energy from the Sun at a rate of 5.0 kW.
Thermal energy is transferred from the solar panel to water with an efficiency of 20%.
Cold water of mass 15 kg enters the solar panel every hour.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).
Calculate the temperature increase of the water.
temperature increase = .....................................................°C [4]
(b) State and explain one advantage and one disadvantage of heating the water in a solar panel
compared with heating the water in a coal-burning boiler.
advantage .................................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
disadvantage ............................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 8]
223 [Turn over

4 Fig. 4.1 shows a liquid-in-glass thermometer without a temperature scale.
The liquid inside the thermometer has a melting point of –39 °C.
Fig. 4.1
(a) Describe simple experiments to mark the positions of the fixed points on this liquid-in-glass
thermometer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(b) A scientist is measuring temperatures at the South Pole. These temperatures have a minimum
value of –90 °C.
State why the liquid used in the thermometer in Fig. 4.1 would not be suitable for this scientist.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) State a design change that:
(i) increases the sensitivity of a liquid-in-glass thermometer
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) increases the range of a liquid-in-glass thermometer.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) State the property of the liquid which ensures that the scale on a liquid-in-glass thermometer
is linear.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]
224
5 Fig. 5.1 shows crests of a wave approaching a barrier where the wave is reflected.
direction of travel of wave
crest
barrier
Fig. 5.1
(a) On Fig. 5.1, draw three crests of the reflected wave. [3]
(b) The wave has a wavelength of 36 cm and a speed of 1.2 m / s.
Calculate the frequency of the wave.
frequency = ......................................................... [3]
(c) Complete the following sentences.
An echo is the name for a reflected .................................................................. wave.
The waves that form an echo are a type of longitudinal wave. Longitudinal waves are made
up of .................................................................. and rarefactions.

[2]
[Total: 8]
225 [Turn over

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows an arrangement of glass prisms inside a box. The angles of the prisms are
45°, 45° and 90°.
box
prism 1
incident
ray of light
wall prism 2
eye
This is a device used to view objects that are behind a wall.

The incident ray of light undergoes total internal reflection in the prisms.
On Fig. 6.1, complete the path of the ray through the device and show the ray as it emerges
from the box. [3]
(b) Show that the refractive index of glass with a critical angle of 45° is 1.41.
[2]
[Total: 5]
226
7 (a) A student makes a transformer that uses an alternating current (a.c.) supply with an
electromotive force (e.m.f.) of 12.0 V to induce an output potential difference (p.d.) of 2.0 V.
The student is provided with two lengths of insulated wire and the U-shaped piece of iron
shown in Fig. 7.1.
iron
Fig. 7.1
(i) Complete and label Fig. 7.1 to show the transformer connected to the supply and the
output from the transformer. [3]
(ii) Explain the function of the piece of iron in the transformer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) The output of the transformer is connected to a lamp. The current in the lamp is 100 mA.
The transformer is 100% efficient.
Calculate the input current to the transformer.
current = ......................................................... [2]
(b) Another transformer is used in a school laboratory to step down a mains supply with a p.d. of
110 V to 12 V. This transformer is mounted in a metal case.
State and explain an essential safety feature required for this arrangement.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
227 [Turn over

8 (a) A light-emitting diode (LED) is a diode that emits light when there is a current in it. Draw a
circuit diagram showing an LED, connected so that it is lit, in series with a battery and a fixed
resistor. Use standard electrical symbols.
[4]
(b) The p.d. across the LED when lit is 3.1 V and the current in the LED is 0.030 A.
Calculate the value of the resistance of the LED when lit.
resistance = ......................................................... [2]
(c) Fig. 8.1 shows a power supply of e.m.f. 10.5 V connected in series with a lamp and a heater.
The p.d. across the lamp is 2.1 V and the current in the lamp is 1.5 A.
Fig. 8.1
Calculate:
(i) the resistance of the heater
resistance = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) the power of the heater.
power = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]
228
9 (a) Complete the truth table shown in Table 9.1 for a NAND gate.
Table 9.1
input 1 input 2 output

0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
[1]
(b) The circuit shown in Fig. 9.1 contains two different types of gate, labelled X and Y.
A C
X
B
X E
Y D
Fig. 9.1
Table 9.2 shows a partially completed truth table for this circuit.
Table 9.2
input intermediate point output

