第3章 連續波－角度調變 3-1

第3章 連續波－角度調變
§3-1 角度調變

一、調變信號

S (t ) = Ac cos[θ i (t )]
= Ac cos[2πf c t + φ (t )]
瞬時相位： θi (t ) = 2πf ct + φ (t )
1 dθi (t ) 1 dφ (t )
瞬時頻率： f i (t ) = = fc +
2π dt 2π dt
1. 基本觀念： θi (t ) f i (t )
(1) 未調變信號： 2πf ct fc

(2) PM 調變： 2π f c t fc

(3) FM 調變： 2πf ct fc

2. PM v.s. FM
(1)
m(t ) t v(t ) PM
∫ 0
dτ
MOD
FM波

t
θi (t ) = 2πf ct + k p ∫ m(τ )dτ
0
t
= 2πf ct + 2πk f ∫ m(τ )dτ
0

(2)
m(t ) d v(t ) FM
PM波
dt MOD

dm
f i (t ) = f c + k f
dt
k p dm
= fc +
2π dt
3-2 111 通訊筆記

範 例 1◎

As illustrated in the following plot, (a) is the carrier wave and (b) is the sinusoidal
modulating signal please explain
(1) Which is the phase modulated signal?
(2) Which is the frequency modulated signal?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

【92 中山電機己】

解 思考 基本觀念： θi (t ) f i (t )
(1) 未調變信號： 2πf ct fc
k p dm(t )
(2) PM 調變： 2π f c t + k p m(t ) fc +
2π dt
t
(3) FM 調變： 2π f c t + 2π k f ∫ m(τ )dτ f c + k f m(t )

(1) S PM (t ) = Ac cos(2πf c t + k p m(t ))

θi (t ) = 2π f c t + k p m(t )
k p dm
f i (t ) = f c + → →選(d)
2π dt
t
(2) S FM (t ) = Ac cos(2πf c t + 2πk f ∫ m(τ )dτ )
0

f i (t ) = f c + k f m(t ) →選(e)
 第3章 連續波－角度調變 3-3

測驗題

二、FM 及 PM 信號與頻譜：
1. 信號：
S (t ) = Ac cos[2πf ct + φ (t )] = Re{ Ac e j 2πf c t e jφ ( t ) }
(1) S PM (t ) = Ac cos[2πf ct + k p m(t )]
t
(2) S FM (t ) = Ac cos[2πf ct + 2πk f ∫ m(τ )dτ ]
0

2. 頻譜：
 j 2πf c t  φ 2 (t ) φ 3 (t ) 
S (t ) = Re  Ac e 1 + jφ (t ) − 2! − j 3! +  
  
φ (t )
2
= Ac cos(2πf ct ) − Acφ (t ) sin( 2πf ct ) − Ac cos(2πf ct ) + 
2!
F .T .
1 
⇒ S ( f ) = Ac  [δ ( f − f c ) + δ ( f + f c )] ：載波
 2 
1 
− Ac  [Φ1 ( f − f c ) − Φ1 ( f + f c )] ：調變項
2 j 
Ac  1 
−  [Φ 2 ( f − f c ) + Φ 2 ( f + f c )]
2 2 
+ ...
其中 Φ k ( f ) = F{φ k (t )} = Φ1 ( f ) ∗ ... ∗ Φ1 ( f )
3-4 111 通訊筆記

3. 窄帶角度調變：若 | φ (t ) | max << 1

則 S (t ) ~ Ac cos(2πf ct ) − Acφ (t ) sin(2πf ct )

(1) S NBPM (t ) = Ac cos(2πf ct ) − Ac k p m(t ) sin( 2πf ct )

t
(2) S NBFM (t ) = Ac cos(2πf ct ) − Ac {2πk f ∫ m(τ )dτ }sin( 2πf ct )

相位圖 AM v.s. PM/FM

測驗題 Which of the following statements is correct?

