LESSON 1 Importance of RESEARCH in daily life

RESEARCH-is an organized investagation and study of materials and sources to create facts and reach n
ew inferences.

- Research helps society to answer the WHAT and HOW questions.

TWO TYPES OF RESEARCH

BASIC RESEARCH - This is the type of research that is a purely direct. application but increasing the
nature of understanding about the problem. It develops the scientific theories to be more
understandable to the readers.

APPLIED RESEARCH - It is a type of research that needs an answer to a specific question. It provides
solutions and validation in order to apply to the real setting.

Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics In Research.

1. EMPIRICAL is based on observations and experiments of theories

2 SYSTEMATIC follows orderly and sequen tial procedures, based on valid proce- dures and principles.

3. CONTROLLED In research, all variables, - except those that are tested/ experi- mented on are kept
constant.

4. EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS - refers to a search for facts, answers to questions and Solutions to problems.

5. ANALYTICAL - shows analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical descriptive, and
or case study.

6. OBJECTIVE- it is unbiased and logical. All findings are logically based on real- life situations.

7. ORIGINAL WORK- it requires its own examination and produces the data needed to complete the
study.

Quantitative Vs Qualitative

Quantitative research is expressed in numbers and graphs. It is used to test or confirm theories and
assumptions. This type of research can be used to establish generalizable facts about a topic.
Common quantitative methods include experiments, observations recorded as numbers, and surveys
with closed-ended questions.

Qualitative research is expressed in words. If is used to understand concepts, thoughts or experiences.

This type of research enables you to gather in-depth insights on topics that are not well understood.

Common qualitative methods include interviews with open-ended questions, observations described in
words, and literature reviews that explore concepts and theories.

Quantitative research

Focuses on testing hypotheses and theories

Analyzed through math and statistical analysis

Mainly expressed in numbers, graphs and tables

Requires many respondents

Closed (multiple choice) questions

Key terms: testing, measurement, objectivity, replicability

Qualitative Research

Focuses on exploring ideas and formulating a theory or hypothesis

Analyzed by summarizing, categorizing and interpreting

Mainly expressed in words

Requires few respondents

Open-ended questions

Key terms: understanding, context, complexity, subjectivity

Quantitative data collection methods

Surveys: List of closed or multiple choice questions that is distributed to a sample (online, in person, or
over the phone).

Experiments: Situation in which different types of variables are controlled and manipulated to establish
cause-and- effect relationships.

Observations: Observing subjects in a natural environment where variables can't be controlled.

Qualitative data collection methods

Interviews: Asking open-ended questions verbally to respondents.

Focus groups: Discussion among a group of people about a topic to gather opinions that can be used for
further research.

Ethnography: Participating in a community or organization for an extended period of time to closely

observe culture and behavior.

Literature review: Survey of published works by other authors.

Quantitative research approach

You survey 300 students at your university and ask them questions such as: "on a scale from 1-5, how
satisfied are your with your professors?"

-You can perform statistical analysis on the data and draw conclusions such as: "on average students
rated their professors 4.4".

Qualitative research approach

You conduct in-depth interviews with 15 students and ask them open-ended questions such as: "How
satisfied are you with your studies?", "What is the most positive aspect of your study program?" and
"What can be done to improve the study program?"

Based on the answers you get you can ask follow-up questions to clarify things. You transcribe all
interviews using transcription software and try to find commonalities and patterns.
Mixed methods is a research approach whereby researchers collect and analyze both quantitative and
qualitative data within the same study.

Mixed methods approach

You conduct interviews to find out how satisfied students are with their studies. Through open-ended
questions you learn things you never thought about before and gain new insights. Later, you use a
survey to test these insights on a larger scale.

It's also possible to start with a survey to find out the overall trends, followed by interviews to better
understand the reasons behind the trends.

What are the parts of the Research Paper?

