Chap 15 – The Result of the Philippines-
American War
Results:
1. Great loss of lives and decreased
economic productivity that affected the
whole population;
2. Desire for independence crushed for the
2nd time;
3. Peasants dream to own lands was
frustrated;
Only victory - the birth of the Phil
Independent Church
Filipino Casualties and loss
1. Estimate that some 250,000 Filipinos
die of the war;
2. Gen Franklin Bell admitted 600,000
people died in Luzon and to add from
the Visayas and Mindanao - it would
total close to a million
3. Filipinos died during the war and some
died due to diseases as a result of the
war.
4. Loss on the economic side:
a. 90% of the carabaos died due to
rinderpest
b. Rice production went down to ½ of
its normal production – not enough
to feed the Filipinos then
c. Production industries and
agricultural activities with the
ongoing war
d. Haciendas with sugarcane, tobacco,
coffee and abaca turned into jungles,
devastated and uncultivated.
The disposition of the Friar Lands
1. Major goal of the war:
a. Owning a piece of land
b. Independence
2. Important facts:
a. 1896- 1898
- 1st phase of the revolution
- It was against Spain
b. 1898 – 1902
- 2nd phase of the revolution
- It was against the Americans
3. The Revolutionary govt of Malolos was
successful in confiscating friar lands.
- But these wen to security who
could present security in cash or
kind
- So these went to illustrados or
the wealthy families with
means.
- The peasants did not get their
share.
4. After the Treaty of Paris
a. Church lands of 422,000 acres
became the property of the US govt
b. But the friars demanded the
repossession of their lands.
Governor Taft negotiated with the
Vatican for a forced sale of the friar
lands for $6.9M
c. The sale was completed in 1905 and
these lands were again sold to
interested American corporations
or to Filipino elites as a reward for
cooperating and supporting the US
colonial regime.
Filipinization of the Church
1. Twenty six years earlier (26) –
GOMBURZA struggled for the
secularization of the Catholic Church.
 Manila was besieged by
- The friars opposed to the Aguinaldo forces
appointment of Filipino Priest to
head the parishes g. Aglipay saw the significance of
the siege of the city went to
2. The birth of the Aglipayan Church – Cavite and joined the
is the story of the struggle of the revolutionary forces.
Filipino clergy to Filipinize the Catholic
Church of the Philippines.

3. In 1898, Mabini wrote to Gen Otis” Aglipay became Military Vicar

a. Accused the friars of helping the

colonial govt to oppress the 1. Marriages during the Revolutionary
Filipinos; govt

b. Friars were arming themselves and a. Civil marriages was valid

fighting the Filipinos which is in Reason – the revolution separated
contradiction of their spiritual the church and State. It was logical
teachings; to recognize the civil marriages

c. Consequently, Mabini refused to 2. The Revolutionary govt refused to

release the friars that were captured recognize the authority of the
by the Filipino rebels. Archbishop

4. Fr. Gregorio Aglipay

3. It prohibited Filipino priest from
a. Was a Filipino secular priest
accepting any position of the Catholic
who sided with Spain
Church without first securing the
approval of the revolutionary govt
b. He was sent by the Gov Gen to
persuade the revolutionary
4. Mabini’s intention – to persuade the
leaders ( like Gen Artemio
Filipino priests to join the revolutionary
Ricarte, Mariano Trias,
cause
Emiliano Riego de Dios to side
with the Spaniards against the
5. On Oct 20, 1898 – Aguinaldo appointed
Americans
Aglipay Military vicar General . He
was the religious leader of the
c. Aglipay failed even if spain
Revolutionary Government.
promised to give autonomy to
the Phils

d. When Aguinaldo returned from

HK, he sent an emissary to
Aglipay to persuade him to join
the Filipino cause.

