IMMUNOLOGY

BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022 - 2023

Immunology
Immunity
Different types of Immunity (4)
Different Immune Cells
Neutrophil, Mast Cells, Basophil,
Eosinophil, Dendritic Cells,
Monocytes, Macrophage, NK
Cells
complement system
 HOMEOSTASIS
from the Greek words for
"same" and "steady"
refers to any process that living
things use to actively maintain
fairly stable conditions
necessary for survival.
 IMMUNOLOGY
- Branch of Biology that is
concerned with the structure and
function of the immune system,
the bodily distinction of self from
non – self, and the use of
antibody – based lab techniques
 IMMUNOLOGY
- Deals with the physiological
functioning of the immune
system of both health and
disease as well as malfunctions
of the immune system in
immunological disorders
 IMMUNITY
- Can be defined as a complex
biological system endowed with
the capacity to recognize and
tolerate whatever belongs to self,
and to recognize and reject
what is foreign (Non-self)
 4 TYPES OF IMMUNITY
1. Barrier Immunity
2. Innate Immunity
3. Adaptive Immunity
4. Passive Immunity
 BARRIER IMMUNITY
-The body’s first line of defense
mechanism against pathogens
to prevent infection
- lungs, gut, skin are the major
physical and immunological
barriers to infection
 SKIN, GUT, LUNGS
- physical barrier
- chemical barrier
- biological barrier
- skin has a surface area of 1.5
– 2.0 sq. m (16-22 sq. ft) - Adult
 SKIN, GUT, LUNGS
Respiratory - (Cillia)
GI – (Stomach Acids)
GU – (epithelial cells prod. Pro-
inflammatory cytokines and
antibacterial agents)
 SKIN, GUT, LUNGS
Respiratory - (Cillia)
GI – (Stomach Acids)
GU – (epithelial cells prod. Pro-
inflammatory cytokines and
antibacterial agents)
 INNATE IMMUNITY
From the Latin words “in” and
“nasci”

In = into
Nasci = be born
 INNATE IMMUNITY
- Non – Specific
-The defense system with which
you were born
- protects against all antigens
- all materials considered as
non self, will be “attacked”
 INNATE IMMUNITY
-Barrier Immunity is also part of
Innate Immunity
-Different Types of WBC
(Leukocytes)
➢Macrophage
➢Neutrophil
 INNATE IMMUNITY
➢Eosinophil
➢Basophil
➢Mast Cells
➢Monocytes
➢Natural Killer (NK) Cells
➢Dendritic Cells
 NEUTROPHILS
- Most abundant in the body
(40-75%)
-First immune cells to respond
-First line of defense
-Found in the blood and are
highly mobile
 NEUTROPHILS
-Are a type of
granulocytes (enzymes)
-Has multi lobes nucleus
-phagocytic cells
(engulf other cells)
PHAGOCYTES
Phagocytosis – a
cellular process for
ingesting and
eliminating particles
larger than 0.6 µm in
diameter.
 EOSINOPHIL
-are specialized
immune cells
-bilobed nucleus
-contains large
granules containing
enzymes
 EOSINOPHIL
-1 – 6% of all WBC
-Fights multicellular
microorganism
(parasites and bacteria)
- A type of
Granulocytes
 EOSINOPHIL
-Help promote inflammation
-High concentration in blood can
cause multiple organ damage
-Heart, Lungs and skin – mostly
affected ( Eosinophil count /
Eosinophilia)
 BASOPHIL
-The least common
Granulocytes
-0.5 – 1% total WBC
circulating in the body
 BASOPHIL
-Type of WBC that closely
work together with the
immune system to defend
from Allergens, pathogens
and parasites
 BASOPHIL
-Have granules containing
Heparin (anticoagulant)
-Play a role in blood clotting
-Are also involved in allergic
reactions.
 MAST CELLS
-Also known as Mastrocyte /
Labrocyte
-Resident of connective tissues
in the body
-Contains large amount of
granules
 MAST CELLS
-Granules containing Heparin
and Histamine
- increased blood vessel,
proliferation of other Leukocytes
-Allergy cells (responsible for the
immediate allergic reactions)
 MAST CELLS
-Linking the innate to adaptive
immunity to fight infections
- Pro inflammatory cell
 MACROPHAGE
-Specialized cells involved in
detection, phagocytosis, and
destruction of bacteria and
other harmful organisms.
-Large cells
 MACROPHAGE
-Can migrate from the blood
vessels to the tissue spaces in
the body to phagocytize
invading cells
-Release cytokines
-One of the major sources of
Cytokines
 MACROPHAGE
-TNF (Tumor necrosis Factor)
-IL 1
-IL 6
-IL 8
-IL 12
 MONOCYTE
-Has one nucleus
-Resides in the blood and are
produced in the bone
marrow
-Releases cytokines to
regulate cell homeostasis
 MONOCYTE
-IL 3
-Stem Cell Factor (SCF)
-Granulocyte – Macrophage
Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-
MCSF)
-Macrophage colony – stimulating
factor (MCSF)
-Factors increasing Monocytopoiesis
 MONOCYTE
-Can differentiate into Tissue
Macrophage and Dendritic
cells to elicit an immune
response.
 DENDRITIC CELLS
-Named after their probing
“Tree-like” or dendritic shapes
-Responsible for the initiation
of adaptive immunity
-Are a type antigen presenting
cells (APC)
 DENDRITIC CELLS
-Located in tissues that are in
contact with the outside
environment
-Known as “Langerhans Cells”
-Discovered by Paul Langerhans
(1868), mistaken as nerve cells
of the epidermis
 NATURAL KILLER CELLS
-A type of Large Granular
Lymphocytes (LGL)
-Effector lymphocytes of the
innate immune system that
control several types of tumors
and microbial infections
 NATURAL KILLER CELLS
-This cells shows strong cytolytic
function against physiologically
stressed cells (e.g. tumors)
-NK cells do not attack
pathogens directly (tumors and
infected cells)
 NATURAL KILLER CELLS
-5 – 15% of the peripheral
blood lymphocytes.
-Abundance in the liver,
uterus, spleen and lungs.
- > 2 billion cells (in a healthy
adult)
 COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
-Also known as complement
cascades
-Represents a major part of
the innate immune system
-Synthesized in the liver
 COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
-Are made up of a large number
of distinct plasma proteins that
react with one another to
opsonize pathogens and
induce a series of inflammatory
response to fight infection.
 3 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
1. Activation of inflammation
2. The opsonization (labeling) of
pathogens and cells for
destruction by the
phagocytes
3. Direct killing of target cells/
microbes by lysis