PRELIMINARIES

Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY

Chapter 4: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Chapter 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES

Curriculum Vitae

CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY-includes purpose and reason behind the conduct of the study. (What
made you conduct the study?). Also serves as introduction.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM - the main problem that the research is trying to solve. It follows the
formulation of the title and should be faithful to it. It specifically points the important questions that the
study needs to answer. It also serves as

Research Hypothesis - the expected outcome of the research

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Why conduct the study? You have to identify who will benefit from the
research and how they will be benefitted. This should match the recommendations.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION-determines the coverage of the study and all the things that it will not cover
in order to be specific.

DEFINITION OF TERMS-define technical terms based on how they are used in the study, specifically in
the title. This aims to provide the readers or future researchers with the basic terminologies that are
important to understand the paper.

Theoretical Definitions: Theoretical definitions are basic dictionary definitions.

Operational Definitions: Operational definitions define an object, event, variable. concept, or

construct in terms of the specific processes, tests, and measurements used to determine its presence or
quantity.

CHAPTER 2: Related Literature and Studies

Related Literature

Related Studies

Local Studies

Foreign Studies

Conceptual Framework

Research Paradigm

A conceptual framework is like a roadmap for your study, helping you visualize your research project
and put it into action.
A research paradigm is a method, model, or pattern for conducting research. It is a set of ideas, beliefs,
or understandings within which theories and practices can function.

Differences of Review of Related Literature and Review of Related Studles

i) Related literatura is done from books, professional Journals newspapers, magazines, and other
publications. Related sludles consist of theses. manuscripts, and dissertations

i) After literature review, the individual Irles to develop his/her own opinion on the topic. Review of
related studies is obtaining answers from what has been sludied.

i). Related literature focuses on the opinions and Ideas of one's own on a particular topic Related studios
analyze the work of other researchers and focus on the resulls received by them.

Types of Qualitative Research

•Research is the scientific investigation of phenomena which Includes collection, presentation, analysis
and interpretation of facts that lines an individual's speculation with reality.

Applied Research - use the knowledge acquired through research

- focus on finding solution to a problem

Basic Research-designed to advance knowledge with no application to existing problems in view.

Types of Qualitative Research

Phenomenological studies / Phenomenology

- examine human experiences through the descriptions provided by the people involved. These
experiences are called lived experiences.

- a systematic investigation of any social or natural phenomena

"The Lived Experience of Surviving a Tornado."

Ethnography

Ethnographic studies involve the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups.
-focused on studying shared practices and belief systems

- "Hospital Culture and Stress Coping Mechanism of Nurses at Bolingit Hospital: An Ethnographic Study"

Grounded theory

are studies in which data are collected and analyzed and then a theory is developed that is grounded in
the data.

- takes place when you discover a new theory to underlie your study at the time of data collection and
analysis.

"Investigating the Perceptions of Care Coordinators on Using Behavior Theory-Based Mobile Health
Technology With Medicaid Populations: A Grounded Theory Study"

Historical studies/Historical analysis

- concern the identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis of data from the past. Historical research
seeks not only to discover the events of the past but to relate these past happenings to the present and
to the future.

- It is the examination of primary documents to make you understand the connection of past events to
the present time.

"Historical Research: A Thematic Analysis of Convention and Conference themes for Selected
Professional Health education association from 1975-2009"

The sources of historical data are frequently referred to as primary and secondary sources. Primary
sources are those that provide firsthand information or direct evidence.

Secondary sources are secondhand information (or sometimes third or fourth hand).

For example, a letter written by Florence Nightingale about nursing care during the Crimean War would
be considered a primary source of data. If a friend summarized the information about nursing care
during the Crimean War based on a letter she received from Florence Nightingale, this source of
information would be considered a secondary source.

Case studies

- are in-depth examinations of people or groups of people. -involves a long-time study of a person,
group, organization, or situation. It seeks to find answers to why such thing occurs to the subject.
"Understanding Addiction: A Study of Adolescent Drug-users"

-"Exploring the World of Struggling Students: A Case Study"