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PDF Informe de La Microcuenca Aucampi Grupo 5 - Compress
PDF Informe de La Microcuenca Aucampi Grupo 5 - Compress
RTECGVET ;
FWTVE;
VGNGVXTG;
4242
Xmdjm hg Fe`tg`ihe
FMRÎXWJE I 6
=.=. I@XTEHWFFIÖ@ 6
=.4. EDKGXISEV 8
4.7. OGENETCEJEOÎM 6?
4.3. RGJIOTEV @MXWTMJGV 6<
FMRÎXWJE III 82
6.=. FE@FJWVIE@GV 82
6.4. DIDJIEOTMC
DIDJIEOTMCÎM
ÎM 82
M@G\EV 8=
NMRMV XGNÍXIFEV 84
FMRÎXWJE I
=.=. I@XTEHWFFIÖ@
Jms fmrmftgrîstifms mftumjgs hg jm fug`fm hg Fmýgtg `es prgsg`tm` nufles rgjigvgs
he`hg lmditm` u`m fm`tihmh hg cmnijims qug hm` use m jes rgfurses hispe`idjgs fene
G` ggjj prgsg`
prgsg`tg
tg trmdm
trmdmke
ke ``es
es fg`
fg`trmrg
trmrgnes
nes g` hgsfridir
hgsfridir gj gstuhie
gstuhie ogejö
ogejöoife
oife hg jm
Hgpmrtmng`te hg Jinm.
g`trg etres.
M gjje tmndié` rgfmjfmnes qug jm nifrefug`fm `es sirvg pmrm fe`efgr y udifmr
figrtm pedjmfiö` qug g` gstg fmse sgrîm gj histrite hg Mjjmufm, y jes fg`tres pedjmhes
g`trg etres.
=.4. EDKGXISEV
=.
=.4.
4.=.
=. Edkg
Edkgti
tive
ve O
Og`
g`gr
grmj
mj
Tgmjizmr gj gstuhie ogejöoife mndig`tmj hg jm Nifrefug`fm Mufmnpi
Mufmnpi
=.4.4.
=.4.4. Edk
Edkgti
gtives
ves Gspgfî
Gspgfîcif
cifes
es
=.6.
=.6. RTEFG
TEFGVE
VE NG
NGXEHE
XEHEJÖ
JÖOI
OIFE
FE
Jm ngtehejeoîm utijizmhm pmrm jm rgmjizmfiö` hg gstg trmdmke fe`sistiö g` je siouig`tg;
=.6.=.
=.6.=. TGFE
TGFERIJM
RIJMFIÖ@
FIÖ@,, M@Í
M@ÍJIVI
JIVIV
V Y GSMJWMF
GSMJWMFIÖ@
IÖ@ HG HMXEV.
HMXEV.
Hgsfm
Hgsfmrom
romnes
nes jm inm
inmog`
og` smt
smtgji
gjitmj
tmj hg jm fug`fm
fug`fm utijiz
utijizm`h
m`hee gj preorm
preormnm
nm
VMVRjm`gt.
▫ Jinitg histritmj
▫ Jînitg previ`fimj
▫ Jinitg hgpmrtmng`tmj
@MFIE@MJ)
Hgsfmromnes
Hgsfmromnes mrflives slmpgcijg hg jm dmsg hg hmtes ‚Lunhmtm„
=.6.4.
=.6.4. GJ
GJMDE
MDETMF
TMFIÖ@
IÖ@ HGJ NMR
NMRM;
M;
7. Feng`zmr gj hisgýe hg jm
prgsg`tmfiö` hgj
hgj nmpm tgnítife ffe`
e` su 3. Gxpertmr m KRGO.
rgspgftive ngndrgtg, retujmhe, nmjjm y
u`m gsfmjm hg; =/7222
CMVG 4; Gjmdermfiö` hgj i`cerng
rgmjizmhe.
=.8. WDIFMFIÖ@
=.8.= Hgsfripfiö` ogeorícifm
Jm nifrefug`fm Mufmnpi sg g`fug`trm udifmhm g` jm ze`m =< hgj lgniscgrie sur1 sg
pgrîngtre hg <9<=2 n.
\ Y Jmtuh Je`oiuh
Nifrefug`fm 696899.76 <326?67.93 =4² 6?¸ 86.22¸¸ (V) ?7² 7<¸72.47¸¸
(E)
Jm nifre
nifrefug`
fug`fm
fm Mufmnpi,
Mufmnpi, sg g`f
g`fug`t
ug`trm
rm ssitumh
itumhmm g`trg
g`trg hes histrites,
histrites, gj írgm hg
su udifmfiö` ogeorícifm.
- Jm fug`f
`fmm hhggj rie
rie Fmý
Fmýgtg
Rejîtifmng`tg, jm fug`fm hgj rîe Fmýgtg cernm pmrtg hg jms previ`fims hg Fmýgtg y
Jm fug`fm hgj rîe Fmýgtg, `mfg g` jm jmou`m Xifjjmfeflm, udifmhm mj pig hg jms
- Rrevi`fim hhgg Y
Ymmuyes
Jm previ`fim hg Ymuyes sg frgö per hgfrgte hg Kesé hg Vm` Nmrti`, fene pmrtg hgj
hgpmrtmng`te hg Jinm. Mj i`ifie cugre` `ugvg histrites jes fumjgs grm`1 Ymuyes,
Lumýgf
Lumýgf,, Jm
Jmrme
rmes,
s, My
Mymvi
mviri,
ri, Enm
Enms,
s, Xmuri
Xmuripmn
pmnpm,
pm, Rmnpm
Rmnpmss (le
(leyy Feje`i
Feje`im),
m), Siýmf
Siýmf y
Ymuyes).
Jînitgs previ`fimjgs;
Rer gj @ertg;
- Lumreflirî
- Yuji
- Kmukm
Rer gj Vur;
- Fli`flm
- Fmstrevirrgy`m
Rer gj Gstg;
- Fe`fgpfiö`
- Lum`fmye
- Flupmfm
- Lum`fmvgjifm
Rer gj Egstg;
- Fmýgtg
Jinitgs histritmjgs;
Rer gj @ertg;
- Histrit
rite hg Mymviri
Rer gj Vur;
- Histrit
rite hg [ûýiom
Rer gj Egstg;
- Histrite hg Xmuripmnpm
Rer gj Gstg;
- Histrite hg Feje`im
- Histrite hg Ruti`zm
- Histrite hg Fmtmlumsi
Rgrîngtre(n) <9<=2
=.7. SIMV HG
HG MF
MFFGVE
Jm i`cernmfiö` rgfepijmhm per gj NXF `es i`hifm qug g` gj írgm hg gstuhie gxistg`
4 vîms hg mffgse, jm rgh vîm `mfie`mj y jm rgh vîm hgpmrtmng`tmj. Gj írgm hg gstuhie
FEH JE@OIXWH
@ENDTG VG@XIHE XTMYGFXETIM
TWXM (An)
Jm rgh vim
vimjj Hg
Hgpmr
pmrtmn
tmng`t
g`tmj
mj gs JN‖=43
JN‖=43 lg i`i
i`ifim
fim Fmjmf
Fmjmflet
letm,
m, Mymufm
Mymufm,, Xmurip
Xmuripmn
mnpm,
pm,
Vle`fe, Fm`em, y ci`mjizm g` jm hg Gsqui`m hg Enms. Gstm vîm prgsg`tm u`m fmrrgtgrm fe`
8=.8<=394 an.