A B C D E
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1
(i) From Table 9.2, deduce the name of logic gate Y.
Ring your answer from the list.
AND NAND NOR NOT OR [1]
(ii) Complete the truth table in Table 9.2. [2]
(c) There is a current of 3.0 A in a copper wire. Calculate how many electrons pass through the
copper wire every 60 s. The charge on an electron is 1.6 × 10–19 C.
number of electrons = ......................................................... [3]
[Total: 7]
229 [Turn over
10 Fig. 10.1 shows a vacuum tube with a radioactive source. The radioactive source emits α-particles,
β-particles and γ -rays. There is a very strong magnetic field between the N pole and the S pole of
the magnet.
lead cylinder with narrow
vacuum central hole
radioactive source
N
S
α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays
Fig. 10.1
(a) The lead cylinder has a narrow central hole. State and explain the effect of the lead cylinder.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Describe the paths of the α-particles, β-particles and γ -rays as they pass through the magnetic
field. Explain your answers.
(i) α-particles
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) β-particles
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) γ -rays
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
230
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Fig. 1.1 shows two speed–time graphs, A and B, and two distance–time graphs, C and D.
speed speed
A
B
0 0
0 time 0 time
distance distance
C
D
0 0
0 time 0 time
Fig. 1.1
Describe the motion shown by:
(i) graph A ..............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) graph B ..............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) graph C .............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) graph D. ............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
231
2 A scientist fills a container with sea water. The container has dimensions 30 cm × 30 cm × 40 cm.
The density of sea water is 1020 kg / m3.
(a) Calculate the mass of the sea water in the container.
mass = ......................................................... [3]
(b) Fig. 2.1 shows a submarine. The submarine is fully submerged in the sea.
hatch
top surface
submarine
Fig. 2.1
(i) The atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa and the total pressure on the top surface of the
submarine is 500 kPa.
Calculate the depth of the top surface of the submarine below the surface of the sea.
depth = ......................................................... [3]
(ii) A hatch (an opening door) on the top surface of the submarine has an area of 0.62 m2.
Calculate the downward force on the hatch due to the total pressure on the top surface
of the submarine.
force = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
232 [Turn over

3 In a double-decker bus there are two passenger compartments, one above the other.
(a) Fig. 3.1 shows a double-decker bus on a tilted platform.
top compartment
bottom compartment
platform
angle
Fig. 3.1
The platform is used to test the stability of the bus.
The angle the bus makes with the horizontal is gradually increased until the bus begins to
topple to the left.
Explain why the bus begins to topple.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) There are 30 passengers in the upper compartment of the bus and 2 passengers in the
bottom compartment of the bus.
State how this affects the stability of the bus and the reason for this.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
233
(c) A bus is travelling along a straight road. The bus and the driver have a combined mass of
16 000 kg when there are no passengers in it. The bus has 73 passengers. The average
mass of each of the passengers is 65 kg.
(i) Calculate the total mass of the bus, the driver and the 73 passengers.
mass = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) The fully loaded bus accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 14 m / s. The time
taken to reach a speed of 14 m / s is 20 s.
Calculate the resultant force on the bus during the acceleration.
force = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 7]
234 [Turn over

4 (a) Describe, in terms of molecules, what happens when a liquid evaporates.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows wet clothes drying on a washing line in an outside area.
washing line
Fig. 4.1
State two changes in the weather that help the wet clothes to dry more quickly.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 6]
235
5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows a plastic cup. The cup contains sand, an electric heater and a thermometer.
thermometer
electric
plastic heater
cup sand
Fig. 5.1
The power of the heater is 50 W. The mass of the sand in the cup is 550 g. The initial
temperature of the sand is 20 °C. The heater is switched on for 2.0 minutes. The temperature
is recorded until the temperature stops increasing. The highest temperature recorded by the
thermometer is 33 °C.
(i) Calculate the energy supplied by the heater.
energy = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) Calculate a value for the specific heat capacity of the sand, using your answer to (a)(i)
and the data in the question.
specific heat capacity = ......................................................... [3]
(iii) Explain why the specific heat capacity of sand may be different from the value calculated
in (a)(ii).
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
236 [Turn over

(b) On a sunny day, the temperature of the sand on a beach is much higher than the temperature
of the sea.
Explain why.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of a thermocouple thermometer.
[3]
[Total: 12]
237
6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows crests of a sound wave after reflection from a solid surface.
direction
of travel of
reflected
wave
solid surface
Fig. 6.1
On Fig. 6.1, draw three crests of the incident wave. [3]
(b) Tick four statements in the list below that are false for a sound wave that is audible to a
healthy human ear.
The wave is longitudinal.
The wave is transverse.
The frequency of the wave is 1 Hz.
The frequency of the wave is 1 kHz.
The frequency of the wave is 1 MHz.
The wave travels in a vacuum.
The wave could travel in aluminium.