(a) An FM modulator is equivalent to a differentiator followed by a PM modulator.

(b) A PM modulator is equivalent to an integrator followed by an FM modulator.
(c) An FM modulator is equivalent to an integrator followed by a PM modulator.
(d) An FM modulator is equivalent to a limiter followed by a PM modulator.
(e) None of the above. (5%)【109 中正電機、通訊甲】
測驗題

解答 (B)
 第3章 連續波－角度調變 3-5

三、單頻（Single tone）FM 頻譜： 【97 台大電信】【97 長庚電機】

1. m(t ) = Am cos(2πf m t )
t k f Am
φ (t ) = 2πk f ∫ m(τ )dτ = sin( 2πf mt ) = β sin( 2πf mt )
fm
k f Am ∆f
其中 β = =
：Modulation index v.s µ for AM 調變
fm fm
∆f = | f i (t ) − f c |max = k f Am ：frequency deviation max.頻偏極值
若(1) β << 1 ，稱 NBFM (2) β >> 1 ，稱 WBFM
S (t ) = Re{ Ac e j 2πf c t e jβ sin( 2πf m t ) }

2. 頻譜：
~
S (t ) = Re{S (t )e j 2πf c t }
~ 1
(1) S (t ) = Ac e jβ sin( 2πf m t ) ：complex envelope，為 T = ：週期函數
fm
∞
= ∑c e
n = −∞
n
j 2πfnf m t

T
1 ~
T∫
cn = 2
T S (t )e − j 2πnf m t dt
−
2
1

= f ∫ Ac e j[ β sin(2π fmt ) − n 2π fmt ]dt

2 fm
m −1
2 fm

↓ 令 θ = 2πf mt ， dθ = 2πf m dt
A π
= c ∫ e j[ β sin θ − nθ ]dθ = Ac J n ( β )
2π −π
2k + n
(−1) k  x ∞
1 π
工數復習： J n ( x) ≡ ∑   = ∫ πe
j ( x sin θ − nθ
)dθ ：Bessel 函數
k = 0 k!Γ ( k + n + 1)  2  2π −

(i) J n ( x) = (−1) n J − n ( x)
∞
(ii) ∑J
n = −∞
2
n ( x) = 1

x
(iii) x << 1 → J 0 ( x) ~ 1 ； J1 ( x) ~
； J n (x) ~ 0 for n > 2
2
2  π nπ 
(iv) x >> 1 → J n ( x) ~ cos x − − 
πx  4 2 
 ∞

(2) S (t ) = Re Ac ∑ J n ( β )e j 2πnf m t e j 2πf c t 
 n = −∞ 
∞
= Ac ∑J
n = −∞
n ( β ) cos[2π ( f c + nf m )t ]
∞
Ac
F→

.T .
S( f ) =
2
∑J
n = −∞
n ( β ){δ [ f − ( f c + nf m )] + δ [ f + ( f c + nf m )]}
3-6 111 通訊筆記

習作 PM 訊號：
S (t ) = Ac cos(2π f c t + k p Am cos(2π f mt )) = Ac cos(2π f c t + β p cos(2π f mt ))
↔ S( f ) = ?

3. FM 之頻寬需求：
(1) Carson’s Rule：
BT ~ 2( β + 1) f m ： ≥ 98% 功率含在 BT 內 for single tone

對任意訊號 m(t ) ，頻寬為 W

∆f
D≡ ：deviation ratio (~ β ：modulation index)
W
BT ~ 2( D + 1)W
(2) 通用法則
若 nmax 為使得 | J n ( β ) | > 0.01 之最大整數 n

則 BT ~ 2nmax f m ~ 2nmaxW

累了嗎? 起來運動一下喔~

龍哥愛說笑~
一對男女走進一家高級服飾店，女的正對一件風衣愛不釋手的欣賞著~
店員小聲地問老闆：『你猜他會不會買給她? 』
老闆看了男生左手無名指上所戴的戒指，以非常肯定的語氣回答：
『鐵定不會，他們已經結婚了~』 龍哥點頭如搗蒜~哈哈
 第3章 連續波－角度調變 3-7

