REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

REGION 1
BAYAMBANG NATIOANAL HIGH SCHOOL
BAYAMBANG INFANTA, PANGASINAN

LESSON 1: Various Dimensions of Philippine Literary History

(Pre-colonial to Contemporary)
Three Points of Literature:
• Literature portrays experience.
• Authors interpret these human experiences.
• It is an art form and a style of expression.
The Different Literary Periods
1. BC-1564 The Pre-Colonial Period
•This existed before the Spanish occupation in the 1500s.
•It is oral in nature and is full of lessons and ideas about life, its blessings and ideas about life, its
blessings, and its consequences.
• It contains ideas from birth to the grave.
• The oral characteristic of pre-colonial literature gives the possibility for many alterations.
• In the Philippine context, no matter how it may be considered as altered, pre- colonial literature is
still revered to by many Filipinos.
• The sources are usually the local native town folk.
FORMS:
1.Oral Literature 2. Folk Songs 3. Folk Tales
• Riddles • Lullabies • Myths
• Proverbs
• Drinking Songs • Legends

• Love Songs • Fables

• Song of Death • Epics

• Religious Songs

2. 1521-1898 The Spanish Period

• The start of the Philippine’s more colorful history took place in March 6, 1521 when Ferdinand
Magellan docked on the shores of Homonbon. Filipinos were the called “Ladinos”, meaning they
were latinezed. Filipinos were called two things. One is the “Taga-Bayan”, while the other is the
“Taga-bukid” or “Taga-Bundok”. A person who is a Taga- Bayan is considered urbane and civilized
and were in easy range of the church and states.A person who is a Taga-bundok o Taga-bukid is
called Bruto Salvage (Savage Brute) or Indio and were the ones who lived far from the center of the
Spanish power.
FORMS: 2. Secular Non- 3. Propaganda Literature
1.Religious Literature Religious Literature
4. Revolutionary
• Awit, Korido, Literature
• Pasyon
Prose Narrative,
• Senakulo Religious Songs
 • Komadya
3. 1900-1942 The American Period
• The Philippine had a great leap in Education and Culture. The use of English alongside Filipino was
practiced. The Philippines Public School system was introduced. Free public instruction was given to
the Filipinos.The Literature during the American model. Instead of asking the students to write
originals, students ended up following the form of American poet.
FORMS:
• POETRY
 poetry under American rule still followed the style of the old, but had contents that ranged from
free writing to societal concerns under the Americans.
• DRAMA
 was usually used in the American to degrade the Spanish rule and to immortalize the heroism of
the men who fought under the Katipunan.
 REMAKE NOVELS
 took up Dr. Jose Rizal’s portrayal of social conditions by colonial repression.

4. 1941-1945 The Japanese Period and 1946-1985 The Republic

 The Philippine literature Came into a halt. The use of the English language was forbidden and
Filipino language was mandated under Japanese rule. From some this was a problem, but to most
writers, it was blessing in disguised. Almost all news paper were stopped except for some. Filipino
Literature was given a break during this period.
FORMS:
Poetry, Fiction, Drama, Newspaper, and Essay

Literature of the Philippines Today

• In the 21st Century Philippines , there are a lot of literary innovations That are adaptive and created
by Filipinos. Nowadays, even those who do not have any significant literary background make their
own way using the freedom that they have to write and to express.
• There are a lot of new forms from the basic genres of literature; thus proving how far literature in the
Philippines has gone and how far it will go on from here.
Prepared by:
RUEL R. MASCARINA
TEACHER INTERN
 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
REGION 1
BAYAMBANG NATIOANAL HIGH SCHOOL
BAYAMBANG INFANTA, PANGASINAN

Lesson 2: Canonical authors and works of Philippine National Artist in Literature