JE@OIXWH
@ENDTG FEH TWXM VG@XIHE XTMYGFXETIM
(An)
Inmog`; G`trmhm
G`trmhm m jm Sîm Hgpmrtmng`tmj
Hgpmrtmng`tmj hgshg
hgshg jm fmrrgtgrm
fmrrgtgrm Fmýgtg Ymuyes
Ymuyes
=.3.. XEREO
=.3 XEREOTMC
TMCÎM
ÎM Y XTM[E
XTM[EV
V HG
HG JM HGJINI
HGJINIXM
XMFIÖ
FIÖ@
@ HGJ
HGJ
ÍTGM HG XTMDMKE
W` pgrcij tepeorícife `es hm jm rgprgsg`tmfiö` hgj rgjigvg hg `ugstrm írgm hg
gstu
gstuhi
hie1
e1 g`ce
g`cefm
fm`h
`hee jes
jes `ivg
`ivgjg
jgss qug
qug tig`
tig`gg fi
figr
grtm
tm su
supg
pgrci
rcifi
fig,
g, ms
msîî fe
fene
ne su
suss
fmrmftgrîstifms.
mfug
mfugrh
rhee m su rgmj
rgmjfg
fg vmne
vmness m pehg
pehgrr ihg`
ihg`ti
tici
cifm
fmrr g` fe
fe`k
`ku`
u`te
te fe
fe`` je
jess pg
pgrc
rcij
ijgs
gs
FWTSMV Hgci`ifie`gs
- G@ G
GJ
JRRT
TINGT F
FM
MVE
. Xg`ig`he hg 72 n
. Furvms prinmrims hg 422 n
. Furvms sgfu`hmrims hg 72 n
rgsmjtm`tgs.
- VGOW@HE FMVE
nís sgpmrmhms.
- XGTFGT FMVE
`ugstre nmpm jms furvms hg `ivgj gstí` sgpmrmhms fmhm per u`m fm`tihmh hg ngtres,
lgnes eptmhe g` gjgoir gj nmpm hgj pringr fmse fe` furvms hg 72 y 422 n ym qug
sg pughg vgr fe` u` orm` rgmjfg jms furvms g` jm pmrtg i`cgrier hg nmpm nestrm`he
FWTSMV HG 72
=.?. REDJMFIÖ@
Gj histrite hg Mjjmufm fug`tm fe` 69 fg`tres pedjmhes1 si` gndmroe, hg`tre hg
pedjmhes, hg jms fumjgs 9 hg gjjes sgoû` gj fg`se hgj mýe 42=? ym `e fug`tm` fe`
lmditm`tgs.
=
Jufjg
3 2 2 2 = = 2
=
]ui`flmym
? = 2 = = = 2
=
Jm Rgrjm
< 2 2 2 = = 2
=
Rmjjfm
9 2 2 2 4 4 2
4
Xmndijje
2 2 2 2 = = 2
4
Flmymrmpmtm
= 2 2 2 4 4 2
4
Fmjpm
4 = = 2 4 4 2
4
Nmpmquijjg
6 2 2 2 = 2 =
4
Jjm`oms
8 4 2 4 4 4 2
4
Ýifmte
7 2 2 2 = = 2
REDJMFIÖ@
Ýifmte Jj m`oms Nmpmquijjg Fmjpm Flmymrmpmtm Xm
Xmndijje
Rmjjfm Jm Rgrjm ]ui`flmym Jufjg Nmfm`m M`tmnmjmn
V mpsg Righrm Djm`fe My
Myfuým V idim Fmjmfletm ]uiri n m`
Flikjm Flun ffu
upim Jufun m Rmnpm Mufmn p
pii Vl
lmmkjuy M`hmlumsi
Mjjmufm
2 72 =22 =72 422 472 622 672 822
jmdermfiö` prepim
G`
`ugstrm írgm hg gstuhie, jm Nifrefug`fm Mufmnpi fug`tm fe` 7 fg`tres pedjmhes qug
tig`g` nmyer pedjmfiö` m jes hgnís, hg jms fumjgs gj qug nís hgstmfm, gs gj fg`tre
pedjmhe
NMYET REDJMFIÖ@
REDJMFIÖ@ HG JM NIFTEFWG@FM
NIFTEFW G@FM Mj
Mjjm
jmuf
ufmm fe
fe``
MWFMNRI
822 632 632
672
622 lm
lmdi
ditm
tm`t
`tgs
gs y
472 jugoe hg gjje
=??
422
=72 jg sioug gj
=22 32 37 fg`tre
72 =? pedjmhe
2
= Mufmnpi fe`
=??
Mjjm
Mjjmu
ufm Mu
Mufm
fmnp
npii Flunf
nfu
upim ]uir
]uirinm
inm`
` Fmj
mjmf
mfl
letm
lmditm`tgs
fene sg edsgrvm g` gj orícife m fe`ti`umfiö`.
G` Mufmnpi sgoû` jes hmtes gstmhîstifes hg jes fg`ses hgj 42=?, lmy u` tetmj hg ?46
lmditm`tgs hg`tre hgj írgm hg gstuhie, hg jes fumjgs lmy u`m nmyer fm`tihmh hg
lmditm`tgs hgj oé`gre nmsfuji`e1 tg`ig`he u` tetmj hg 6?9 qug gquivmjg mj 74% hg jm
pedjmfiö` tetmj y hgj oé`gre cgng`i`e
cgng`i`e lmy u` tetmj hg 688 qug gquivmjg mj 8<% hg jm
pedjmfiö` tetmj.
jmdermfiö` prepim
fenpmrmfiö` hg pedjmfiö` hg mfugrhe m jes mýes =996, 422? y 42=?.
=22 `ugstrm
72 írgm hg
2 gstuhie,
Mymufm M`hmlumsi Mufmnpi ]ui rin m` Fmjmfletm
=.?.
=.?.44 Fg
Fg`t
`tre
ress Ghuf
Ghufmt
mtiv
ives
es;;
Hg`tre hg jm nifrefug`fm Mufmnpi sg g`fug`trm` efle fg`tres ghufmtives g` 8
fg`tres pedjmhes hg `ugstrm írgm hg gstuhie, fe`tm`he fe` 88= gstuhim`tgs g`trg
gjjes hgj `ivgj i`ifimj, prinmrie y sgfu`hmrie.
=.?.66 Fg`t
=.?. Fg`tres
res hg Vmjuh
Vmjuh;;
G` gj histrite hg `ugstrm írgm hg gstuhie sg i`ifimre` jes sgrvifies dísifes hg smjuh gj
=< hg Kujie hgj mýe =9<?, i`ifim`he hg gstg nehe fe` 4? gstmdjgfinig`tes hg smjuh1
si` gndmroe fmdg rgfmjfmr qug lmy u` 4=,79% hg jm pedjmfiö` qug `e gs mtg`hihm
mhgfumhmng`tg, sig`he gj prenghie hg 7344 pgrse`ms1 gste gs hgdihe m jm cmjtm hg
gspgfimjistms rgqugrihes g` jes gstmdjgfinig`te hg smjuh1 sgoû` gj NI@VM edtuvines
jes siouig`tgs hmtes hgj pgrse`mj qug fudrg jes sgrvifies hg smjuh.
G` jm ni
nifr
fref
efug
ug`f
`fmm Mu
Mufm
fmnp
npi,
i, sg g`fu
g`fug`
g`tr
trm`
m` he
hess fg
fg`t
`tre
ress hg sm
smju
juh,
h, mndm
mndmss sg
g`fug`trm` g` hes fg`tres pedjmhes u`m udifmhm g` Mufmnpi y etrm udifmhm g`
Mymufm, sig`he gstes nisnes jes `endrgs hg jms pestms hg smjuh, mhgnís hg gjje,
sgoû` gj fg`se hgj I@GI g` gj mýe 42=?, mndms gstí` g` cu`fie`mnig`te fene sg
nugstrm g` jm siouig`tg tmdjm.
=.<. RG@HIG@XG
% HGJ
RG@HIG@XG E MTGM FMTMFXGTIVXIFMV
HGVFTIRFIÖ@ XEXMJ
TM@OE (An4) OGENETCEJÖOIFMV
HG MTGM
gxtg`siö`.
Jiogrmng`tg Rmnpms festm`grms y fe`e hg
4-8
i`fji`mhe hgygffiö` (=2 m jes 822 ns`n.
Cugrtgng`tg
<-=7 Nehgrmhe (nírog`gs hgj rîe)
i`fji`mhe
Fgrres (pri`fipmjng`tg mj
Nehgrmhmng`tg
=7-47 nmrog` izquigrhe hgj rie
gnpi`mhe
pri`fipmj).