測驗題 For both FM and PM with sinusoidal message signal, we have

u (t ) = Ac cos(2πf c t + β sin( 2πf m t )) . Let J n ( β ) be the Bessel function of the
first kind of order n. What is the Fourier transform of u (t ) ?
Ac
∑
∞
(a) n = −∞
J n ( β )(δ ( f − nf m ) + δ ( f + nf m ))
2
∑
∞
(b) n = −∞
Ac J n ( β ) cos(2π ( f c + nf m ))
Ac
∑
∞
(c) n = −∞
J n ( β )(δ ( f − f c − nf m ) + δ ( f + f c + nf m ))
2
∑
∞
(d) n = −∞
Ac J n ( β ) sin( 2π ( f c + nf m ))

(e) None of the above. (5%)【108 中正通訊甲、電機信號媒體】

範 例 2◎
An angle modulated signal has the form
u (t ) = 100 cos[2πf ct + 4 sin( 2000πt )] where f c = 10 MHz.

(a) Determine the average transmitted power. (4%)

(b) Determine the peak-phase deviation. (4%)
(c) Determine the peak-frequency deviation. (4%)
(d) Is this a frequency modulation or a phase modulation signal? Explain. (4%)
【103 台大電信】
3-8 111 通訊筆記

範 例 3◎
A 1-MHz carrier is frequency-modulated by a single tone of frequency 2 kHz, resulting
in the peak frequency deviation of 10 kHz.
(a) What is the bandwidth occupied by the modulated signal? (10%)
(b)If the amplitude of the modulating sinusoidal signal is increased by a factor of 3 and
its frequency is decreased to 1 kHz, how is the bandwidth of the modulated signal
modified? (10%) 【107 中興通訊】

範 例 5◎
An angle-modulated signal is described by
xc (t ) = 10 cos[2π (10 6 )t + 0.1sin(103 )πt ] .
(a) Consider xc (t ) as a PM signal with its phase deviation constant k p = 10 . Find
modulating signal m(t ) . (10%)
(b)Consider xc (t ) as an FM signal with its frequency deviation constant k f = 10π . Find
modulating signal m(t ) . (10%) 【107 成大工科】
 第3章 連續波－角度調變 3-9

測驗題 The message signal m(t ) = 10 sin c(400t ) frequency modulates

the carrier c(t ) = 100 cos 2πf c t . The modulation index β f is 6, where we
k f max[| m(t ) |]
have β f = .
W
(a) Write an expression for the modulated signal u(t ) . (7%)
(b) What is the maximum frequency deviation of the modulated signal?
(7%)
(c) What is the power content of the modulated signal? (7%)
(d) Find the bandwidth of the modulated signal. (9%) 【109 成大工科】

範 例 2 ◎◎
An FM modulator output signal is expressed by Φ FM (t ) = 10 sin[ 2π f c t
t
+ 2π f d ∫ 0
m(α )dα ] , where f d = 480 and m(t ) = 0.5 sin(2π 30t )

(1) Determine the value of the modulation index β.

