MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
3RD Periodical Examination – Reviewer
LITERACY
• The ability to identify, understand, interpret,
create, communicate, and compute, using
printed and written materials associated with
varying contexts.
• Literacy involves a continuum of learning,
wherein individuals can achieve their goals,
develop their knowledge and potential, and
participate fully in their community and wider
society.
COMMUNICATION
• a process by which information is exchanged
between individuals through a common system
of symbols, signs, or behavior.
Examples of communication
• Conversation - Person-to-person interaction uses
one’s voice as a tool to deliver the message.
• Public Speaking - One-to-many interactions use
one’s voice as the tool to deliver the message to
a large number of people, at any given time.
• Documents/Letters/Mails - Written messages in
whatever form, usually on paper and print.
• Visual Art - Messages rendered in the form of
paintings, drawings, photography, videos,
images, and the like, convey specific emotion,
idea, or thought.
• Physical Medium - Physical things such as
tarpaulin billboards, posters, in-package
information contained in product packaging, and
the like.
• Digital/Interactive - Digital and electronic means
to convey messages such as websites or
computer applications, primarily by the use of
the internet.
MEDIA
• These are physical objects used to communicate
messages.
made by: jc cutie
• Example of Media:
1. Television
2. Radio
3. Computers
4. Newspaper
5. Smartphones
6. Internet
7. Online video channels
8. Sort of social media
Media as a source of information
• If the use of the media provides knowledge and
information about something.
• Example: newspaper, books
Media as a medium of information
• If media is used as a channel to convey
information.
• Example: telephone, two-way radio
MEDIA LITERACY
• The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and
create media in a variety of forms.
• It aims to empower citizens by providing them
with the competencies (knowledge and skills)
necessary to engage with traditional media and
new technologies.
INFORMATION
• A broad term that covers processed data,
knowledge derived from study, experience,
instruction, signals, or symbols.
INFORMATION LITERACY
• The ability to recognize when information is
needed, and to locate, evaluate, and effectively
communicate information in its various formats.
• It is a set of individual competencies needed to
identify, evaluate and use information in the
most ethical, efficient, and effective way across
all domains, occupations, and professions.
LESSON 2: THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL MEDIA TO 1. Computing Devices
NEW MEDIA 2. Social Media
3. Cloud Computing
PRE-HISTORIC AGE (Before the 1700s)
4. Wearable Devices
• People discovered fire, developed paper from
TRADITIONAL MEDIA VS NEW MEDIA
plants, and cast instrumentality or weapons
through stone, bronze, copper, and iron. Traditional Media New Media
• Media form during the pre-historic age • Media • Media experience is
1. Cave painting (3500 BC) experience is more interactive.
2. Clay tablet in Mesopotamia (2400 BC) limited. • Audiences are more
3. Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC) • One- involved and can send
4. Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC) directional feedback
5. Dibao in China (2nd Century) • Sense simultaneously.
receptors used • Integrates all the
INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700-1930) are very aspects of traditional
specific. media.
• People used the power of steam, developed
machine tools, established iron production and
manufacturing of various products. LESSON 3: TYPES OF MEDIA
• Media form during the industrial age MEDIA
1. A printing press for mass production
(19th century) • Media is the term we use to refer to different
2. Newspapers – The London Gazette types of media that provide us with important
(1640) information and knowledge.
3. Typewriter (1800)
PRINT MEDIA
4. Telephone (876)
5. Motion picture photography (1890) • Oldest type of media
• Media consisting of paper and ink, reproduced
ELECTRONIC AGE (1930-1980)
in a printing process that is traditionally
• The invention of the transistor ushered in the mechanical.
electronic age. People harnessed the power of • Print Media includes:
transistors that led to the transistor radio, 1. Newspapers – printed and distributed
electronic circuits, and early computers. In this on a daily or weekly basis.
age, long-distance communication became more 2. Magazines – printed on a weekly,
efficient. monthly, quarterly, or annual basis
• Media form during the electronic age 3. Books – focused on a particular topic or
1. Transistor Radio subject, giving the reader a chance to
2. Television (1941) spread the knowledge about their
3. Large electronic computers favorite topic.
4. Mainframe computers 4. Banners – used to advertise a
5. Over Head Projector (OHP) company’s services and products, hung
on easily-noticed sights to attract
INFORMATION AGE (1980-PRESENT)
people’s attention.
• The Internet paved the way for faster 5. Billboards – huge advertisements
communication and the creation of created with the help of computers.
social networks. People advanced the 6. Brochures – a type of booklet that
use of microelectronics with the includes everything about one company
invention of personal computers, mobile 7. Flyers – used mostly by small companies
devices, and wearable technology. due to the low cost of advertising.
• Media form during the information age
BROADCAST MEDIA
• Media such as radio and television that reach
target audiences using airwaves as the
transmission medium.
• Technically, the term ‘broadcast media’ can
include the internet as well and even such
things as Bluetooth marketing and other forms
of location-based transmissions.
FILM/CINEMA
• The Term ‘Film’ is commonly applied to movies
of an artistic or educational nature and is not
expected to have broad, commercial appeal.
• It is a series of images, which when displayed on
screen, create an illusion of moving images by
the phi phenomenon.
VIDEO GAMES / DIGITAL GAMES
• Any of various interactive games played using a
specialized electronic gaming device or a
computer or mobile device and a television or
other display screen, along with a means to
control graphic images.
NEW MEDIA
• Defines “new media” as “forms of
communicating in the digital world, which
includes publishing most significantly, over the
Internet.
• Content organized and distributed on digital
platforms.
MEDIA CONVERGENCE
• The merging of previously distinct media
technologies and media forms due to
digitization and computer networking.
• An economic strategy in which the media
properties owned by communications
companies employ digitization and computer
networking to work together.
• The co-existence of traditional and new media.
MASS MEDIA
• Refers to the various ways, especially television,
radio, newspapers, and magazines, by which
information and news are given to large
numbers of people.
MEDIA EFFECTS
• Third-party Theory - People think they are more
immune to media influence than others.
Behavioral hypothesis predicts that third-person
perception (i.e., seeing others as more
influenced) will lead to support for restrictions
on media messages.
• Reciprocal Effect - When a person or event gets
media attention, it influences the way the
person acts or the way the event functions.
• Boomerang Effect - Refers to media-induced
change that is counter to the desired change.
• Cultivation Theory (George Gerbner) - It state
media exposure, specifically to television,
shapes our social reality by giving us a distorted
view on the amount of violence and risk in the
world.
• Agenda-setting Theory (Lippman/McCombs and
Shaw - Process whereby the mass media
determine what we think and worry about.
• Propaganda - Ideas or statements that are often
false or exaggerated and that are spread in
order to help a cause, a political leader, a
government, etc.
LESSON 4: MEDIA & INFORMATION SOURCES
LIBRARY
• A place in which literary, musical, artistic, or
reference materials (such as books,
manuscripts, recordings, or films) are kept for
use but not for sale.
• The library may be either digital or physical in
form.
• Types of a library:
1. Academic library
2. Public library
3. School library
4. Special library
Types of Sources
1. Books
• In-depth, detailed coverage of a topic
and background information
• Can take years to publish, so may not
always include the most current
information
2. Reference Books
• Include facts, figures, addresses, statistics,
definitions, dates, etc.
• Useful for finding factual or statistical
information or for a brief overview of a
particular topic.
• Example: dictionaries, encyclopedias, directories
3. Newspapers
• Up-to-date, national and regional information
for a general audience.
• Provides very current information about events,
people, or places at the time they are published.
• Example: The New York Times, Manila Bulletin,
Philippine Star, Daily Inquirer.
4. Magazine
• Broad summaries of an issue for a general
audience.
• Include articles on diverse topics of popular
interest and current events.
• Examples: Times, Newsweek, National
Geographic
5. Academic Journal
• Include articles written by and for
specialists/experts in a particular field.
• Articles must go through a peer-review process
before they are accepted for publication.
• Examples: Journal of Communication, The
Historian, Journal of the American Medical
Association
INTERNET
• Wide variety of information.
• An electronic communications network that
connects computer networks and organizational
computer facilities around the world.
• Example: Google.com, Facebook.com
INDIGENOUS MEDIA & INFORMATION
• Original information created by a local group of
people.
• This also refers to content about indigenous
peoples that may be distributed through
dominant forms of media or forms of
communication unique to their people group.
Forms of Indigenous Media
• Folk or traditional media
• Gatherings and social organizations
• Direct observation
• Records – may be written, carved, or oral
• Oral instruction
Indigenous Knowledge
• The knowledge that is unique to a given culture
or society.
• Most often it is not written down
• Local knowledge
Characteristics of Indigenous Knowledge
• the oral tradition of communication
• store information in memories
• information exchange is face to face
• information is contained within the border of
the community
Indigenous Communication
• Transmission of information through local
channels or forms.
• It is a means by which culture is preserved,
handed down, and adapted.
Indigenous
• native; local; originating or produced naturally
in a particular region.
EVALUATING INFORMATION
1. Accuracy - Content is grammatically correct,
verifiable, and cited when necessary.
2. Relevance - Content is relevant to your topic or
research
3. Author - Defines who created the content, the
individual or group’s credentials/ expertise, and
provides contact information.
4. Currency - Information is current and updated
frequently.
5. Fairness - Content is balanced, presenting all sides of
an issue and multiple points-of-view
LESSON 5: MEDIA CODES, CONVENTIONS, & MESSAGES Types of Conventions