Mdruptm g` jm pmrtg
47-72 Gnpi`mhe
ferhijjgrm`m.
trmtmr, hgdihe m qug `es nugstrm jm vmrimfiö` hgj rgjigvg hg gstm, preperfie`í`he`es msî,
nuflm i`cernmfiö` qug gs nuy ûtij pmrm nûjtipjgs trmdmkes qug sg quigrm rgmjizmr g` jm
ze`m, msî fene fmrrgtgrms, pug`tgs y hgnís ghicifmfie`gs, tmndié` gs inpertm`tg, pugs
`es sirvg hg ouîm, ym sgm pmrm gj turisne qug sg hgsmrrejjm hgpg`hig`he hgj rgjigvg y/e
g`cmtizm`he gj tipe hg rgjigvg fe` jes fejergs ferrgspe`hig`tgs m fmhm hgsfripfiö`, sgm
pjm`e i`fji`mhm,
i`fji`mhm, gnpi`mhm e nu
nuyy gnpi`mhm, utijizm`he
utijizm`he pmrm gjje fu
furvms
rvms hg `ivgj.
FMTMFXGTIVIXIFMV;
Hg`uhmfiö` `e mprgfimdjg1 per su fe`hifiö` trm`sitmdjg y
◅ Rjm`e
jmdermdjg, gs edkgte hg use morîfejm, sejmng`tg sg hicifujtm su
hgsprevistes
◅ Ne
Nehg
hgrm
rmhm
hmng
ng`t
`tgg i`
i`fj
fji`
i`mh
mhee Jm
Jmhg
hgrm
rmss qu
qugg pug
pughg
hg`` og
og`g
`grm
rmrr nevi
nevini
nig`
g`te
tess g` nmsm
nmsm hhgg hhicg
icgrg
rg`t
`tgs
gs
◅ Nuy gnpi`mhe
Fmîhm hg refms, per gcgftes hg tgfte`isne.
FMTMFXGTIVIXIFMV;
- RJM@E;
- JI
JIOG
OG@T
@TMN
MNG@
G@XG
XG IJ@F
IJ@FJI
JI@M
@MHE
HE;;
- NE
NEHG
HGTM
TMHM
HMNG
NG@X
@XG
G I@
I@FJ
FJI@
I@MH
MHE;
E;
- CW
CWGT
GTXG
XGNG
NG@X
@XG
G I@
I@FJ
FJI@
I@MH
MHE;
E;
g` surfes, efmsie`mjng
efmsie`mjng`tg
`tg hgsjizmnig`tes
hgsjizmnig`tes..
- NE
NEHG
HGTM
TMHM
HMNG
NG@X
@XG
G GN
GNRI
RI@M
@MHE
HE;;
- GNRI@MHE
Hgsprg`hinig`te
Hgsprg`hinig`te hg refms, fejuvimfiö`
fejuvimfiö`..
- NWY GNRI@MHE
FMRÎXWJE II
4.=. FJINMV
cmftergs mftituhi`mjgs.
fjinítifm hg _mrrg` Xler`tlwmitg, qug prgsg`tö jms siouig`tgs fehicifmfie`gs qug se`;
=. D(i) H' L6
4. F (e, i, p) D'4 L6
6. F (e, i, p) D'6 L6
8. G(h) D'= L6
[e`m hgsérfm sgnifíjihm, fe` hgfig`fim hg jjuvims g` tehms jms gstmfie`gs hgj
eteýe sgfesgfm
prinmvgrm y
◅ RMFMTM@
rgjmtivm lmstm jm mftumjihmh. Jes hmtes rgfepijmhes g` jes siouig`tgs fumhres pgrtg`gfg`
pgrtg`gfg`
mj pgriehe 4242, 42=9, 42=< y 42=?, gj prgsg`tg mýe mû` `e fujni`m, pgre sg morgomre`
Gstmfiö` ; RMFMTM@
Jmtituh ; =4² 74' <='' Je`oituh ; ?3² 6' 4<.78'' Mjtituh ; 3<8 ns`n.
Fe`vg`fie`mj -
Fe`vg`fie`mj
Ngtgerejöoifm
Xipe ; Fö
Föhioe; ==427<
Cug`tg; VG@MNLI
42=?.
X²Nmxinm( ²F
²F) X²Ni`inm( ²F
²F) L. rgj m
mvm % Rrgfipitmfiö`
Cug`tg;
Gjmdermfiö` prepim
fe` jes hmtes ngtgerejöoifes hg hifle pgriehe i`hifm qug su tgnpgrmturm níxinm hg su
prenghie m`umj
m`umj gs hg 4?.? ²²F
F y m jm tgnpgrm
tgnpgrmturm
turm nî`inm prenghie mm`umj
`umj gs =3.= ²F.
²F.
jefmjizmhm lmstm u`m mjturm níxinm hg 8<22 ns`n. Rer je fumj gj írgm prgsg`tm pefms
rgjmtivm hg <8.<7%.
42=<.
Gstmfiö`
Gstmfiö` Rmfmrm` 42=<
42 =<
=22
92
<2
?2
32
72
82
62
42
=2
2
e
g r e z e r i j e
m y
e
` i j i e e
s t
g
d r
g
d r
g
d r
g
d r
` g r
r m r M d N K u K u e n u
t n n
G d
C g
N M o g E f v i g f i g
g
V e i
H
@
X²Nmxinm( ²F
²F) X²Ni`inm( ²F
²F) L. rgjmv
vmm % Rrgfipitmfiö`
fe` jes hmtes ngtgerejöoifes hg hifle pgriehe i`hifm qug su tgnpgrmturm níxinm hg su
prenghie m`umj
m`umj gs hg 4?.98 ²²F
F y m jm tgnpg
tgnpgrmturm
rmturm nî`inm prenghie mm`umj
`umj gs =7.< ²F.
²F.
Fe` jm myuhm hg jes hmtes hg jm Gstmfiö` ngtgerejöoifm Rmfmrm` ferredermnes qug
42=9.
Gstmfiö`
Gstmfiö` Rmfmrm` 42=9
42 =9
=22
92
<2
?2
32
72
82
62 ,
42
=2
2
e z e r i j e e j i e t e g g g g
g r r e m r d m y ` i e s d r d r d r d r
G `
g
d r M N K u K u o n u
t n n
N g E f
C g M v i g g
i f i
V g e
@ H
X²Nmxinm( ²F
²F) X²Ni`inm( ²F
²F) L. rgjmv
vmm % Rrgfipitmfiö`
fe` jes hmtes ngtgerejöoifes hg hifle pgriehe i`hifm qug su tgnpgrmturm níxinm hg su
prenghie m`umj
m`umj gs hg 4<.= ²²F
F y m jm tgnpgrm
tgnpgrmturm
turm nî`inm prenghie mm`umj
`umj gs =7.9 ²F.
²F.
4242.
Hg mfugrhe m jes hmtes edtg`ihes g` gj pgriehe 4242 qug seje sg edtuve hg jes 6
pringres ngsgs,
ngsgs, sg fe`fjuy
fe`fjuygg qug jm tgnpgrmtu
tgnpgrmturm
rm nî`inm g` hifle
hifless ngsgs gs hg =9.8 ²F
sg prgsg`tm g` gj ngs hg g`gre y prgsg`tm u`m tgnpgrmturm níxinm hg 6=.3 ²F g` gj ngs
hg cgdrgre. Fe` prenghies hurm`tg gses û`ifes 6 ngsgs, pmrm su tgnpgrmturm níxinm
gses 6 ngsgs, prgsg`tm u`m prgfipitmfiö` prenghie hg 2.2? nn y u`m lunghmh rgjmtivm
hg <7.6%.