(2) What is the maximum frequency deviation of the modulated signal?
(3) Estimate the bandwidth by using the Carson’s rule.
(4) Estimate the bandwidth by using the universal rule with 1 percent of the carrier
amplitude.
(5) Estimate the bandwidth such that the power ratio is Pr ≥ 0.9 (See table 1)
Table 1: Table of Bessel Functions
J n (x)
x
0.5 1 2 3 5 6 8 10 12
n
0 0.9385 0.7652 0.2239 −0.2601 −0.3971 0.1506 0.1717 −0.2459 0.0477
1 0.2423 0.4401 0.5767 0.3391 −0.0660 −0.2767 0.2346 0.0435 −0.2234
2 0.0306 0.1149 0.8528 0.4861 0.3641 0.2429 −0.1130 0.2546 −0.0840
3 0.0026 0.0196 0.1289 0.3091 0.4302 0.1148 −0.2911 0.0584 0.1931
4 0.0002 0.0025 0.0340 0.1320 0.2811 0.3576 −0.1054 −0.2196 0.1825
5 − 0.0002 0.0070 0.0430 0.1821 0.3621 0.1858 −0.2341 −0.0735
6 − 0.0012 0.0114 0.0491 0.2458 0.3376 −0.0145 −0.2437
7 0.0002 0.0025 0.0152 0.1296 0.3206 0.2167 −0.1708
8 − 0.0005 0.0040 0.0565 0.2235 0.3179 0.0451
9 0.0001 0.0009 0.0212 0.1263 0.2919 0.2304
10 − 0.0002 0.0070 0.0608 0.2075 0.3005
11 − 0.0020 0.0256 0.1231 0.2704
12 0.0005 0.0096 0.0634 0.1058
13 0.0001 0.0033 0.0290 0.1201
14 − 0.0010 0.0120 0.0650

(12%)【101 中興電機】【100 台科大電機】【99 北大通訊】

【99 高一科大電通】
3-10 111 通訊筆記

t 1
解 φFM (t ) = 10 sin[2π f c t + 2π f d ∫ m(α )dα ] ; f d = 480 , m(t ) = sin(2π 30t )
2
(1) φ FM (t ) = 10 sin[2π f c t + 8(1 − cos(2π 30t ))] → β = 8
1 d∆φ (t ) 1 d t
(2) ∆ f (t ) =
2π dt
=
2π dt
(2π f d ∫ m(α )dα ) = f d m(t ) = 240 sin(2π 30t )

∆ f = | ∆ f (t ) |max = 240 (Hz)

(3) BT ~ 2( β + 1)W = 2(8 + 1) × 30 = 540 (Hz) for Carson’s rule

(4) | J n ( β ) | ≥ 0.01 之最大整數 nmax = 11
BT ~ 2nmaxW = 2 × 11 × 30 = 660 (Hz) for universal rule
∞
Ac
(5) S FM ( f ) =
2 ∑J
n = −∞
n( β )[δ ( f − ( f c + nf m )) + δ ( f + ( f c + nf m ))]

k
PT
= ∑ J n2 ( β ) ; if β = 8
P n =− k
= J 02 (8) + 2 J12 (8) + 2 J 22 (8) +  + 2 J 82 (8)

= (0.1717) 2 + 2 × (0.2346) 2 + 2 × (−0.1130) 2 + 2 × (−0.2911) 2

↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
0.02948 0.1396 0.1651 0.3346
+ 2 × (−0.1054) 2 + 2 × 10.1858) 2 + 2 × (0.3376) 2 + 2 × (0.3206) 2
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
0.3568 0.4258 0.6538 0.8593
+ 2 × (0.2235) 2

= 0.9593 ≥ 0.9
BT ~ 2 × 8 × f m = 2 × 8 × 30 = 480 (Hz) for at least 90% of power
1 2
討論 總功率 P = Ac
2
2
A 
傳輸功率 PT = 2 ×  c  ×  J 0 2 ( β ) + 2 J12 ( β ) + 2 J 2 2 ( β ) + ...
 2 
P
Power ratio T =  J 0 2 ( β ) + 2 J12 ( β ) + 2 J 2 2 ( β ) + ... ≥ 0.9
P

測驗題 Consider an FM modulator with output

xc (t ) = 50 cos[2π (1000)t + ϕ (t )] .
The modulator operates with f d = 16 and has the input message
m(t ) = 5 cos 2π (8)t .