LANGUAGE 1. Form Conventions

• It pertains to the technical and symbolic
ingredients or codes and conventions that
media and information professionals may select
and use to communicate ideas, information and
knowledge.
MEDIA LANGUAGES
• Codes, conventions, formats, symbols, and
2. Story Conventions
narrative structures that indicate the meaning
of media messages to an audience.
CODES
• Systems of signs which, when put together,
create meaning.
• These are the specific ways we expect types of
media codes to be arranged.
• Newspapers will have the headline of the most
important news on the front page and sports
news on the back page.
• Video games usually start with a tutorial to
explain how the game works.
• These are common narrative structures and
understandings common in storytelling media
products.
• Examples: narrative structures, cause and effect,
character construction, point of view

Types of Media Codes 3. Genre Conventions

1. Symbolic codes • Point to the common use of images, characters,

settings, or themes in a particular type of
• systems of signs which, when put together,
medium.
create meaning
• Genre conventions are closely linked with
• Symbolic codes in media include setting, mise
audience expectations.
en scene, acting, and color.
• Genre conventions are closely linked with
2. Technical codes audience expectations.

• They may include, for example, ominous music

to communicate danger in a feature film or
high-angle camera shots to create a feeling of
power in a photograph.
• Technical codes in media may include
Camerawork, Editing, Audio, and Lighting.

3. Written codes

• These are the formal written language used in a

media product.
• Written codes include printed language, the text
you can see within the frame and how it is
presented, and spoken language, including
dialogue and song lyrics.

CONVENTIONS

• These accepted ways of using media codes.

• Conventions are closely connected to the
audience’s expectations of a media product.
• Different conventions include form conventions,
story conventions, and genre conventions.