Dr. Edith L. Tiempo
• National Artist for Literature Dr. Edith L. Tiempo passed away on August 21, 2011 of a myocardial
infarction, at the age of 92 years.Edith L. Tiempo, poet, fictionist, teacher and literary critic was one
of the finest Filipino writers in English whose works are characterized by a remarkable fusion of
style and substance, of craftsmanship and insight. She was born on April 22, 1919 in Bayombong,
Nueva Vizcaya. Her poems are intricate verbal transfigurations of significant experiences as
revealed, in two of her much anthologized pieces, “The Little Marmoset” and “Bonsai”. As fictionist,
Tiempo was as morally profound. Her language has been marked as “descriptive but unburdened by
scrupulous detailing.” She was an influential tradition in Philippine literature in English. Together
with her late husband, Edilberto K. Tiempo, she founded and directed the Silliman National Writers
Workshop in Dumaguete City, which has produced some of the country’s best writers.
Bienvenido Lumbera (2006)
• Dr. Lumbera’s literary work encompasses multiple genres, from poetry to stage plays and librettos.
His love for these different genres stems from his childhood. Born in Lipa, Batangas, on April 11,
1932, to Timoteo and Carmen Lumbera. Young Bienvenido was orphaned at an early age.National
Artist for Literature (2006) Bienvenido Lumbera, is a poet, librettist, and scholar. *As a poet, he
introduced to Tagalog literature what is now known as Bagay poetry, a landmark aesthetic tendency
that has helped to change the vernacular poetic tradition.As the poets’ group Kilometer 64 declared
in a statement it issued in support of his nomination last year, not only has Lumbera made a
significant impact on Philippine culture: he has contributed to the strengthening of what is Filipino in
Filipino culture.
N.V.M. González
• N.V.M. González was proclaimed National Artist of the Philippines in 1997. He died on 28
November 1999 at the age of 84. As a National Artist, Gonzalez was honored with a state funeral at
the Libingan ng mga Bayani . The works of Gonzalez have been published in Filipino, English,
Chinese, German, Russian and Indonesian . Known to fans and scholars alike simply as “NVM,”
Gonzalez was revered for preserving Filipinos’ cultural roots through his short stories and other
writings, which were translated into several languages. When he came to UCLA to teach a graduate
seminar on Philippine and Filipino American Literature, the university news magazine “Cross
Currents” described him as “the Philippines’ foremost creative writer in English.”
VIRGILIO S. ALMARIO(2003)
• On January 5, 2017, Almario was also elected as the chairman of the National Commission for
Culture and the Arts (NCCA). Virgilio Almario at a poetry reading in June 2011. Growing up in
Bulacan, Almario sought his education at the City of Manila and completed his degree in A.B.
Political Science at the University of the Philippines Diliman.In 2003, he was appointed Dean of the
College of Arts and Letters at the University of the Philippines Diliman. On June 25 of the same
year, he was proclaimed National Artist for Literature. Almario is also the founder and workshop
director of the Linangan sa Imahen, Retorika, at Anyo (LIRA), an organization of poets who write in
Filipino.
Cirilo F. Bautista
 • Cirilo F. Bautista (July 9, 1941 – May 6, 2018) was a Filipino poet, critic and writer of nonfiction. A
National Artist of the Philippines award was conferred on him in 2014. Bautista was born in Manila
on July 9, 1941, and spent his childhood in Balic-Balic, Sampaloc.Bautista works include Boneyard
Breaking, Sugat ng Salita, The Archipelago,Telex Moon, Summer Suns, Charts, The Cave and Other
Poems, Kirot ng Kataga,and Bullets and Roses: The Poetry of Amado V. Hernandez. His novel
Galaw ng Asoge was published by the University of Santo Tomas Press in 2004. His latestbook,
Believe and Betray: New and Collected Poems, appeared in 2006,published by De La Salle
University Press.
Nicomedes "Nick" Marquez Joaquin
• Nicomedes "Nick" Marquez Joaquin (Tagalog: [hwaˈkin]; May 4, 1917 – April 29, 2004) was a
Filipino writer and journalist best known for his short stories and novels in the English language. He
also wrote using the pen name Quijano de Manila. Joaquin was conferred the rank and title of
National Artist of the Philippines for Literature. He has been considered one of the most important
Filipino writers, along with José Rizal and Claro M. Recto. Unlike Rizal and Recto, whose works
were written in Spanish, Joaquin's major works were written in English despite being a native
Spanish speaker.
Francisco Sionil José
• Francisco Sionil José (December 3, 1924 – January 6, 2022) was a Filipino writer who was one of
the most widely read in the English language. A National Artist of the Philippines for Literature,
which was bestowed upon him in 2001, José's novels and short stories depict the social
underpinnings of class struggles and colonialism in Filipino society. His works—written in English
—have been translated into 28 languages, including Korean, Indonesian, Czech, Russian, Latvian,
Ukrainian and Dutch. He was often considered the leading Filipino candidate for the Nobel Prize in
Literature.

