Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CANDON CITY
Candon City, Ilocos Sur

RESEARCH CAPSTONE/PROJECT
Quarter 4 – Weeks 1-2 – Module 1
Prepared by: Elsa B. Biswelan

Lesson
Establishing Appropriate
1 Method of Data Collection
I. OBJECTIVES:
1. Describe the appropriate methods of data collection.
2. Select appropriate methods of data collection. (STEM_RP12-IIa-e-7)
3. Enumerate the criteria that will address the completeness of the data collection
method.
4. Develop the criteria that will address the completeness of the data collection method.
(STEM_RP12-IIa-e-8)

II. GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. What are the appropriate methods of data collection?
2. How do we select appropriate methods of data collection?
3. What are the criteria that will address the completeness of the data collection method?
4. How do we develop the criteria that will address the completeness of the data
collection method?

III. DISCUSSION:
Data are the facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations. Data
collection is a systematic process of gathering observations or measurements. Whether you are
performing research for business, governmental or academic purposes, data collection allows
you to gain first-hand knowledge and original insights into your research problem.

To collect data that is relevant to your purposes, follow these steps.

Step 1: Define the aim of your research

Before you start the process of data collection, you need to identify exactly what you
want to achieve. If you aim to test a hypothesis, measure something precisely, or gain large-
scale statistical insights, collect quantitative data.

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Step 2: Choose your data collection method
Based on the data you want to collect, decide which method is best suited for your
research. Carefully consider what method you will use to gather data that helps you directly
answer your research questions.

Data collection methods

Method When to use How to collect data

Experiment To test a causal relationship Manipulate variables and measure

their effects on others
Survey To understand the general Distribute a list of questions to a
characteristics or opinions of a sample online, in person, or over the
group of people phone
Interview/focus To gain an in-depth Verbally ask participants open-
group understanding of perceptions ended questions in individual
or opinions on a topic interviews or focus group
discussions
Observation To understand something in its Measure or survey a sample without
natural setting trying to affect them.

Step 3: Plan your data collection procedures

When you know which method(s) you are using, you need to plan exactly how you will
implement them. In experimenting, make decisions about your experimental design. Make
procedures will you follow to make accurate observations or measurements of the variables.

Step 4: Collect the data

A. Prepare the listed materials to need in your experiment, including your safety
equipment.
B. Prepare a data table so you can quickly write down your measurements as you observe
them. Your data table should list the independent variables in the first column and the
dependent variables in the second column.

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A data table looks like this.

Trial (Independent
(Dependent Variable)
Variable)

[Write your data in this column as you make

#1
measurements during your experiment.]

#2

#3

Note: Some experiments will require additional columns for two or more dependent
variables.

C. Perform trials 1 to 3 including your control variables record all our observations during
your experiment. It is very important to take very detailed notes including your
mistakes. In addition to your data, record your observations as you experiment. Be
consistent, careful, and accurate when you take your measurements. numerical
measurements are best.

To record your observations, you can use this template:

D. The data should be presented visually. Present through a graph or table. A data table
will ensure that you are consistent in recording your data and will make it easier to
analyze your results once you have finished your experiment.

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 E. The control must be used. That way, results can be compared to something.
F. Take pictures of your experiment for use on your appendices.

Criteria for Collecting Data

1. Is the measure relevant? Your study is about the susceptibility of Aspergillus niger
(Black Molds) to the different concentrations of Lantana Camara L. leaf
Which is a more relevant measure:
A. The colony diameter?
B. The percentage inhibition?
2. Is the measure credible? Using the same study, how will you ensure that the
measurement is credible?
A. Who did the measurement? The researchers will observe and record the
observations that are collected.
B. Who verified the measurement? Your science laboratory teacher will help you
to verify measurements in performing your experiments. In statistics, seek the
help of your statistician.
3. Is the measure valid and reliable? Is the measure valid and reliable?
A. Are the concentrations measured correctly and sufficient for the different trials?
B. Can we rely on the measurements?
C. Reliability tells you how consistently a method measures something. When you
apply the same method to the same sample under the same conditions, you
should get the same results. If not, the method of measurement may be
unreliable.
4. Which is a more reliable way to collect data?
A. Individual measurement
B. Supervised measurement
C. Laboratory measurement

IV. EXAMPLES:

Data Collection Method to determine the degree of susceptibility of Aspergillus niger

(Black Molds) to the different concentrations of Lantara Camara L. leaf extract.