The modulator is followed by a bandpass filter with a center frequency of

1000 Hz and a bandwidth of 56 Hz.
(a) Find the peak frequency deviation. (5%)
 第3章 連續波－角度調變 3-11

(b) Find the modulation index. (5%)

(c) What is the power at the modulator output? (5%)
(d) Find the power ratio Pr in terms of Bessel functions. (10%)
(e) What is the power at the filter output? (5%) 【109 中興電機甲】

範 例 6◎
An FM modulator with f d = 10 Hz/V. Plot the frequency deviation in hertz and the phase
deviation in radians for the message signal shown in the following figure.
m(t )

3
2
1
0 t
1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3
(10%)【108 台北大通訊】
3-12 111 通訊筆記

四、FM 信號產生方法：

1. Indirect Method：
(1) 先產生 NBFM 訊號：
t
S NBFM (t ) = Ac cos(2πf ct ) − Ac {2πk f ∫ m(τ )dτ }sin( 2πf ct )
m(t ) t
− Σ
∫ 0
dτ ⊗
+
S NBFM (t )
− 90° ~

(2) 使用頻率倍增器，將 NBFM→WBFM 訊號

Memoryless V (t )
m(t ) NBFM S NBFM (t ) BPF SWBFM (t )
Nonlinear
MOD fc nfc nf c
Device
∆f n∆f
D( β ) × n Freq. Multiplier nD(nβ )

(i) V (t ) = a1 S NB (t ) + a2 S NB
2
(t ) +  + an S NB
n
(t )
(ii) SWB (t ) = BPF{V (t )}
t
= Ac′ cos[2π (nf c )t + 2π (nk f ) ∫ m(τ )dτ ]
1 1
說明 cos 2 (θ ) = + cos(2θ )
2 2
3 1
cos3 (θ ) = cos(θ ) + cos(3θ )
4 4
3 1 1
cos 4 (θ ) = + cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ )
8 2 8

1
cos n (θ ) =  + cos(nθ ) =  + k cos(nθ )
2n −1
 第3章 連續波－角度調變 3-13

範 例 7◎

In electronic circuits, there is a type of nonlinear circuits that perform the operation as
shown in Fig. 1 (note that the constant a is positive). We call such a device a square-law
device. Describe how we can use the square-law device to build a frequency multiplier
with n = 2 . Also, briefly discuss how we can build a frequency multiplier with
n = 4,8,16,64 ,… (you need to draw a block diagram for each n value). Note that you are
allowed to use more than one square-law device, as well as other devices such as filters
here.
x(t ) y (t ) = a ⋅ x 2 (t )
Square-law
device

Fig 1. The use of square-law devices to build a frequency multiplier.

(20%)【108 成大工科】
3-14 111 通訊筆記

範 例 8◎

(a) 5% (b) 5% (c) 5% (d) 5%

A WBFM generation circuit is shown in the following:
antenna

NBFM
moldulation index = 0.2 freq. freq.
multiplier Mixer multiplier
peak frequency deviation = 100Hz
× 20 × 20
carrier freq. = 200kHz

OSC
f 1 = 50MHz

Fig.2 An Armstrong WBFM Generation Circuit.

Please
(a) find the modulation index of the WBFM system,
(b) find the frequency deviation of the WBFM system,
(c) find all the possible carrier frequencies of the WBFM system,
(d) determine the bandwidth of the WBFM signal using the Carson’s rule.
【99 高一科大電通】【90 暨南電機】

解
NBFM ×20 ⊗ ×20 WBFM

50M
f c1 = 200k f c2 = 4M f c3 = 54M或46M f c4 = 1080M或920M
∆f1 = 100 ∆f 2 = 2000 ∆f 3 = 2000 ∆f 4 = 40k
β1 = 0.2 β 2 = 4 β3 = 4 β 4 = 80

(a) β 4 = 80
(b) ∆f = 40k (Hz)
(c) f C4 = 1080 M 或 920M(Hz)
(d) BT = 2( β + 1)W = 2(80 + 1)W = 81k (Hz)
 第3章 連續波－角度調變 3-15