Ciourm;
Gstmfiö`
Gstmfiö` Rmfmrm` 4242
42 42
=22 Xgnpgrmturm
92
<2 níxinm,
?2
32 nî`inm,
72
82 lunghmh
62
42
rgjmtivm y
=2
2
prgfipitmfiö`
G`gre C gdrgre Nmrze
X²Nmxinm( ²F
²F) X²Ni`inm( ²F
²F) L. rgjmv
vmm % Rrgfipitmfiö`
◅ YMWYEV
Jm gstmfiö` ngtgerejöoifm preperfie`m hmtes hg tgnpgrmturm, prgfipitmfiö` y
lunghmh rgjmtivm vgjefihmh y hirgffiö` hgj vig`te lmstm jm mftumjihmh. Jes hmtes
Gstmfiö` ; Ymuyes
Jmti
Jmtitu
tuhh ; =4²² 49'
=4 49' 62.4
62.44'
4''' Je
Je`o
`oit
ituh
uh ; ?7
?7²² 78
78'' 6?
6?.8
.8=='' Mj
Mjti
titu
tuhh ; 44
44<7
<7 ns`n
ns`n..
Mutenítifm -
Ngtgerejöoifm
Xipe ; Fö
Föhioe; ==427?
Cug`tg; VG@MNLI
42=<.
X²Nmxinm( ²F
²F) X²Ni`inm( ²F
²F) L. rgjmv
vmm % Rrgfipitmfiö`
Cug`tg;
prenghie m`umj
m`umj gs hg 47.3 ²²F
F y m jm tgnpgrm
tgnpgrmturm
turm nî`inm prenghie mm`umj
`umj gs 9.3 ²F.
²F.
42=9.
Ymuyes fe` jes hmtes ngtgerejöoifes hg hifle pgriehe i`hifm qug su tgnpgrmturm
gs 9.<²F.
4242.
Hg mfugrhe m jes hmtes edtg`ihes g` gj pgriehe 4242 qug seje sg edtuve hg jes 6
pringres ngsgs,
ngsgs, sg fe`fjuy
fe`fjuygg qug jm tgnpgrmtu
tgnpgrmturm
rm nî`inm g` hifle
hifless ngsgs gs hg =2.9²F
sg prgsg`tm g` gj ngs hg g`gre y prgsg`tm u`m tgnpgrmturm níxinm hg 4?.7 ²F g` gj ngs
hg g`gre. Fe` prenghies hurm`tg gses û`ifes 6 ngsgs, pmrm su tgnpgrmturm níxinm sgrí
gses 6 ngsgs, prgsg`tm u`m prgfipitmfiö` prenghie hg =.4< nn y u`m lunghmh rgjmtivm
hg 9=.6%.
SGOGXMJ
Morifujturm Festgrm y Mori 3=?.<74497 =,?4%
M`hi`m
Írgm Mjtem`hi`m fe` Gsv =4=.7=9<77 2,68%
gsfmsm y si`
vgogtmfiö`
Decghmj De =<6.932<<3 2,7=%
Desqug rgjifte Dr-mj 3?<< =<,9<%
mjtem`hi`e
Fmrhe`mj Fmr 677.<?3<=3 2,99%
Jmou`ms, Jmoes y J/Fe =9.8268 2,27%
Feflms
Nmterrmj mrdustive Nm 7678.=22<38 =8,9?%
Decghmj; Gj decghmj jjmnmhes tmndié` ‚efe`mj„ e ‚turdgrm„ (hgj qugflum eqe qug
sio`icifm
sio`icifm nekmhe), fe`s
fe`stituy
tituygg u` gfe
gfesistg
sistgnm
nm lihrenörci
lihrenörcife
fe histriduih
histriduihee g` jm rgoiö`
rgoiö`
mjtem`hi`m, m pmrtir hg jes 6<22 n. s. `. n., pri`fipmjng`tg g` jms ze`ms sur y fg`trmj hgj
pmîs. Efupm u`m supgrcifig hg 788 734 lm
lm qug rgprgsg`tm gj
gj 2,84 % hgj tetmj `mfie`mj. Jm
vgogtmfiö` lgrdífgm
lgrdífgm lihröcijm gs signprg vgrhg, fenpmftm y hg pertg mjnelmhijjmhe e g`
fekî`, rgprgsg`tmhms hg nm`grm og`grmj per jms siouig`tgs gspgfigs; Histiflim nusfeihgs
(‚flmnpm„) hg jm cmnijim Ku`fmfgmg, Rjm`tmoe rioihm (‚flmnpm gstrgjjm„) hg jm cmnijim
Rjm`tmoi`
Rjm`tmoi`mfgm
mfgmg,
g, Mjfl
Mjflgnijj
gnijjmm pi``
pi``mtmcm
mtmcmnijim
nijim Tesí
Tesífgms
fgms,, _gr`g
_gr`grim
rim fmgspites
fmgspitesmm - cmnijim
cmnijim
Mstgrmfgmg,, Lypeflegris sp. - cmnijim Mstgrmfgmg, Lypeflmgris sp. - cmnijim Mstgrmfgmg,
Mstgrmfgmg Mstgrmfgmg,
Gjgeflmris sp. (cmnijim Fypgrmfgmg), Rem evmtun (cmnijim Remfgmg), Terippm `msturtiun
(cmnijim Fruficgrmg), Juzujm pgruvim`m (cmnijim Ku`fmfgmg), Og`tim`m sghicejim (cmnijim
Og`tim`m
Og`tim`mfgmg
fgmg),
), Fmjm
Fmjmnmor
nmorestis
estis riogs
riogsfg`s
fg`s (cmnijim
(cmnijim Remfgmg)
Remfgmg),, Fmjmnmore
Fmjmnmorestis
stis kmng
kmngse`i
se`i
(cmnijim Remfgmg), Vfirpus rioihus (cmnijim Fypgrmfgmg), Morestis sp. (cmnijim Remfgmg),
Og`fim`m prestrmtm (cmnijim Og`fim`mfgmg), g`trg etrms, gtf.
Nmterrmj
Nmterrmj mrdustive
mrdustive;; Gs
Gstg
tg tipe
tipe hg fedg
fedgrt
rtur
urmm vg
vgog
ogtm
tmjj sg g`
g`fu
fug`
g`trm
trm hi
hist
stri
ridu
duih
ihee
mnpjimng`tg g` jm rgoiö` m`hi`m, hgshg mprexinmhmng`tg =722 lmstm 6<22 n. s. `. n.
Jm vg
vgog
ogtm
tmfi
fiö`
ö` gs
gstí
tí fe`c
fe`cer
ernm
nmhm
hm per
per fenu
fenu`i
`ihm
hmhg
hgss mr
mrdu
dust
stiv
ivms
ms tm
tm`t
`tee hg fm
fmrí
ríft
ftgr
gr
fmhuficejie fene hg fmríftgr pgrg``icejie, nestrm`he u`m nmyer hivgrsihmh cjerîstifm
qug gj sudtipe hgsfrite m`tgrierng`tg. G`trg jms
gspg
gspgfi
figs
gs ní
níss crgf
crgfug
ug`t
`tgs
gs sg ng
ng`f
`fie
ie`m
`m`` m jm
jmss
siou
siouig
ig`t
`tgs
gs;; He
Hehe
he`g
`gmm visf
visfes
esmm (‚fl
(‚flmn
mnm`
m`m„
m„),
),
Amog
Amog`g
`gfa
faim
im jg`f
jg`fge
gejm
jmtm
tm (‚jj
(‚jjeq
equg
ug„)
„),, Nu
Nuti
tisi
simm
mfuni`
uni`mmtm (‚f
(‚fli`
li`flijf
lijfun
unm„
m„),
), Dm
Dmr`
r`mmhgsim
gsim
hendgym`m (‚ymuji„), Momvg mngrifm`m (‚nmougy
mzuj„
mzuj„),
), Xgfenm
Xgfenm smn
smnduf
dufice
icejim
jim (‚l
(‚lumr
umrm`l
m`lumy
umy„),
„),
Eplryesp
Eplryesperus
erus pgruvim`
pgruvim`us
us (‚mrg
(‚mrg`ijjm
`ijjm„),
„), Mndre
Mndresim
sim
mrdergsfg`s (‚nmrfe„), Ori`hgjim sp.,
Lgjietrepiun sp., Vpmrtiun ku`fgun („rgtmnm„),
Vg`gfie sp., Dihg`s sp., Mristgouigtim sp., gtf1 g`trg
jms
jms fmft
fmftíf
ífgm
gmss nís
nís crgf
crgfug
ug`t
`tgs
gs sg g`fu
g`fug`
g`tr
trm`
m`
Epu`tim sudujmtm ‚m`keaislam„,
‚m`keaislam„, gtf. Vg i`fjuyg` g`
Jm Ni
Nifr
fref
efug
ug`f
`fmm Mu
Mufm
fmnp
npmr
mrii ef
efup
upmm u` írgm
írgm hg
7678,=2an4fe` u` perfg`tmkg hgj =8.9?% hg írgm,
mdmrfm hes histrites gj hg Mymufm y gj hg Ymuyes,
tg`i
tg`ig`
g`he
he fene
fene jmde
jmderr pri`
pri`fi
fipm
pmjj mori
morifu
fujt
jtur
urmm y jm
om`mhgrîm.