Step 1: Define the aim of your research

The study aims to determine the degree of susceptibility of Aspergillus niger (Black
Molds) to the different concentrations of Lantara Camara L. leaf extract.
The different research questions are:
1. What is the effect of the different concentrations of Lantara Camara L. methanolic
leaf extracts against Aspergillus niger measured in terms of colony diameter and
percentage of inhibition of fungal growth?
a. 25 %
b. 50 %

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 c. 75 %
2. Are there significant differences among the different concentrations of Lantara
Camara L. methanolic leaf extracts against Aspergillus niger measured in terms of
colony diameter and percentage of inhibition of fungal growth?

Note: The hypotheses and the research questions shall be used as a basis in conducting
the experiment

Step 2: Choose your data collection method

This study utilized the experimental method. As described by Blakstad (2008), “An
experimental method is a systematic and scientific approach to research in which the
researcher manipulated one or more variables, and controls and measures any change
in other variables.

Step 3: Plan your data collection procedures

For the data collection Procedures (Refer to Investigatory Methodology Module 3
example)

Step 4: Collect the data

For the data collection, the sample templates are accomplished.

Table 1. A Data Table on the Degree of susceptibility of Aspergillus niger (Black

Molds) to the different concentrations of Lantara Camara L. leaf extract.

Leaf extract of Lantara

Aspergillus niger (Black Molds)
Trial camara L. (bangbangsit)
(Dependent Variable)
(Independent Variable)

[Write your data in this column as you make

#1 3% Nordox (Control) measurements during your experiment.]
10 mm

#2 3% Nordox (Control) 10.6 mm

#3 3% Nordox (Control) 11 mm

50% Concentration leaf

#1
extract

50% Concentration leaf

#2
extract

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 Leaf extract of Lantara
Aspergillus niger (Black Molds)
Trial camara L. (bangbangsit)
(Dependent Variable)
(Independent Variable)

50% Concentration leaf

#3
extract

Note: Some experiments will require additional columns for two or more dependent
variables.

Table 2. Observations Notes on the Degree of susceptibility of Aspergillus niger

(Black Molds) to the different concentrations of Lantara Camara L. leaf extract.

Research Question Prediction (Hypothesis) Confirm or Revise

Is 3% Nordox (control)
susceptible for Aspergillus
niger Black Molds?
3% Nordox is not susceptible
to Aspergillus niger Black
Molds
The Aspergillus niger black
molds have been susceptible
to 3% Nordox concentration.
There is a significant
reaction was noted via
compound microscope.

Conclusion: Confirm
Is 50 % concentration leaf 50% concentration leaf The Aspergillus niger black
extract susceptible for extract is not susceptible for molds have not been
Aspergillus niger (Black Aspergillus niger (Black susceptible to a 50%
Molds)? Molds)? concentration of leaf extract.
There is no significant
reaction was noted via
compound microscope.

Conclusion: Revise

V. GENERALIZATION:

Data Collection is an important aspect of any type of research study. Inaccurate data
collection can impact the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results.

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VI. EXERCISES:
Activity 1
DIRECTIONS: Read each of the following statements then answer. Write TRUE if the
statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong. Write the letter of
the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

_________1. It is necessary to take very detailed notes as you conduct your experiments.
_________2. During your experiment errors must be recorded
_________3. Take pictures during your experiment for use on your appendices,
_________4. Follow only some parts of your experimental procedures.
_________5. A data table will make it easier to analyze your results.

Activity 2
DIRECTIONS: Prepare a data table in your laboratory notebook to help you collect your data
in your study. Use the template below. After, also prepare the observation
notes.

(Independent
Trial (Dependent Variable)
Variable)

[Write your data in this column as you make

#1
measurements during your experiment.]

#2

#3

Note: Some experiments will require additional columns for two or more dependent
variables.

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 Lesson
Extracting Useful Information
2 from Data Sets
I. OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the data obtained from the investigation.
2. Analyze the data obtained from the investigation. (STEM_RP12-IIa-e-9)

II. GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. What are the data obtained from the investigation?
2. How do we analyze the data obtained from the investigation?

III. DISCUSSION:
Data analysis is the process of interpreting the meaning of the data we have collected,
organized, and displayed in the form of a table or graph. The process involves looking for
patterns—similarities, differences, trends, and other relationships—and thinking about what
these patterns might mean. The researcher then summarizes their findings and relates them to
their hypothesis.