範 例 9◎

A narrowband frequency modulator (NBFM) is supplied with a carrier of frequency

f1 = 2 MHz and modulation index β1 = 0.1 . Now you are asked to use one frequency
multiplier and one mixer to modify the NBFM output into a wideband (WBFM) signal
with carrier frequency 96 MHz and β = 8 . And, in order to lower down the cost, you are
not allowed to use oscillators with output frequency higher than 5 MHz. Draw and specify
the block diagram of your design. (15%)【94 雲科電機】

解
Mixer
m(t ) s1 (t ) s2 (t ) Frequency s(t )
BPF
NBFM ⊗ Multiplier
f2
f1 = 2 M f 2 = 1. 2 M × 80 f c = 96M
β1 = 0.1 β 2 = 0.1 β =8
fosc = 800k

比較 頻率倍增器 v.s. 混波器

3-16 111 通訊筆記

五、FM 信號之解調

1. Direct Method：使用頻率鑑別器（F.D.）
(1) Ideal F.D.

k d dφ
V0 (t ) =
S (t ) = Ac cos[2πf ct + φ (t )] Ideal 2π dt
F.D. = k a k f m(t ) = km(t )

(2) Approximated F.D.：

S (t ) d V (t ) Envelope V0 (t ) y (t )
dt Detector
C

dS (t )
V (t ) = = − Ac [2πf c + 2πk f m(t )] sin( 2πf ct + φ (t ))
dt
= r (t ) sin( 2πf ct + φ (t ) + π )
V0 (t ) = r (t ) = Ac [2πf c + 2πk f m(t )]
y (t ) ~ 2πAc k f m(t ) = km(t )
缺點 (i) f c > k f m(t ) 才能解出正確訊息 m(t )
(ii) V0 (t ) 具直流偏壓，須 Block DC 才能得 m(t )
(iii) 微分器具放大雜訊之缺點→改進：使用斜率電路

(3) Balanced F.D.：

斜率電路 S1 (t ) Envelope
H1 ( f ) Dector +
S (t ) V0 (t ) ~ km(t )
Σ
斜率電路 S 2 (t ) Envelope −

H2( f ) Dector

2. Indirect Method：使用相鎖迴路（PLL） ： (雲端學院視訊課程)

(1) Phase Locked Loop：
S (t ) e(t ) Loop V (t )
⊗
Filter
r (t )

VCO
 第3章 連續波－角度調變 3-17

(2) 信號模型：
(i) I.C.：(a)VCO→ f c
(b) S (t ) 與 r (t ) 已具 90°相差
(ii) S (t ) = Ac sin[ 2πf c t + φ1 (t )]
t
φ1 (t ) = 2πk f ∫ m(τ )dτ ， φ1 (0) = 0
r (t ) = Av cos[2πf c t + φ 2 (t )]
t
φ2 (t ) = 2πkv ∫ v(τ )dτ ， φ2 (0) = 0
追上
目標 φ2 (t ) →φ1 (t )
(iii) 2km S (t )r (t )
= km Ac Av sin[φ1 − φ2 ] + km Ac Av sin[ 4πf ct + φ1 + φ2 ]
e(t ) = km Ac Av sin φe ，
t
φe = φ1 − φ2 = φ1 − 2πkv ∫ m(τ )dτ

(iv) V (t ) = e(t ) ∗ h(t ) ， h(t ) 為 Loop Filter 之脈衝響應

∞
= km Ac Av ∫ sin(φe (τ ))h(t − τ )dτ
−∞

(3) Nonlinear Model：

1
2πk 0 2πk v
φ1 (t ) + φ e (t ) LPF
Σ sin( ) ⊗ ⊗ v(t )
− h(t )