supgrcifig hg =< =94 8=< lm, qug rgprgsg`tm gj =8,=3 % hgj tetmj `mfie`mj. G` gj `ivgj
mjtituhi`mj supgrier (mrridm hg jes 8722 n. s. `. n.) hgj ‚pmke`mj m`hi`e„, jms lgrdífgms
pigrhg` fedgrturm hgdihe
hgdihe m jms fe`hifie`g
fe`hifie`gss gxtrgnms hgj fjinm, hgkm`he írgm
írgmss fe` sugjes
hgs`uhes e mcjermnig`tes refeses. Vg lmfg` prgsg`tg gspgfigs hg pertg rmstrgre e
mjnelmhijjmhe, tmjgs fene Mzergjjm sp. y Rif`eplyjjun sp.
ogenercejöoifms-ghícifms,
ogenercejöoifms-ghícifms, fedgrturm vgogtmj y use hg jm tigrrm sgoû` mftivihmh m`tröpifm.
(Lundgrte Mfuým Rgrmjtm. 42=4).
Jm nifrefug`fm Mufmnpi, qugdrmhm hg Ymuyes, fmýgtg prgsg`tm jms siouig`tgs ze`ms hg
vihm;
◅ Rm
Rmrm
rmne
ne lû
lûng
nghe
he Vudmjp
Vudmjpi`
i`ee Xr
Xrep
epif
ifmj
mj (pl-
(pl-Vm
Vms)
s);; Vg histriduyg g` jm rgoiö`
jmtituhi`mj Xrepifmj hgj pmîs fe` u`m supgrcifig hg 6,887 An4, ogeorícifmng`tg
sg firfu`sfridg` m jm rgoiö` mjte m`hi`m. y m je jmroe hg jm Ferhijjgrm Effihg`tmj
hg je
jess M`
M`hg
hgs,
s, hgsh
hgshgg jes
jes 8,
8,22
2222 ngtre
ngtress lm
lmst
stmm 8,
8,62
6222 ngtr
ngtres
es hg mj
mjti
titu
tuh,
h, jms
fm
fmrm
rmft
ftgr
grîs
îsf
fms
ms dief
diefjijiní
níf
fms
ms lm`
lm` sihe
sihe hgtg
hgtgrn
rni`
i`mm - hms
hms g` dmsg
dmsg mj Hi
Himor
mormn
mnmm hg
Lejhrihog; jm dietgnpgrmturm nghim m`umj vmrîm g`trg 6 ² F y 3² F y gj prenghie hg
prgfipitmfiö` tetmj per m`e gs vmrimdjg g`trg 722 y =222 nijîngtres. Jm vgogtmfiö`
`mturmj heni`m`tg gstí fe`stituihm per pmstes `mturmjgs mjte m`hi`es y msefimhm
fe` mrdustes hg pertg
Rgqugýe fene jm "fm`jji" (Nmroyrifmrpus pi``mtus). Jm Nifrefug`fm Mufmnpi
efupm u` írgm hg==4.26 An 4 sig`he gj 68,37% hgj írgm fe` nmyer prgsg`fim g`
jm nifrefug`fm.
Rmrmne
Rmrmne nuy lûng
lûnghe
he Vudm
Vudmjpi`e
jpi`e Xrep
Xrepifmj
ifmj (pl-VmV); Vgo
Vgoû`
û` gj Himorm
Himormnm
nm
Diefjinmtife hg Lejhrihog, gj prenghie hg gvmpetrm`spirmfiö` petg`fimj tetmj
per mýe vmrîm g`trg jm nitmh (2.7) y u`m fm`tihmh ioumj mj vejung` prenghie hg
prgfipitmfiö` tetmj per mýe,
mýe, je qug udifm m gstms [e`ms
[e`ms hg Sihm é` jm previ`fim
previ`fim hg
lunghmh; LWNGHE. Jm Nifrefug`fm Mufmnpi efupm u` írgm hg <9.?= An 4
sig`he gj 4?.?7% hgj írgm.
Gstgpm gspi`e Ne`tm`e dmke trepifmj (gg-NDX); Jm nmyer pmrtg hg gstms ze`ms
sg gxtig`hg` m je jmroe hg jm perfiö` nghim hg jms vgrtig`tgs effihg`tmjgs y hg
figrtes vmjjgs i`tgrm`hi`e g`trg 4,222 y 6,=22 n.s.`.n. Jms gspgfigs vgogtmjgs
i`hifmherms hg gstms [e`ms hg Sihm se`; jm "tu`m" "flmnm`m"y gj 'S`ejjg" g` jes
juomrgs u` pefe nís mdriomhes y gj "ffmsi " ( Lepjerus pgruvim`m) g` jms pmrtgs
gjgvmhms, nuy fgrfm m jes jînitgs fe` jm gstgpm Ne`tm`e. Jm Nifrefug`fm
Mufmnpi efupm u` írgm hg 66.69 An4 sig`he gj =2.66% hgj írgm.
◅ Gs
Gstg
tgpm
pm N
Ne`
e`tm
tm`e
`e Xre
Xrepi
pifm
fmjj (Lg - N
NX)
X);; Rmrtg mjtm hg jm fiuhmh hg Fmýgtg sedrg
6,222 ngtres hg mjturm. Jmhgrm hg cugrtg i`fji`mfiö` fe` fujtivö hg fgdmhm y
trioe sedrg m`hg`gs si` rigoe, jm Nifrefug`fm Mufmnpi efupm u` írgm hg ?4.4?
An4 sig`he gj 44.67% hgj írgm.
◅ Nm
Nmte
terr
rrmj
mj hg
hgsé
sért
rtif
ifee Ne`tm
Ne`tm`e
`e X
Xre
repi
pifm
fmjj (nh-N); Vg gxtig`hg e je jmroe hg jm
rgoiö` festgrm hgshg jes ?²62s lmstm =<² =2' hg jmtituh Vur, efupm`he hes
cug`tgs; u`e, g` jm perfiö` nghim hgj cjm`fe effihg`tmj m`hi`m, g`trg jes 4, 222 y
4,922 ngtres hg gjgvmfiö`, y gj sgou`he, m je jmroe hgj jitermj, g`trg 722 y =,222
ngtres hg mjturm.
Jm Nifrefug`fm Mufmnpi efupm u` írgm hg =9.9= An4 sig`he gj 8.94% hgj írgm.
4.8. LIHTEJEOÎM
Vig`he msî, gstm moum hg eriog` pjuvimj, jm qug hisfurrg y sg g`fmuzm cernm`he pgqugýe
pgqugýess
mrreyes qug m su vgz sg erhg`m` g` u` sistgnm e rgh hg hrg`mkg, qug fene prgfism gj
`endrg, hrg`m tehm gj moum hg jms prgfipitmfie`gs lmfim jm pmrtg i`cgrier hg `ugstrm
nifrefug`fm, jjgom`he i`fjusivg g` épefms dmstm`tg jjuviesms, lmfim gj fmufg hgj rie
Fmýgtg.