[3]
(c) State a typical value for the speed of a sound wave in water.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
238 [Turn over

7 Fig. 7.1 shows red light travelling from air into a prism made of diamond. The path of the red light
is incomplete.
A
y
x
40°
ray of
red light
diamond
(a) The refractive index of diamond is 2.42.
Calculate angle x.
angle x = ......................................................... [2]
(b) Explain the term total internal reflection.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(c) The angle y is greater than the critical angle of diamond.
On Fig. 7.1, draw the path of the red light through and out of the prism after point A. [2]
[Total: 7]
239
8 (a) (i) Describe what is meant by an electric field.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State what is meant by the direction of an electric field.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 8.1 shows a polystyrene ball covered with aluminium paint. The polystyrene ball is
suspended between two charged metal plates by an insulated thread.
insulated thread
negatively charged
metal plate
positively
charged
metal plate polystyrene ball
covered with
aluminium paint
Fig. 8.1
The ball oscillates between the two charged plates.
Explain why the ball oscillates.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(c) There is a current of 0.29 A in an electrical circuit.
Calculate the time taken for a charge of 15 C to flow through the electrical circuit.
time = ......................................................... [3]
[Total: 9]
240 [Turn over

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a simple direct current (d.c.) electric motor. The coil rotates about the axis when
there is a current in the coil. The coil is connected to the rest of the circuit by the brushes.
axis
coil
S
N
brush
brush
+ –
Fig. 9.1
(a) (i) On Fig. 9.1, draw a pair of arrows to show which way the coil rotates. Explain the direction
you have chosen.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) On Fig. 9.1, draw an arrow to show the direction in which electrons flow through the coil.
[1]
(iii) Explain why the electrons flow in the direction you have shown in (a)(ii).
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
241
(b) State any difference each of the following changes makes to the rotation of the coil in
Fig. 9.1:
(i) changing the polarity of the power supply to that shown in Fig. 9.2
– +
Fig. 9.2
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) changing the coil to the new coil shown in Fig. 9.3
original coil new coil
Fig. 9.3
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) using a stronger magnetic field.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]
242 [Turn over

10 (a) A radioactive nucleus of carbon decays to a nucleus of nitrogen by emitting a particle.
Complete the nuclide equation and state the name of the particle.
14 C 14 N + ..... X
6 7 .....
name of particle X …………………………………………….. [3]
(b) A radiation detector in a laboratory records a reading of 10 counts / min. There are no
radioactive samples in the laboratory.
(i) Explain why the radiation detector records a reading and suggest a possible source.
explanation ....................................................
source ...............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5700 years. There are atoms of carbon-14 in all living
organisms.
An archaeologist digs up some ancient wood. In the same laboratory as in (b)(i), a

sample of this ancient wood gives a reading of 20 counts / min. An equivalent sample of
living wood gives a reading of 80 counts / min. It is suggested that the age of the ancient
sample is 11 400 years.
Do a calculation to check whether this suggestion is correct.
[4]
[Total: 9]
243

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Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

Candidates answer on the Question Paper.

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Answer all questions.

This document consists of 16 printed pages.

On Fig. 1.1, draw graphs for an object that is

(i) moving with constant speed, labelling the graph A,

(ii) moving with decreasing speed, labelling the graph B. [2]

On Fig. 1.2, draw graphs for an object that is

(i) moving with constant acceleration, labelling the graph S,

(ii) moving with increasing acceleration, labelling the graph T. [2]

constant forward force = 56 000 N

(i) the change of momentum of the car,

change of momentum = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) the average force acting on the car.

average force = ...........................................................[2]

State the conditions which must be true if the object

(i) does not accelerate,

(ii) does not rotate.

Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

(ii) the tension T1,

(iii) the tension T2.

glass cylinder bulb D, label: 26 °C

State the possible temperature range of the water in the cylinder.

(ii) Suggest why the graph is steeper at point C than at point A.

glass tube glass tube

Fig. 7.1 is drawn full size.

focal length = ...........................................................[1]

(i) State the difference between transformer X and transformer Y.

(i) from 0 V to 1.0 V,

(ii) from 1.0 V to 8.0 V.

(b) At normal brightness, the p.d. across the lamp is 8.0 V.

Calculate, for normal brightness,

(i) the resistance of the lamp,

(ii) the power of the lamp.

(i) the electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the power supply,

(ii) the current from the power supply.

Calculate the energy transferred during the lightning flash.

(iii) Suggest what happens to the energy calculated in (b)(ii).

Fig. 11.1 (not to scale)

The initial count rate recorded by the detector is 150 counts / s.

α-particles ................................................ counts / s

β-particles ................................................ counts / s

γ-rays ................................................ counts / s

(a) Explain what is meant by deceleration.

(b) Use Fig. 1.1 to determine

(i) the distance travelled between times t = 3.0 s and t = 6.0 s,

(i) the impulse of the force acting on the ball,

(ii) the mass of the ball,

(i) State what is meant by the term weight.

(ii) Calculate the weight of the equipment on the planet.

dull black surface polished shiny surface

(c) Fig. 4.2 shows a firefighter wearing shiny silver-coloured clothing.

State the benefit to a firefighter of wearing shiny silver-coloured clothing.

(i) less than the critical angle of the glass,

(ii) greater than the critical angle of the glass.

Fig. 6.1 (not to scale)