φ 2 (t ) t
∫ 0
dτ

k 0 = k v k m Ac Av ：loop-gain parameter
dφ (t ) dφ (t )
→ e = 1 − 2πk0{sin(φe ) ∗ h(t )} ：系統方程式
dt dt
(4) Linear Model：
若 φe << 1 ， sin(φe ) ~ φe ，則
1
2πk 0 2πk v
φ1 (t ) + φ e (t )
Σ ⊗ h(t ) ⊗ v(t )
−
φ 2 (t ) t
∫ 0
dt

1 dφ1 k f
v(t ) ~ = m(t ) = km(t )
2πkv dt kv
3-18 111 通訊筆記

(5) PLL 之 Dynamic behavior analysis

考慮一階 PLL： h(t ) = δ (t )
由 Nonlinear Model 之系統方程式，可得
dφe dφ1
= − 2πk0 sin(φe )
dt dt
dφ
→ e + 2πk0 sin(φe ) = 2πk f m(t )
dt
若 m(t ) = cu (t )
dφ
→ e + 2πk0 sin(φe ) = 2πk f ⋅ c = ∆ω
dt
dφ e
dt

phase-plane plot B
∆ω
A
φe
∆ω − 2πk 0

(i) B 點： φe = 0 → error free point

但 unstable
(ii) A 點： φe = φ0 且為 stable point
(a) A− (φe < φ0 ) →
(b) A+ (φe > φ0 ) →
故系統要穩定，A 點一定要存在 → ∆ω − 2πk0 < 0
k
∴ c < v km Ac Av ：Lock range
kf
缺點 一階 PLL 之兩大缺點：
(i) Lock range 不大
(ii) stable point 具 phase error φ0
 第3章 連續波－角度調變 3-19

§3-2 超外差接收器

一、混波（Mixing）

1. Mixer：
x(t ) BPF
S1 (t ) ⊗
f2 S 2 (t )

f Lo

目標 f1 →頻率轉移→ f 2
討論 若 S1 (t ) = cos(2πf1t ) ：single-tone
x(t ) = cos(2πf1t ) cos(2πf LOt )
1 1
= cos[2π ( f1 + f LO )t ] + cos[2π ( f1 − f LO )t ]
2 2
故 f2 = 或
(1) 若 f 2 > f1 ：up-conversion（用於調變端）
； f 2 < f1 ：down-conversion（用於解調端）
(2) 若 f LO > f1 ：High-side tuning ； f LO < f1 ：Low-side tuning

2. Image signal / Image Freq.

整理 f Im age = f1 + 2 f 2 (High-side tuning)

= f1 − 2 f 2 (Low-side tuning)
3-20 111 通訊筆記

範 例 10 ◎

Consider a receiver shown in Fig. 4. Determine all the image frequencies of the system.
fin = 580MHz

1st 2 nd
AM Detector
IF AMP IF AMP
modulator O/P
(170MHz ) (70MHz )
~ ~
st nd
1 L.O. 2 L.O.
f L.O.1 = 750MHz f L.O.2 = 100MHz

(10%)【102 中正電機通訊】

解 (a) High-tuning: (b) Low-tuning:

f in = 580M f Im age = 920MHz f Im age = 30M f IF = 170MHz

f LO1 = 750M f LO 2 = 100M

範 例 11 ◎

A superheterodyne receiver uses an IF frequency of 455 kHz. The receiver is tuned to a

transmitter having a carrier frequency of 1120 kHz. Give two permissible frequencies of
the local oscillator and the image frequency for each?(10%)【100 中興通訊】

解 f LO = 1120 + 455 kHz or 1120 − 455 kHz

f Im age = 1120 + 2 × 455 kHz or 1120 − 2 × 455 kHz

範 例 12 ◎

A superherterodyne receiver operates in the frequency range of 700-2500 KHz. The IF

frequency ( f IF ) and the local oscillator freuency ( f LO ) are chosen such that
f IF < f LO . It is required that the image frequencies must fall outside of the 700-2500 KHz
region. (a) The minimum required f IF is (1) . (5%)
(b) The range of the corresponding f LO is (2) . (5%)【100 成大電通乙】