According to Calderon & Gonzalez (1993), interpretation involves making “inferences

pertinent to the research relation” investigated from where generalization is drawn. -
Interpretation reflects the researcher's understanding of the research results which are guided
by logic and reason, established theories, and previous findings.

Steps in analyzing gathered data from the investigation:

1. Mention the data in the table or charts. Identify your independent and dependent variables.
2. Do initial interpretation – an examination of the quality of data that is undertaken before
beginning more complex statistical tests of hypothesis.
3. Present and explain the data results. The data table shows all of the measurements
collected in an experiment.
4. Disclose the statistical test to be used to analyze the data. (You should refer to statistical
books and references or ask statisticians to help you do the statistical analysis of your data.
5. Mention studies that support the results of trials- the researcher can suggest the reasons as
well why the results are significant or insignificant using reviewed literature and the theory
used in the study.

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IV. EXAMPLE:
Numerical Data Collected
Lantana
Camara L. &
Zone of Inhibition (mm) Interpretation
Control
Concentration
Aspergillus niger (Black Molds)

Mean
Test I Test II Test III Test IV

Susceptible
Nordox 3% 10 10.6 11 10.5 10.53

75% 8 7.8 7 7.7 7.48 Intermediate

Intermediate
50 % 7 6.9 6.5 6 6.6

Resistant
25 % 6 6.5 6.5 6 6.25

The zone of inhibition for the control is 10.53 mm in all four tests and is interpreted as
susceptible. The 75% concentration has a mean zone of inhibition equal to 7.48 mm which is
intermediate. The 50% concentration has a mean zone of inhibition which is interpreted also
as intermediate having a 6.6 mm. The 25% has a 6.25 mm mean zone of inhibition which has
an interpretation of black molds resistance to the said concentration of extract. The 75 %
extract concentration has the highest effect against Aspergillus niger. The 25% extract shows
black molds resistance to the concentration of leaf extract. In comparison to this, the antifungal
potential of guava (Psidium guajava) leaf extracts against Penicillium fungi. The water extract
had an antifungal activity with had a mean zone of inhibition of 6.11 and 10.0 mm respectively.
Based on the present finding, guava leaf extract might be a good candidate in the search for a
natural antifungal agent, (Bipul Biswas,2013).

V. GENERALIZATION:
Data analysis summarizes collected data. It involves the interpretation of data gathered
through the use of analytical and logical reasoning to discover useful information, inform
conclusions, and support decision-making.

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VI. EXERCISES:
DIRECTIONS: Interpreting a data table: Examine the data found in Table 1 and answer
questions #1-4.

Background: One of the most important steps that a scientist completes during an experiment
is data processing and presentation. Data can be analyzed by the presentation of the data in
table format (data table), or the processing of that data through graphical manipulation to
visually discern the differences in the variables tested. The purpose of this worksheet is to
allow you to demonstrate your knowledge of these scientific skills.
Data Collected Table: Growth of eight plants in three weeks

Height Height Height

Amount of Light Amount of Water
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3
per day per day in cm in cm in cm

Plant 1 0 hours ¼ cup 0 cm 0 cm 0 cm

Plant 2 0 hours 1 cup 0 cm 0 cm 0 cm

Plant 3 4 hours ¼ cup 1 cm 3 cm 6 cm

Plant 4 4 hours 1 cup 0.5 cm 1 cm 1.5 cm

Plant 5 8 hours ¼ cup 1.5 cm 4 cm 8 cm

Plant 6 8 hours 1 cup 1 cm 3 cm 6 cm

Plant 7 16 hours ¼ cup 1 cm 2 cm 3 cm

Plant 8 16 hours 1 cup 1.5 cm 5 cm 10 cm

1. In this plant growth experiment, what were the two variables tested?
2. What conclusions can you draw regarding the amount of light a plant was exposed to
and how tall the plant grew?
3. What conclusions can you draw regarding the amount of water given to a plant and how
tall the plant grew?
4. Describe which plant or plants did the best and develop a hypothesis on plant growth
based on the date you examined.

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VII. REFERENCES:

Acero, Victorina “Methods of Research “Katha Publishing Co. Inc. Quezon City, .2006.

De la Cruz, Arleigh Ross “Application and Practice of Research for Senior High School”
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City, 2016.

Government of the Philippines. Department of Education “K to 12 Basic Education

Curriculum Guide” Pasig City, 2016.

VIII. ANSWER KEY:

Answers may vary.

Activity 1
Lesson 2

Answers may vary.

Activity 2
5. True
4. False
3. True
2. True
1. True
Activity 1
Lesson 1

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