4.7. OGEJEOÎM
Gj rgsujtmhe hg jm gvmjumfiö` ogejöoifm rgoie`mj hgj írgm hg gstuhie, cug ferrgjmfie`mhe
fe` jes dejgti`gs y nmpms ogejöoifes rgmjizmhes per I@OGNNGX, ze`m sur hgj Rgrû.
- Orm`ehieritm
- M`hgsitm
- Xedms
Xedms ri
riejî
ejîtif
tifms
ms m riehm
riehmfît
fîtms
ms,, io`i
io`indr
ndritm
itmss riej
riejîtif
îtifmm fejer
fejer resmh
resmhe.
e.
- M`hg
M`hgsi
sitm
tmss i`tg
i`tgrf
rfmj
mjmh
mhms
ms fe`
fe` jehe
jeheji
jitm
tmss y mr
mrg`
g`is
isfm
fms,
s, dr
drgf
gflm
lmss te
tedí
dífg
fgms
ms,, jm
jmvm
vmss
percirîtifms.
- M`hg
M`hgsi
sitm
tm perc
percirî
irîti
tifm
fm oris
oris,, tedm
tedmss hg fris
fristm
tmjg
jgss re
resm
smfg
fgmm m pm
pmrh
rhuz
uzfm
fm y mr
mrg`
g`is
isfm
fmss
suderhi`mhms.
- M`hg
M`hgsi
sitm
tm perc
percirî
irîti
tifm
fm oris
oris,, tedm
tedmss hg fris
fristm
tmjg
jgss re
resm
smfg
fgmm m pm
pmrh
rhuz
uzfm
fm y mr
mrg`
g`is
isfm
fmss
suderhi`mhms.
- M`hgsitms
M`hgsitms dmsíjtifm
dmsíjtifms,
s, fe`
fe`ojeng
ojengrmhe
rmhes,
s, fjm
fjmstes
stes hhgg vejfí`
vejfí`ifes
ifes y mrg`isfm
mrg`isfmss orug
orugsms.
sms.
- Orm
rm`e
`ehi
hieeritm
ritm,, te
te`mjit
mjitmm
- Ne`zeorm`ite
- M`hgs
M`hgsitm
itms,
s, mmoje
ojengr
ngrmhe
mhes,
s, ttedm
edmss y mmrg`
rg`isf
isfms
ms rrekm
ekms.
s.
- M`hgsitms
M`hgsitms percirifms
percirifms fe` frist
fristmjgs
mjgs hg ppjmoi
jmoiefjms
efjmsm,
m, ejivi`e
ejivi`e,, g` nmtri
nmtrizz mcirifm.
mcirifm.
- Drgflms
Drgflms g` n nmtriz
mtriz hg te
tedm
dm jm
jmpijji,
pijji, fe` frist
fristmjgs
mjgs hg ppjmoi
jmoiefjms
efjmsm,
m, dietitm
dietitm,, fumrze.
fumrze.
- Mrg`isfm
Mrg`isfm,, jinejit
jinejitms,
ms, fmjiz
fmjizms
ms tedí
tedífgms
fgms,, dr
drgflm
gflmss tedífg
tedífgms
ms y jmvms.
jmvms.
- Fe`sti
Fe`stitui
tuihm
hm per djequgs
djequgs re
refes
feses
es lgt
lgtgre
grenét
nétrif
rifes
es y len
leneoé
eoé`ge
`gess m`oujes
m`oujeses
es m sud
m`oujeses.
- Hgpösites
Hgpösites nerré
nerré`ife
`ifes,
s, dje
djequgs
qugs m`ou
m`oujeses
jeses rgjjg
rgjjg`mhe
`mhess fe` mrfijjms,
mrfijjms, jines y mrg`ms.
mrg`ms.
- Ormv
Ormvms
ms,, mrg`
mrg`ms
ms g` nm
nmtr
triz
iz jine
jine mrg`
mrg`es
esms
ms.. Mr
Mrg`
g`ms
ms y nmtg
nmtgri
rimj
mjgs
gs rgsihu
rgsihumj
mjgs
gs `e
fe`sejihmhes.
- Mfun
Mfunuj
ujmf
mfiö
iö`` hg or
ormv
mvm,
m, mrg`
mrg`m,
m, jine
jine y mr
mrfi
fijj
jjmm fe
fe`` fj
fjms
mste
tess su
sudm
dm`o
`ouj
ujes
eses
es m
m`oujeses hg hicgrg`tg fenpesifiö`.
fenpesifiö`.
4.7. OGENETCEJEOÎM
OGENETCEJEOÎM
Rm
Rmrm
rm jm fm
fmrm
rmft
ftgr
griz
izmf
mfiö
iö`` hg jm
jmss u`ih
u`ihmh
mhgs
gs ogen
ogener
erce
cejö
jöoi
oifm
fmss g` jm nifr
nifref
efug
ug`f
`fm,
m, sg
jm gresiö` y sghing`tmf
sghing`tmfiö`
iö` e mfunujmfiö
mfunujmfiö`.
`.
Feji
Feji`m
`m y jenm
jenmhm
hm g` refm
refm vejf
vejfí`
í`if
ifm;
m; Gstm cernm hg rgjigvg,
rgjigvg, jitejöoifm
jitejöoifmng`tg
ng`tg gstí
fenpugstm per refms vejfí`ifms rghufihes per prefgses hg`utmtive. Vg fmrmftgrizmr per
prgsg`tmr jmhgrms
jmhgrms hisgftmhms y hg pg`hig`tg nehgrmhm
nehgrmhm m dmkm.
dmkm
Ngsgtm Sejfí`ife/sghin
Sejfí`ife/sghing`tmrim;
g`tmrim;
ligje mfunujmhe g` gj firfe gs orm`hg. Gj ligje hg jms fmpms i`cgriergs sg hgspjmzm cugrm
hgj firfe y sg hgrrmnm vmjjg mdmke.
?.<374< %.
Gj tipe hg refms qug sg g`fug`trm` g` gstm ze`m se` jm dietitm, hieritm y ne`zeorm`ite
6.94393 %.
qug sg prehufg` g` tehe gj nu`he. Mjou`ms rgoie`gs se` nís vuj`grmdjgs m figrtes
pgjiores qug etrms, mhgnís gstes pgjiores `mturmjgs sg fe`vigrtg` g` hgsmstrgs fum`he
fene u`m jî`gm dmsg pmrm jes cutures trmdmkes hg prgvg`fiö` hg hgsmstrgs per cg`öng`es
`mturmjgs.
Ogejöoifes Rgjiores
g` nmsm.
=. Vîsnife
Jes sisnes se` nevinig`tes drusfes fmusmhes per u`m viejg`tm jidgrmfiö` hg g`groîm
Jm nifrefug`fm Mufmnpi gstí udifmhm g` pmrtg hg jm festm hgj Efém`e Rmfîcife, per je
qug sg g`fug`trm rgjmfie`mhm mj tgnm hgj Fi`turö` e M`ijje hg Cugoe hgj Rmfîcife, gj
fumj sg fmrmftgrizm per fe`fg`trmr mjou`ms hg jms ze`ms hg sudhuffiö` nís inpertm`tgs
hgj nu`he, je qug efmsie`m u`m i`tg`sm mftivihmh sîsnifm. Rer je tm`te, jm ze`m hg
pgrcij hg sugje hg tipe V=; sugje e refms nuy rîoihms, he`hg sg g`fe`trö jm prgsg`fim hg
4. Ne
Nevi
vini
nig`
g`te
te g` nm
nmsm
sm
W` nevinig`
nevinig`te
te g` nmsm
nmsm gs
gs gj pref
prefgse
gse per gj fumj u` veju
vejung`
ng` hg nmtg
nmtgrimj
rimj fe`s
fe`stituih
tituihee
per refm, sugje, tigrrms, hgtrites e gsfendres, sg hgspjmzm jmhgrm mdmke per mffiö` hg jm
4.=. Hgrrundg
supgrcifig hg rupturm hg cernm pjm`m u e`hujmhm. Ve` nevinig`tes jg`tes hg nmtgrimjgs djm`hes.
