MIDDLE EAST REVOLUTION

- Rich in culture and tradition

- Enormous contribution to science and technology
- Middle-east countries are dominantly inhabited by Muslims

Islamic ate Scholars- called for Muslims scholars

- Muslims gave their scholars the tools they need to invent and generate new concepts
- Muslim scientists gave science experiments a higher priority than simple thought experiment
which led to the development of scientific method in the Muslim world and produced
advancement in science and Technology

Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)

- Father of Modern Optics

- In medicine and ophthalmology, he also made an important advances in eye surgery and he
studied and correctly explained the process of sight and visual perception for the first time
- World’s first true scientist
- He made a thorough examination of the passage of light through various media and discovered
the laws of refraction
- Arab mathematician, astronomer, physicist

Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

- father of Algebra
- Algebra and Algorithm
- introduced Hindu-Arabic numerals and the concepts of Algebra into European mathematics
- The term algebra and algorithm are both derived from his name “al-khwarizmi” and his work. A
Latinization of his name “algorithmi” led to the term “algorithm”
- Calendars, calculating true positions of the Sun, Moon and planets, tablets of sines and tangent.
Spherical astronomy, astrological tablets

Top 5 Inventions

5. Hygiene

Soap- combination of vegetable oil, sodium hydroxide and aromatic such as thyme oil

Shampoo

Toothbrush

4. Optics and Photography

Laser- enabled us to see

According to Ibn al-Haitham, Light enters the eye, rather than leaving it.
 - He was the 10th century muslim mathematicians astronomer and physicist
- He invented the first pin-hole camera, “the smaller the hole the better the picture.”

Abu al-hasan (Alhazen from Basra)

- First person to describe how eye works in detail
- His glass “reading stones” became the first magnifying glass ever made

3. Hospitals and healthcare

- First modern hospital with nurses and training center was in Cairo in Ahmed Ibn Tulun Hospital which
established in the year 872.

- it provided free care for anyone who needed it, policy based on the Muslim Tradition of caring for the
sick

- 1000 yrs after, a Muslim Doctor known as Al-Zahrawi published a 1500 pages of illustrated
encyclopedia of surgery that was used in Europe as Medical reference for the next 500 yrs.

2. Education

- Learning is a core to Islamic Tradition

- year 859 a young princess named Fatima al-firhi founded the first degree-granting university in Fez,
Morocco

- her sister Mariam also founded an adjacent mosque and together the complex became the al-
qarawiyyin moque and university which still operating almost 1200 years later

1. Algebra

- most important contributions of the Muslim Golden Age to the Modern World

- developed by the great scientist and mathematician Muhammad Ibn Musa al-khwarizmi who lived
from the year 780-850

- he set forth the basic principles of Algebraic Equations in the Compendious Book on Calculation by
Completion and Balancing

- the name of the book contains the word “Al-Jabr” means “completion” from where the Algebra was
derived
Other 15 Inventions

Coffee — from Yemen and Ethiopia in the 11th century

Cafes— from 15th-century Turkey

Toothbrushes — from Babylonia and Egypt in 3,500 BC

The check — from 9th-century Baghdad and Morocco

A flying machine — from 9th-century Andalusia

Fountain pens —from 10th-century Egypt

The three-course meal — from 9th-century Andalusia

Telling time — from 2,000 BC in modern-day Iran and Iraq

The crankshaft — 12th-century Turkey.

The combination lock — from 12th-century Turkey

Soap — from 2,800 BC in ancient Babylonia

Algebra and the algorithm — from 9th-century Iran

The university — from 9th-century Morocco

Hospitals — from 9th-century Egypt

Windmills — from 7th-century Iran