Prepared by:
RUEL R. MASCARINA
TEACHER INTERN
 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
REGION 1
BAYAMBANG NATIOANAL HIGH SCHOOL
BAYAMBANG INFANTA, PANGASINAN

Lesson 3: Compare and Contrast Various 21st Century Genres from the Earlier Genres/Periods
Genres and Sub-genres of Literature: Elements and Structure
A. Poetry
Poetry is one of the earliest genres of literature.
Elements of poetry:
1.Rhyme – it is the identical rhyme if the last words or sounds match each other.
2.Meter – it is also called the rhythm in poetry. It is the pattern of beats ( foot) (stressed and unstressed
syllables in a line). It is also called foot.
3.Imagery and Symbolism -The beauty of poetry is on the carefully chosen words that rhyme and the lines
and stanzas with uniform rhythm.
B. Fiction
Fiction is a story of make believe. It is a story made by the author’s creative imagination. It has various
sub-genres like mystery, fantasy, suspense, historical fiction science fiction, realistic fiction and folklore
(myths, fables, legends).
Freytag’s Pyramid
1. Exposition tells about the background of the story. The information can be about the setting,
characters’ back stories, or historical contexts.
2. Rising action is the part of the story after the characters and setting are introduced and events in the
story begin to reveal probable conflicts that the protagonist must resolve. It also involves events that
lead to the climax of the story.
3. Climax is the highest point of tension in the story. It is usually the most interesting part.
4. Falling action is the part of a story after the climax and before the very end.
5. The denouement is the final outcome of the story and it is where other secrets are revealed, if there
is any.
C. Non-Fiction
Nonfiction is a literary genre that tells about stories that actually happen in real life. The sub genres of
literary nonfiction are biography, memoir, autobiography, journals, diaries, periodicals and references.
D. Drama
A script may only come to existence once it is performed before an audience. Its basic elements include
the literary element (script), technical element (scenery set, make-up, costume, lights, and sound)
performance element (acting, character analysis, character motivation…)
A script is a written text of a play. It is consist of the dialogues or words that will be spoken by the actors
and the stage directions which give instructions about the position and movement of the actors and other
aspects of the set.
 The technical element of a play is complicated. It includes scenery set, make-up, costume, lights, and
sound.
A scenery set can be chair, a house or a forest and other properties used to identify the location and period
of the dramatic production.
Make-up is used in drama to aid the actors in taking the appropriate appearance of the character they play.
Costumes are clothes, garments or attires worn by actors on stage to aid dramatic actions and
interpretations. There various types of lights used on stage. It provides not only visibility of the actors but
also creates and enhance the mood and atmosphere.
Sound can be produced by actors or by props, musical instruments, and recorded music and effects that can
help engage the audience and bring them into another time.
Performance element includes acting, character analysis and character motivation.
Acting is the enactment of an actor or actress who portrays a character, character analysis is evaluating the
character’s traits, his/ her role in the story, and the conflicts they experience, character motivation is the
element that drives the character to achieve his goal.

The New Genres of Literature

1.Hyperpoetry- It is poetry uploaded in the internet. Its medium is the computer screen.
2.Mobile Textula - It is a short poetry in a form of tanaga, that is sent through SMS on mobile phone. It
consists of 4 lines with 7 syllables using (/)to end a line and (//) to end the stanza.
3.Flash Fiction – It is telling a story in a few words, usually about 100-1000 words or less. A flash fiction
can be as short as Earnest Hemingway’s 6-word memoir, “For sale: baby’s shoes; never worn.”
4.Chick Lit - It is a heroine-centered fiction narrative; usually focus on the trials of the protagonist. Below
is an excerpt of a chick lit taken from Wattpad. One needs to download the Wattpad App and the story to
experience reading chick lit.
5. Blog - a regularly updated web page or website that is written in conversational style.

