PHILOSOPHY AND CRITICAL THINKING ASSIGMENT

FALLACIES WITH EXAMPLES

HASTY GENERALIZATION;
This fallacy occurs when there is reasonable likelihood that the sample is not representative of the
group or it is either too small or not randomly selected.

 My uncle eats too much sweet dishes, but still he doesn’t has diabetes, so I think eating too
much sweet doesn’t cause diabetes.

FALLACY OF AUTHORITY;
It occurs when we sight the authority to justify our conclusion.

 Enrico Fermi, a famous physicist claim that study of nuclear physic should be banned because it
led us to the formation of nuclear bomb and we experienced its destructive consequences, so I
believed we should not study nuclear physics.

FALLACY OF IGNORANCE;
This fallacy occurs when the issue involves something that is incapable of being proved but the
conclusion makes a definite assertion about the thing.

 Researchers still don’t know where FLIGHT 19 disappeared after passing over Bermuda triangle,
so I believed that it had gone to some other galaxy.

FALSE CAUSE;
This fallacy occurs when you ignored the scientific thoughts and believe in superstitions or imagined
casual connection that probably doesn’t exists.

 Whenever I choose to bat first in cricket, I always lose because of batting first I lose so next time
I will boll first.

FALLACY OF POSSIBILITY;
It occurs when there is some possibility but there is no prove that’s why someone believes it.

 Since we are experiencing new types of viruses everyday so there is a possibility that in future a
new virus can be discovered that convert human into zombies.

ARGUMANT AGAINST THE PERSON;

This fallacy involves two arguers. One of them advances the argument and other the then responds by
directing his attention not to the first person’s argument.

 Sara claimed that aliza has stolen her necklace but sara is a habitual liar so we should not trust
her.

APPEAL TO PEOPLE;
It uses the desires like (admired, valued and accepted by others) to get the reader to accept a
conclusion.

 90% of people think that dairy milk is the best chocolate so they all can’t be wrong so I also
believe that dairy milk is the best.

FALLACY OF INCREDULITY;
If there is scientific theory but your mind can not accept it, so you reject it.

 Scientists said that we should not watch solar eclipse with naked eye it will damage our eyeside,
but I think there is no harm in it.

WEAK ANALOGY;
It occurs when we observe two similarities and consider that both the things are same. In weak analogy
we basically do comparison.

 Drugs are banned but we used the medicine that uses drugs, if there is no banned on medicine
so the banned on drugs should also be removed.

FALSE DICHOTOMY;
It occurs when you consider only two alternatives but there are many other alternatives and one of the
alternative is preferred by the arguer, so the arguer eliminate the undesirable alternative and desirable
one is left.

 I said to him either eat the food made by me or stay hungry the whole night as the mom is not
at home.
EQUIVOCATION;
It occurs when we use one word in two different meanings. Such arguments are either invalid or have a
false premise.

 It is said that education is an ornament, but ornaments are forbid for man, so education is also
prohibit for men.

GOLDEN MEAN FALLACY;

This fallacy occurs when you believe that truth is always the middle way. Sometimes in two arguments
one is right and one is wrong. The fallacy occurs when you believe that both are wrong and the third one
is always truth.

 Some people believed that watching too much T.V can weak our eyesight and some says that no
it doesn’t, so the truth lies between in the middle therefore, T.V doesn’t harm our eyesight but
even then we should not watch it too much.