Gstes cjukes crgfug`tgng`tg mrrmstrm` pmrtg hg jm fmpm vgogtmj mcgftm`he tgrrg`es hg fujtive y
pughg mcgftmr mjou`ms vivig`hms hgj pedjmhe hg Mufmnpi y tig`g u` ormhe hg vuj`grmdijihmh
mjte.
fe` mvm`fg rgtreorgsive, per nghie hg hgrrundgs lmfim sus fmrms jidrgs. Jms vivig`hms y
fmrrgtgrms qug sg jefmjizm` hgdmke hg gstm ze`m, pughg` sgr mcgftmhms per `ugvms fmîhms
FMRÎXWJE III
6.=. FE@FJWVIE@GV
Mj gstu
gstuhi
himr
mr jm Ni
Nifr
fref
efug
ug`f
`fmm Mu
Mufm
fmnp
npii puhi
puhine
ness ed
edsg
sgrv
rvmr
mr hg
hgsh
shgg gj i`
i`if
ifie
ie hg jm
hgjinitmfiö` qug gs u` írgm orm`hg qug fug`tm fe` 64662.<483? hg lgftírgms ym qug su
udifmfiö` fenprg`hg
fenprg`hg tenmr hes histrites hg jm previ`fim hg Ymuyes fene se` Mjjmufm y
Hg mfugrhe m jes nmpms rgmjizmhes `es myuhm nufle pmrm smdgr jm hgsfripfiö` hg
`ugstrm írgm hg gstuhie1 fene gs g` gj fmse hg vîms hg mffgse qug fug`tm fe` u`m vîm
rgfmjfmr qug fug`tm fe` fmni`es hg lgrrmhurms, pgre si fe` fmni`es hg treflms sig`he
Etre nmpm rgsmjtm`tg gs gj nmpm tepeorícife he`hg `es nugstrm jm mjturm níxinm qug gs
y hg 422 n pehgnes visumjizmr gj rgmjfg hg jm inmog` y fe` nmyer myuhm hg jes pgrcijgs
Rer gj índi
índite
te hg jm situmfiö
situmfiö`` pedj
pedjmfie
mfie`mj
`mj g` jes fg`tres pedjmhe
pedjmhess fgrfm`es
fgrfm`es `es hines
fug`tm qug fug`tm` fe` jes rgfurses dísifes1 m gjje mtriduines qug u`es hg jes fg`tres
pedjmhes qug fug`tm fe` nmyer pedjmfiö` gs Mjjmufm fe` =32 lmditm`tgs y gj ng`es
pedjmhe gs Nmpmquijjg
Nmpmquijjg fe` 2 llmditm`tgs.
mditm`tgs.
írgm gs D(i) H¸L6 fe` 4=949.=3 Lm y u` perfg`tmkg hg 3?.<%. Gstm gs u`m ze`m hg
fjinm sgnicrîoihe, jjuviese, fe` hgcifig`fim g` i`vigr`e, fe` u`m lunghmh rgjmtivm
G` jm pmr
pmrtg
tg i`c
i`cgri
grier
er hg jm nifref
nifrefug`
ug`fm
fm Muf
Mufmnp
mnpi,i, hg ze
ze`m
`m sgnisg
sgnisgfe
fe tgnpjm
tgnpjmhe
he hg
tgnpgrmturms nghim, m`umj =4² m =<² F, g`fe`trmnes Gstgpm gspi`e ne`tm`e dmke
trepifmj, jms gspgfigs i`hifmherms se` jm Xu`m y gj S`ejjg hg mfugrhe fe` gj nmpm hg
[e`ms hg Sihm.
Fe` jes hmtes ng`sumjgs hg mndms gstmfie`gs, hgj 42=? mj 4242, sg fe`fjuyg qug g` gj
fmse hg jms tgnpgrmturms lude u`m vmrimfiö` hg 8.247 hg su prenghie g` hifles mýes.
G` gj fmse hg jms prgfipitmfie`gs si lude vmrimfie`gs nufle nís `eterims, per gkgnpje,
Rmfmrí` gs hg 2.29449=33?.
Mj m`mjizmr gj tgnm hg fedgrturm vgogtmj gj írgm qug nís prgheni`m gs pmke`mj m`hi`e gj
fumj mtrmpm` gj moum g` etres fmses jes pmke`mjgs fum`he se` qugnmhes, vugjvg` m frgfgr
fe` rgdretgs nís tigr`es, per je qug gs fe`sihgrmhe u` ngker cerrmkg pmrm gj om`mhe, g`
fenpmrmfiö` m jm pmkm frgfihm. G` gstm mjturm hgj Rgrû sg hgsmrrejjm u` gfesistgnm û`ife.
fe`stm`tgng`tg
fe`stm`tgng`tg lmfim jms tigrrms dmkms.
gstí fenpugstm per hivgrsms refms g` jms fumjgs rgfmjfmnes fe` nmyer é`cmsis m jms
fe` gj föhioe R ‖ V ym qug sg g`fug`trm` g` nmyer fm`tihmh efupm`he u`m orm` írgm hg
jm nifrefug`fm.
Rer etre jmhe, gj tipe hg refm qug efupm ng`er írgm gs Orm`ehieritm fe` gj föhioe As -
df - oh. M orm` mspgfte `es pgrfmtmnes qug fug`tm fe` =? tipes hicgrg`tgs hg refms g`
pughg myuhmr nufle fe` jm prespgrihmh g` jm vmrighmh hg cjerm y cmu`m qug pughm
ecrgfgr hiflm írgm pmrm jes pugdjes nís fgrfm`es fene Fmjmfletm, Mufmnpi, Mufe,
mrg`isfms suderhi`mhms sgoû` gj nmpm ogejöoife fe` nmyer írgm sg g`fug`trm g`trg gj
dmsíjtifms, fe`ojengrmhes,
fe`ojengrmhes, ffjmstes
jmstes hg vejfí
vejfí`ifes
`ifes y mrg`isf
mrg`isfms
ms orugsms.
G` jm ne`tmým g` refm i`trusivm, gj tipe hg refms qug sg g`fug`trm` g` gstm ze`m se` jm
hgsprg`hinig`te
hgsprg`hinig`te hg refm.
Ci`mjng`tg, fe`fjuines qug `ugstrm nifrefug`fm gstuhimhm tig`g u`m gxtg`siö` mnpjim,
tm`te qug jjgom m tenmr hes histrites, pgre m jm vgz gs nuy hivgrsm fe`tm`he fe` u`m
rgjmfie`m` fe` jms ze`ms fjinítifms y fe` gj hgsmrrejje hg jes fg`tres pedjmhes fgrfm`es
mprevgflm`he
mprevgflm`he jes rgfurses qug tig`g.
6.4. DIDJIEOTMCÎM
lttps;//www.histrite.pg/histrite-mjjmufm.ltnj#nu`ifipmjity
lttps;//nu`iymuyesjinm.oed.pg/fiuh
lttps;//nu`iymuyesjinm.oed.pg/fiuhmh/rgsg`m-listerifm
mh/rgsg`m-listerifm//
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/42=
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/42=8/26/dmsg-hg-hmtes
8/26/dmsg-hg-hmtes-pgru-slmpgcijg-slp-ni`m
-pgru-slmpgcijg-slp-ni`mn.ltnj
n.ltnj
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/p/hg
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/p/hgsfmroms.ltnj
sfmroms.ltnj
lttps;//www.oeeojg.fen.pg/nmps/p
lttps;//www.oeeojg.fen.pg/nmps/pjmfg/Feje`im+=7
jmfg/Feje`im+=7??2/B-=4.366=<<,
??2/B-=4.366=<<,
?7.<9=??6?,=?z/hmtm>!6n=!8
?7.<9=??6?,=?z/hmtm>!6n=!8d=!8n7!6n8!
d=!8n7!6n8!