Prepared by:
RUEL R. MASCARINA
TEACHER INTERN
 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
REGION 1
BAYAMBANG NATIOANAL HIGH SCHOOL
BAYAMBANG INFANTA, PANGASINAN

Lesson 4: Context of 21st Century Philippine Literature from the Region

A. BIOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT
 Before you read someone’s work, you have to learn some background information about the author’s
life, including his or her educational background, professional background, or socioeconomic
background, which directly or indirectly influence his or her literary work.
 1. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND-as you read about the life of the author, you will also have a
glimpse of his or her educational attainment and academic achievements. Some authors may have
earned the highest educational degree while others may have dropped out of school for their own
reasons.
 2. PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND-as you continue to read the life of the author you will
discover more, like how he or she started his or her career in writing. You will learn his or her
milestones as a writer.
 3. SOCIOECONOMIC BACKGROUND- as you read about the author’s life, you will also find out
about his or her family. You will know about his or her family background and other significant
childhood and adulthood experiences.
B. LINGUISTIC CONTEXT
 Reading through a linguistic context means you have to focus on the language used in the literary
text and how it is used to convey meaning. Knowing how words interplay in a piece of literature will
help you understand and appreciate it more. Pay careful attention to sentence structures, grammar
patterns, and vocabulary used in the text.
 1.Literal comprehension simply means reading the lines. As your read a text, take note of specific
details that relate to who, what, when, where, why, and how questions. These details are literally
found or written in the text.
 2.Inferential comprehension, on the other hand, refers to reading between the lines. This means
you have to determine the meaning of certain words and expressions within the text not by using the
dictionary, but by using context clues.
 3.Evaluative comprehension takes your imagination outside of the text. It enables you to make
generalizations, form new conclusions, or make judgments about certain issues presented explicitly
or implicitly in the text.
C. SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT
In reading using the sociocultural context, you must focus on understanding the social, economic, political
and cultural forces affecting the literary work. It combines social and cultural elements that are significant in
understanding and appreciating a work of literature. Consider the following questions in analyzing the
sociocultural context embedded in the literary piece.
Prepared by:
RUEL R. MASCARINA
TEACHER INTERN
 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
REGION 1
BAYAMBANG NATIOANAL HIGH SCHOOL
BAYAMBANG INFANTA, PANGASINAN

Lesson 5: Applying Multimedia and ICT in Producing Creative Literary Representation

MULTIMEDIA-It is a broad term for combining multiple media formats. Whenever text, audio, still
images, animation, video and interactivity are combined together, the result is multimedia. Slides, for
example, are multimedia as they combine text and images, and sometimes video and other types.
Using Multimedia and ICT Make Connections (personal, literary and cultural)
A. Multimedia technology can serve response-based practices as a vehicle that facilitates and makes
more powerful the sharing of experiences and understandings gained through them.
B. Multimedia can supply students with a magnifying glass (among other tools) with which to examine
literary works and, with the aid of multiple forms of on-line assistance, can help students make sense
of a writer's artistic crafting of a piece via access o a wealth of available craft commentary.
C. To 'leave doors open' once a piece of literature has been read and discussed, multimedia can serve as
a place to return to in order to continue to probe and make sense of a work. As such it can provide
the kind of independent reexamination that promotes independent as well as socially constructed
envisionment building.
Multimedia Formats in Interpreting Literary Text
A. Blog
 A shortened version of “weblog” is an online journal or information website displaying information
in reverse chronological order, with the latest posts appearing first, at the top.
 It is a website containing informational articles about a person’s own opinions, interests and
experiences. These are usually changed regularly (DepEd 2013, 9).
WHAT IS BLOGGING?
It is a collection of skills that one needs to run and supervise a blog.
WHO IS BLOGGER?
Someone who runs and controls a blog.
B. Mind Mapping
 It is a graphical technique to visualize connections of ideas and pieces of information. This tool
structures information to better analyze, comprehend, synthesize, recall and generate new ideas. You
can use Microsoft Word or online mind mapping tools in creating a mind map (Pasuello 2017).
How to Use a Mind Map to Think on Paper
1. At the center of your paper, write a few words that summarize the topic or question you are supposed
to answer.
2. Draw a line radiating from the center idea for each relevant fact, possible argument, proof point, or
supporting detail that comes to mind.
3. Branch off these ideas as additional details emerge
4. Write down everything that comes to mind, even if you are not sure it fits. 
 5. Record each idea on the mind map as a word or phrase rather than a complete sentence.
C. Mobile Phone Text Tula
 is a traditional Filipino poem. A particular example of this poem is a tanaga that consists of 4 lines
with 7 syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line.
WHO STARTED MOBILE PHONE TEXTULA?
Frank G. Rivera is best known as founder of the SINING KAMBAYOKA, a flourishing theatre movement
at Mindanao State University. Also known as “makata ng cellphone”. (textual started in the year of 2005).
D. Slideshow Presentation
 is created with the use of Microsoft PowerPoint. It contains series of pictures or pages of information
(slides) arranged in sequence and often displayed on a large screen using a video projector
(Computer Hope 2018).
E. Tag Cloud
 - is a visual, stylized arrangement of words or tags within a textual content such as websites, articles,
speeches and databases (Techopedia 2020).
F. Video
 - is an electronic device used to record, copy, playback, broadcast, and display moving visual media
(Lexico 2020).