2500k − 700k
解 (a) f IF ≥ = 900k (Hz)
2
(b) f LO = f C + f IF = 700k + 900k ~ 2500k + 900k = 1600k ~ 3400k (Hz)
 第3章 連續波－角度調變 3-21

二、Superheterodyne Receiver 【102 中正通訊】【102 雲科電機】

【101 彰師電信】【98 宜大電機】

RF Filter IF Filter
⊗ Demod
and Amp. and Amp.
~ f LO

1. 使用混波原理及 High-Side tuning 調整 f LO

將 RF 信號（欲接收之頻道）→固定中頻信號（ f IF ）
(1) 固定的中頻頻率（ f IF ），可以做到非常精密的濾波器及解調器，所以所有的
頻道頻率，都降為相同的中頻頻率。
(2) RF Filter 因為頻率太高，比 IF Filter 難設計及製造，且比較貴。故盡量在低頻
作訊號處理，效果好且價格便宜。

2. f Im gae = f c + 2 f IF ，由 RF Filter 濾除(唯一的功能)。

3. 優點：
(1) 由於中頻(IF)頻率固定，接收器之頻道選擇性能（Filter 之 Q 值）較佳。
(2) 信號放大，主要由中頻(IF)放大器完成，效果好且價格便宜。
(3) RF Filter 因為貴且難設計，故僅負責濾除混波器的鏡像干擾。
(4) 採用 High-side tuning， f LO 變化倍率不大，比較容易製作。

說例 AM Signal f LO
RF：0.535~1.605 MHz (1) High-side：0.99M~2.06M

IF： 0.455 MHz (2) Low-side：0.08M~1.15M

3-22 111 通訊筆記

範 例 13 ◎◎
Consider a super-heterodyne FM radio receiver with two IF filters as shown in the figure
below.
Received
Signal RF 1st IF 2nd IF FM
⊗ ⊗
Filter Filter Filter Demodulator

cos 2πf1t cos 2πf 2 t

The carrier frequencies of the FM radio stations vary from 88 MHz to 108MHz, with each
station occupying a bandwidth of 200 kHz. The center frequencies of the 1st and 2nd
IF filters are fixed at 10.7MHz and 455 kHz, respectively. In order for this receiver to
work properly,
(a) What are the possible tuning ranges of f1 ? (3%)
(b) What is the maximum allowable bandwidth of the RF filter?(c) If the maximum
allowable bandwidths of the RF filter is used, what is the maximum allowable
bandwidth of the 1st IF filter? (3%)
(d) What are the possible values of f 2 ? (3%)
(e) If the maximum allowable bandwidths of the RF and 1st IF filters are used, what should
the bandwidth of the 2nd IF filter be? (3%) 【90 台大電信乙】

Received
Signal RF 1st IF 2nd IF FM
⊗ ⊗
Filter Filter Filter Demodulator

cos 2πf1t cos 2πf 2 t

 第3章 連續波－角度調變 3-23

(a) RF：88M~108M， f IF1 = 10.7 M

f1 − f RF = f IF1 → f1 = f RF + f IF1 = 98.7 M ~ 118.7 M ( Hz )

(b) BW RF = 109.4 M ( Hz )

(c) ( BW ) IF1 = 4 × f IF 2 = 1820k ( Hz )

(d) f 2  f IF1 = f IF2 → f 2 = f IF1 ± f IF2 = 11.155M 或 10.245M(Hz)

(e) ( BW ) IF2 = 200k ( Hz )

習作 為什麼要降兩次頻率呢? 降一次就到 455 kHz
不是比較便宜?? 一定有甚麼原因? 你知道嗎?
3-24 111 通訊筆記

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