=s2x9=2cd2?4d3?3d3h9;2x
=s2x9=2cd2?4d3?3d3h9;2xg?24hh<<f?
g?24hh<<f?hd<6d!<n4!6h-=4.366
hd<6d!<n4!6h-=4.366=789!8h-?7.<<9
=789!8h-?7.<<96699
6699
lttp;//fg`ses42=?.i`gi.oed.pg/rghmtmn/
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/42=
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/42=9/27/fg`tres-pedjmh
9/27/fg`tres-pedjmhes-fg`se-42=?-s
es-fg`se-42=?-slmpgcijg.ltnj
lmpgcijg.ltnj
lttps;//www.i`gi.oed
lttps;//www.i`gi.oed.pg/nghim/Ng`uTg
.pg/nghim/Ng`uTgfursive/pudjifmfie
fursive/pudjifmfie`gsUhioitmjgs/Gst/Jid
`gsUhioitmjgs/Gst/Jid=78=/te
=78=/te
ne8.phc
lttp;//fg`ses42=?.i`gi.oed.pg/rghmtmn/
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/42=
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/42=9/27/fg`tres-pedjmh
9/27/fg`tres-pedjmhes-fg`se-42=?-s
es-fg`se-42=?-slmpgcijg.ltnj
lmpgcijg.ltnj
lttps;//www.i`gi.oed.pg/nghim/Ng`uT
lttps;//www.i`gi.oed.pg/nghim/Ng`uTgfursive/pudjifmf
gfursive/pudjifmfie`gsUhioitmjgs/Gs
ie`gsUhioitmjgs/Gst/Jid=?=7/
t/Jid=?=7/
jidre.phc
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/42=
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/42=?/29/gstmdjgfinig`
?/29/gstmdjgfinig`tes-hg-smjuh-ggss.ltn
tes-hg-smjuh-ggss.ltnjj
lttps;//hefpjmygr.gs/?73<7722
lttps;//hefpjmygr.gs/?73<7722-Rjm`-vimj-hg-jm-previ`fim-hg-ym
-Rjm`-vimj-hg-jm-previ`fim-hg-ymuyes.ltnj
uyes.ltnj
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/42=
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/42=</24/i`stitufie`gs-ghu
</24/i`stitufie`gs-ghufmtivms-ni`ghu.ltn
fmtivms-ni`ghu.ltnjj
cijg;///F;/Wsgrs/Wsgr/Hgsatep/4.=%42Fjinm/Nmpm
cijg;///F;/Wsgrs/Wsgr/Hgsatep/4.=%42Fjinm/NmpmUFjinmtife.phc
UFjinmtife.phc
lttps;//www.sg`mnli.oed.pg/5p>
lttps;//www.sg`mnli.oed.pg/5p>gstmfie`gs
gstmfie`gs
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/42=
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/42=9/23/nmpm-fjinmtife-hgj-pgru
9/23/nmpm-fjinmtife-hgj-pgru-fjmsicifmfie`.ltnj
-fjmsicifmfie`.ltnj
lttp;//www.sgnm.oed.nx/VT@/VIIMGF/REG
lttp;//www.sgnm.oed.nx/VT@/VIIMGF/REGXG/FWMHTEV/FumhreU
XG/FWMHTEV/FumhreU3UHgsfripfie`
3UHgsfripfie`
UhgUjesUXipesUhgUFjinms.p
UhgUjesUXipesUhgUFjinms.phc
hc
lttp;//rgpesiterie.iifm.i`t/d
lttp;//rgpesiterie.iifm.i`t/ditstrgmn/lm`hjg/==64
itstrgmn/lm`hjg/==648/?963/DSG=9282
8/?963/DSG=9282447g.phc1ksgssie`
447g.phc1ksgssie`ih
ih
>8HM73GG6<=9D=H2MF99DG286GC3?<<885sgqug`fg>=
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/42=
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/42=7/=2/nmpm-hg-ze`ms
7/=2/nmpm-hg-ze`ms-hg-vihm-e`gr`-e`ji`g
-hg-vihm-e`gr`-e`ji`g.ltnj
.ltnj
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/42=
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/42=7/=4/hgsfmromr-nmpm
7/=4/hgsfmromr-nmpm-hg-fjmsicifmfie`U
-hg-fjmsicifmfie`U3.ltnj
3.ltnj
lttps;//si`im.ni`mn.oed.pg/hefung
lttps;//si`im.ni`mn.oed.pg/hefung`tes/himormnm-diefjinm
`tes/himormnm-diefjinmtife-ze`ms-vihm-sistg
tife-ze`ms-vihm-sistgnm-
nm-
lejhrihog-4229
cijg;///F;/Wsgrs/Wsgr/Hew`jemhs/F284-NmpmU6
cijg;///F;/Wsgrs/Wsgr/Hew`jemhs/F284-NmpmU6UW`ihmhgsUog
UW`ihmhgsUogenercejeoifms
enercejeoifms
%42(4).phc
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/42=
lttps;//www.ogeopspgru.fen/42=3/23/ogenercejeoim-hgs
3/23/ogenercejeoim-hgsfmromr-slmpgcijg-ormtis.
fmromr-slmpgcijg-ormtis.ltnj
ltnj
lttp;//www.ni`gn.oed.pg/ni`gn/mrflive
lttp;//www.ni`gn.oed.pg/ni`gn/mrflives/cijg/HOOMG/MTFLISEV/gstuh
s/cijg/HOOMG/MTFLISEV/gstuhies/GIMV
ies/GIMV
%42-%42lihrefmrdures/GIM/GIM%42JEXG
%42-%42lihrefmrdures/GIM/GIM%42JEXG%42=6</SEJ%42II%4
%42=6</SEJ%42II%42JI@GM
2JI@GM
%42DMVG/FENRE@G@XG%42MDI%F6%9
%42DMVG/FENRE@G@XG%42MDI%F6%96XIFE/VudFmp%4
6XIFE/VudFmp%42=.8%42Ogejeo
2=.8%42Ogejeo
%F6%MHm%42y%42Ogenercejeo%F6%MHm.phc
cijg;///F;/Wsgrs/Wsgr/Hew`jemhs/6.4.4%42Og
cijg;///F;/Wsgrs/Wsgr/Hew`jemhs/6.4.4%42Ogenercejeoim%42(6).ph
enercejeoim%42(6).phc
c
NMRMV XGNÍXIFEV
- NMRM H
HG
GHHG
GJINIXMFIÖ@
- NMRM HG WDIFMFIÖ@
- NMRM H
HG
GSSÎM
ÎMV
VHHG
G MF
MFFGVE
- NM
NMRM
RMV
V XERE
XEREOT
OTÍC
ÍCIF
IFEV
EV;; (FWT
(FWTSM
SMV
V HG 72 Y 422)
422)
- NMRM H
HG
GRRE
EDJMFIÖ@
- NM
NMRM
RM H
HG
G RE
REDJ
DJMF
MFIÖ
IÖ@
@ (F
(Fg`
g`tr
tres
es G
Ghu
hufm
fmti
tive
ves)
s)
- NM
NMRM
RM HG RE
REDJ
DJMF
MFIÖ
IÖ@
@ ((Fg
Fg`t
`tre
ress hhgg Vmj
Vmjuh
uh))
- NMRM H
HG
GRRG
G@HIG@XG
- NMRM HG FJINMV
- NMR
MRM
M HG
HG F
FED
EDGT
GTXW
XWTM
TM SGO
SGOGX
GXMJ
MJ
- NM
NMRM
RM HG LI
LIHT
HTJE
JEOÎ
OÎM
M ((Tî
Tîes
es y ]ug
]ugdr
drmh
mhm)
m)
- NM
NMRM
RM H
HG
GLLIH
IHTE
TEJE
JEOÎ
OÎM
M (T
(Tgh
gh Lîhr
Lîhrif
ifm)
m)
- NMRM HG OGEJEOÎM
- NMR
MRM
M HG OG
OGE
ENET
NETCEJ
CEJEO
EOÎM
ÎM
- NM
NMRM
RM HG RG
RGJI
JIOT
OTEV
EV @MXW
@MXWTM
TMJG
JGV
V