Prepared by:
RUEL R. MASCARINA
TEACHER INTERN
 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
REGION 1
BAYAMBANG NATIOANAL HIGH SCHOOL
BAYAMBANG INFANTA, PANGASINAN

Lesson 6: Evaluating the Adaptation of a Literary Text Using Self- and Peer Assessment
A. Literary Adaptation
is the adapting of a literary source (e.g. a novel, short story, poem) to another genre or medium, such
as a film, stage play, or video game. If you are to make a music video based on a short story or poem,
then you also do an adaptation of a literary text. Probably by this time, you can already make
adaptations from what you have watched and listened to.
B. Literary Text
is a piece of written work, such as a book or a poem, a commentary, story review or a short story. Its
primary function as a text is usually aesthetic, but it may also contain political messages or beliefs .

C. Peer-assessment
It is the assessment of students' work by other students of the same status. Students often undertake
peer assessment with formal self-assessment. In peer assessment, the assessor may consider the
efforts exerted by the author, maker or writer. On the other hand, the result of the assessment must
also be respected and recognized by the author, maker or writer for self-improvement.
ADVANTAGES
• Encourages students to critically reflect each other’s work
• Encourages students to be involved in the assessment process
• Helps students develop their judgmental skills when they assess the work of other group members
• More feedback can be generated by students compared to one or two teachers
• Reduces the time and workload of marking for teachers
• Discourages the problem of free rider because students tend to put extra effort to perform better in
front of their peers
• Maintains the fairness of assessment because everyone has the chance to assess each other
• Helps students to criticize, evaluate and apply other generic skills during the process
• Helps students to learn more from each other’s work
DISADVANTAGES
• Peer pressure and friendship can influence the reliability of grades given by students
• Students may have a tendency to give everyone the same mark (for example, there may be
agreement in return for good grades)
• Students are not experienced in assessing each other
• Students may cheat in collaboration for group assignments
• Fair assessment may not be determined because extrovert students are mostly good in the actual
output

D. Self-assessment
is a process where students are taught to assess their performance against pre-determined standard
criteria and it involves the students in goal setting and more informal, dynamic self-regulation and
selfreflection.
ADVANTAGES
• Encourages students to critically reflect their own learning progress and performance
• Encourages students to be more responsible for their own learning
• Helps students become autonomous learners
 • Helps students be more aware of their weakness and strength
• Helps students develop their judgmental skills
• There is no peer pressure when students evaluate themselves
DISADVANTAGES
• Self-assessment can be subjective because students may not be sincere and may even over-evaluate
their own performance
• Time consuming for students
• Students may not be familiar with the assessment criteria.

Prepared by:
RUEL R. MASCARINA
TEACHER INTERN