Nozaleda Excommunicates Aglipay

e. Archbishop Bernardino
Nozaleda - In turn urged
Aglipay to investigate the 1.
parishes in Northern Luzon.
f. However, on his return to
Manila to report his findings,
Aglipay’s position in the Catholic
Church and as Military vicar was
anomalous.
a. As a priest, he owes allegiance to
the Catholic Church
 b. As a Filipino, he owes allegiance to
the Revolutionary govt.
2. Aglipay chose to be a Filipino.
- He urged the Filipino priests to
unite in the interest of the
manifestocountry.
3. Provisions of the Aglipay circular:
a. The revolutionary govt is
supporting us in our aims bec it
cannot recognize as head of the
Filipino clergy any Spanish bishop
b. Aglipay requested the creation of a
council (Cabildo) which would ask
the Pope to appoint Filipinos to all
Church positions
c. Aglipay urged the Filipino priests to
organize themselves so as to occupy
all vacant parishes
d. To rally the revolutionary cause
which he said, is favorable to the
cause of the Filipino clergy
4. Nozaleda was alarmed by this
development.
a. He accussed Aglipay for usurping
power
b. He suggested to the Ecclesiastical
Tribunal that Aglipay be punished
c. He issued a decree
excommunicating Aglipay
5. Aglipay on the other hand, accused
Nozaleda of starving the Filipino masses
and of collaborating with the americans
Mabini and the National Church
1. In October 22, 1899, Mabini no longer
hold a government position.
a. He issued a manifesto urging the
Filipino priests To establish a
National Church.
b. The National Church
b.1 must be Catholic but under the
control and supervision of Filipino
priests.
b.2 the national church will
recognize the Pope in Rome
b.3 it should cooperate with the
Revolutionary Govt and not he
Spanish colonial govt
2. Mabini was against the destruction of
the Catholic Church in the Phils.
3. He was for the preservation of the
Catholic Church . - it must be on the
appointment of Filipino priests to all
positions.
4. On Oct 23, 1899- Aglipay called a
meeting in Paniqui, Tarlac.
- He sais the Catholic church of
the Phils should be Filipinized ,
that is, administered by Filipino
priests.
5. Constitution of the proposed Filipino
Church:
a. Forbade the recognition of foregin
bishops by the Filipino clergy
except under extreme circumstances
b. It was a declaration of
independence of the Filipino clergy
from Spanish control and
supervision
6. But the condition of that time especially
that it was during the Phil – American
 war, prevented the establishment of the
Filipino National Church
Opposition of Filipinization
1. Monsignor Placido Chapelle
a. An American
b. A new apostolic delegate to the
Phils
c. He did not sympathized with the
Filipino priests
d. He said, those who opposed the
Spanish friars were the enemies of
religion and public order
e. He threatened the Filipino priests
that he will dominate them by force
bec he was the Pope’s delegate to
the Phils
f. He said leaders of revolutionary
groups will be chopped off
g. He said Filipino priest were
incompetent and therefore fit to
occupy menial positions in the
Church
h. It won him enmity of the Filipino
clergy
Converts to the New Church
The Seperation from Rome
1. Chapelle was too frank.
2. Filipino priests felt insulted and
continued to work for the Filipinization
of the Church in the Phils.
3. 2 priests went to Rome and appeared
before the Pope.
a. Jose Chance and Salustiano Araullo
b. They told the Pope the problem of
the Filipino clergy
c. The Pope did not promise anything,
which was equivalent to not
granting the request for
Filipinization of the Catholic
Church
d. Isabelo delos Reyes – a Filipino
writer based in Spain, angrily
demanded the establishment of a
Filipino church independent of
Rome.
1. Delos Reyes returned to the
Phils in 1901 and founded the 1st
labor union in The Phils called
Union Obrera Democratica
( Democratic Labor Union ) .
2. He delivered a bitter
friar speech
3. He suggested the establishment
of a Filipino Church independent
of Rome with Aglipay as the
Supreme Bishop
4. The suggestion was loudly
proclaimed by those present and
the new Church was called Iglesia
Filipina Independiente ( the Phil
Independent Church)
5. The founding of this Church
completed its separation from
Rome.
1. Aglipay himself was not interested in
the establishment of a new Church
without his knowledge.
2. He believed that all means should be
exhausted in fostering the understanding
with Rome before taking any radical
steps.
3. Delos Reyes was disappointed. He
thought the men he listed as
sympathizers of the new Church would
join.
 4. However, the masses showed sympathy
with the Iglesia Filipina Independiente 3. Events:
ad joined in
a. Oct 1, 1902 - Aglipay presided
5. Affiliation papers were distributed and over the meeting of the Council
14 priests affiliated. More followers summoned to frame the Constitution
came and occupied the ranks of the Phil of the new Church
Independent church
b. Oct 26, 1902 - Aglipay celebrated
his 1st mass as Supreme Bishop
Attempts to win back Aglipay
c. Jan 18, 1903 - He was consecrated
Supreme Bishop by the bishops of
1. Being proclaimed as the Supreme
Cagayan, Pangasinan , Isabela, Abra
Bishop irritated Aglipay.
, Nueva Ecija, Cavite and Manila.
2. Francisco Foradada
4. The new church was still Catholic but
independent of Rome.
a. A Jesuit
5. It was the Catholic nature of the new
b. He persuaded Aglipay to return to
Church that made the American
the Catholic Church. Aglipay
Protestants in Manila refuse to join the
actually had not yet left the
Iglesia Filipina Independiente.
Catholic Church. But he was
working on the Filipinization of the
6. Two (2) attempts to bring Aglipay back
Church in the Phils. That Filipinos
to the Catholoc church
and not Spaniards would administer
the Catholic Church in the country.
a. Fr. Foradada made Aglipay sign a
document confessing to the Catholic
c. Foradada asked Aglipay to sign a
faith but he refused
document which was a confession
of Catholic Faith.

This means that Aglipay was

returning to the Spanish Catholic
Church.

b. 1910 – and this time he was already

Supreme Bishop of the New church.
He was invited by the Jesuits to the
d. Aglipay refused to sign the
house of F. Theo Rogers .
document.
Fr. Joaquin Villalonga had a heart to
e. Foradada promised Aglipay that he
heart talk with Aglipay to return to
will be a Bishop or Archbishop if he
the Catholic Church. Aglipay
would sign the document
refused.
f. This angered Aglipay and seized the
7. Aglipay said: The Phil Independent
priest at the back and shook him
Church will live on and neither the Pope
violently. Then he left in anger.
nor the Jesuits will impede it.
Consecration of Aglipay as Bishop
8. Aglipay left and attempts to win him
back failed.
1. Aglipay’s disillusionment with Fr.
Foradada was an good excuse to accept
the position as the Supreme Bishop of
the Iglesia Filipina Independiente
Importance of the New Church
2. He consequently accepted the position
1. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente is
popularly known as the Aglipayan
Church

2. Importance:

a. It was a child of the Revolution.

b. Nationalistic spirit dominated the

Filipino patriots who fought for
political and religious independence

c. It was a reaction to the Spanish

refusal to recognize the right of the
Filipino priests to administer the
Catholic Church of the Phils

d. Spanish priest ignored the Filipino

clergy and considered them
incapable of holding high positions
of the church

e. Aglipay and his companions

actualized a centuries old goal of
vibrant and dynamic Filipinos.