Python Basics - 2

Section A

Dr. Emmanuel S. Pilli

Associate Professor, CSE
Relational Operators

 == 10 == 20 False
 != or <> 10 != 20 True
 > 10 > 20 False
 < 10 < 20 True
 >= 10 >= 20 False
 <= 10 <= 20 True
Relational Operators
 ‘Santosh’ < ‘Aditya’ alphabetical order is checked
 ‘god’ < ‘God’ lowercase > uppercase
 a = b is assignment, a == b is comparison
 Ranges or multiple equalities can be checked
 a < b < c b falls between a and c
 a == b == c all three are equal
 Any non zero number (positive, negative, integer, float)
is treated as True and 0 as False
Logical Operators
 and Logical AND True when both operands are true
 or Logical OR True when any operand is true
 not Logical NOT Used to reverse the operands state
 Conditions can be combined using and or or
 c1 and c2 – returns True if both are True, else False
 c1 or c2 – returns True if one of them is True, else False
 and or or need not be combined with conditions only. Any
valid expression can be used in place of conditions
Logical Operators
 and operator evaluates all expressions. It returns the last
expression, if all evaluate to True. It returns the first value that
evaluates to False
 or operator evaluates all expressions. It returns the first
expression that evaluates to True. It returns the last value that
evaluates to False
 not operator negates the conditions result.
 a = not a sets a to 0 if its is 1, and 1 if its is 0
 a = not b does not change the value of b
 all() and any()are built in functions with same effect
Types of Operators
 Unary – Operator needs only one operand e.g. not
 Binary – Operator needs two operands e.g. +,<,and
 Python supports one additional decision making entity
called conditional expression (Ternary operator in C)
 <expr1> if <conditional expression> else <expr2>
 conditional expression is evaluated first.
 If it is True, expression evaluated to <expr1>.
 If it is False, expression evaluated to <expr2>
Bitwise Operators
 & Bitwise AND – Operator copies bit if its exists in both operands
 | Bitwise OR – Operator copies bit if its exists in either operand
 ^ Bitwise XOR – Operator copies bit if its exists only in operand
 ~ Bitwise Inverse or NOT – Unary Operator used to reverse the
bits of an operand
 << Left shift – Operator is used to shift the bits towards left
 >> Right shift – Operator is used to shift the bits towards right
Bitwise Operators
 & Check whether a bit is on or off. Put off a particular bit
 | Put on a particular bit
 ^ Toggle a Bit
 ~ Convert 0 to 1 and 1 to 0 (unary operator)
 << Shift desired number of bits from left
 >> Shift desired number of bits from right
 Anything ANDed with 0 is 1
 Anything ORed with 0 is 1
 Anything XORed with 0 is 1
Membership and Identity Operators
 Membership operations are used to check an item or an
element that is part of a string, a list or a tuple
 in returns True, if item is in list or sequence
 not in returns True, if item is not in list or sequence
 Identity operations are used to check whether both the
operands are same or not
 is returns True, if the operands are equal
 not is returns True, if the operands are not the same
Operator Precedence (Higher to Lower)

( ) Parentheses left-to-right
** Exponent right-to-left
* / % // Multiplication / Division / Modulus left-to-right
+ – Addition / Subtraction left-to-right
<<, >> Bitwise Left Shift and Right Shift left-to-right
<=, <, >, >= Comparison Operators left-to-right
<>, ==, != Equality Comparison Operators left-to-right
Operator Precedence (Higher to Lower)
is, not is Identity Operator left-to-right
in, not in Membership Operator left-to-right
& Bitwise AND left-to-right
^, | Bitwise XOR and OR left-to-right
not Logical NOT right-to-left
and, or Logical AND / OR left-to-right
= += -= *=
Assignment and Shorthand right-to-left
/= %= //= **=
Console Output Functions
 print( ) function is used to output to the screen
 print( ) function has this form
print(objects, sep =‘ ’, end = ‘\n’,
file = sys.stdout, flush = False)
 Objects will be printed on the screen (stdout),
separated by space (‘ ‘) and last object will printed
by new line(‘\n’).
 flush = False indicates output stream will not be
flushed
Console Output Functions
 Python has facility to call functions and pass keyword
based values as arguments.
 While calling print( ), we can pass specific values for
sep and end. In this case, default values will not be used
print(a, b, c, sep =‘,’, end = ‘!’)
print(x, y, sep =‘…’, end = ‘#’)
Console Output Functions
 Four ways to control the formatting of output
 Using formatted string (fstrings) literals – easiest
 Using the format( ) method – older
 C printf( ) style – legacy
 Using slicing and concatenation operation – difficult
Console Input Functions
 input ( ) function can be used to receive input values
form keyboard
 input( ) function has this form
s = input(‘prompt’)
 prompt is a string that will be displayed on the screen,
soliciting a value.
 input ( ) function returns a string
 The string must be converted into an int or float
Console Input Functions
 input( ) can be used to receive multiple values
 name = input (‘Enter full name’)
 fname, mname, lname = input (‘Enter full
name’).split( )
 split( ) function will split the entered full name with
space as a delimiter. The split values will be assigned to
the variables.
 n1,n2,n3 = input(‘Enter three values:’).split( )
 n1, n2, n3 = int (n1), int (n2), int (n3)
Console Input Functions
 input( ) can be used to receive arbitrary number of values
 input( ) can be used to receive different types of values at
a time
 data= input('Enter name,age,salary:').split()
 name = data[0]
 age = int (data[1])
 salary = float(data[2])
 print(name, age, salary)
 String returned by input( ) must be converted to int or
float before performing arithmetic operations