02 - 1 Design of Weir - Subsurface Analysis

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Chapter 2_1
Design of Diversion Head works
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Interaction aspects of water resources
WATER DEMAND- amount (Q/time), quality parameter
WATER RESOURCES- availability (Q/time), quality parameter
Large scale water diversion scheme Small scale water diversion scheme
River system and its response to diversion

•Hydrological aspects
•Hydraulic aspects
•Morphological aspects
•Sediment transport
•Water quality
•Environmental aspects
Diversion structure (Type – Location)
Intake structure (Type – Location)
Water conveyance system

1. River impound
2. Intake
3. Conveyance
4. Distribution
5. Restitution
6. Water treatment
7. Wastewater treatment
8. Dam
9. Diversion structure
Water Supply Component

Diversion Head works – Definition

Diversion Head works - structures which are constructed
across a river in order to divert a regulated continuous supply of
water towards the intake.
Diversion Head works - Purposes
The various purposes of diversion head works:
 Raise the water level in the river so that sufficient

quantity of water can be supplied to intake.
 Regulate the supply of water into the intake.
 Control the entry of silt into the intake.
 Reduce the water level fluctuations in the river.

Diversion Head works – Location & Site Selection
Location of diversion head work:

 Generally located in the boulder or alluvial stage of a river.
 On alluvial stage is generally preferred.
Typical River in Boulder Reach

Site selection criteria for diversion head work:

 Narrow, straight and well-defined channel.
 Confined between stable banks not submerged by the
highest flood.
 Construction materials like sand, stone, etc. are available
in the vicinity.
 The site should be accessible.
 The elevation should be higher than the distribution area to
enable gravity flow.
 Close to the treatment plant.
 The site should provide a good foundation for construction.

Fig. 2 Optional Weir Locations

Diversion Head works – Types

The diversion head works are commonly two types:
Weir: The major part of the entire ponding of water is
achieved by raised crest and a smaller part or nil part of it is
achieved by the shutter.
Barrage: The major part of pounding achieved by gates and

smaller or nil part of it is done by raised crest

pond
Crest Level = pond level level Shutter
P2=0 P2 Crest
Level
P=P1 P
P1
P1 >> P2
a) Without shutter b) With shutter
Weir
pond pond
level level Shutter
Shutter
P =P2 P2
P Crest
Level
P1
P1=0
P1 << P2
a) Without crest b) With crest
Barrage
Barrage
Weir
Types Weirs
 Weirs may be classified:
 Based on foundation type

 Weir on Impervious foundation
 Weir on Pervious foundation
 Based on material of construction

 Masonry weirs with vertical drops
 Rock fill weirs with sloping aprons
 Concrete weirs with sloping glacis
Assignment 1: Give brief descriptions on various types of weirs

Layout of diversion head works

Video
Typical layout of a diversion

head work consists of:
1. Weir proper or Barrage
2. Divide Wall
3. Under sluices or Scouring
sluices
4. River training works
Marginal bunds
Guide bunds
5. Fish ladder
6. Canal head regulator
Assignment 2: Write the functions of each component of a diversion

weir.
Design of Weir – on pervious foundation
• A river diversion project for water supply particularly

includes the diversion weir (a), the approach channel and its
training works (b) and the intake (c).
Basic layout of a
diversion structure
Design of DHW - on Pervious Foundation

Design of Weir – on pervious foundation
The design of weir/barrage is subject to:

 Hydraulic Analysis
• Surface flow
• Subsurface flow
 Structural Analysis
A. Hydraulic Analysis - Subsurface flow:

• When a structure is founded on a pervious foundation, it is
subjected to seepage of water beneath the structure.
• The seeping water causes failure of structure either by
 Piping
 Direct uplift pressure
Design of Weir
Failure by Piping:
• The seepage water increases porosity of the soil by
progressive removal of soil from beneath foundation.
• The structure may ultimately subside into the hollow so

formed; resulting in the failure of the structure.
Failure by direct uplift:
• The water seeping below the structure exerts an uplift
pressure on the floor of the structure
• If this pressure is not counterbalanced by the weight of the

concrete or masonry floor, the structure will fail by rapture
of the floor.
Design of Weir
• The problem of seepage and uplift pressures are analyzed

using theory of seepage. The most commonly adopted methods
are:
a) Bligh‟s creep theory;
 b) Lane‟s creep theory;
 c) Khosla‟s independent theory
 d) Flow nets (graphical or experimental);
Assignment 3: Give an outline of Hele-Shaw Model (laboratory

level of studying flow nets).
Design of Weir
a) Bligh creep theory of seepage:

• According to Bligh’s theory - “The percolating water follows
the outline of the base of the foundation of the hydraulic
structure.”
Design of Weir
• The length of the path of thus traversed by water is

called the creep length.
Design of Weir
• Creep length, Lc = L +2t +2S1+2S2

Note: Bligh makes no distinction between horizontal and vertical
creep. i.e their effect on the structure is the same.
Design of Weir
• If HL the total head loss between the upstream and the down
stream, and L is the length of creep, then the loss of head per
unit of creep length (i.e. HL/L ) is called the hydraulic gradient.
Design of Weir
• According to Bligh, head loss is proportional to the length of the

creep. Thus, head losses equal to (HL/L)2d1, (HL/L)2d2 and
(HL/L)2d3 will occur at pts C, E and B, respectively due to
vertical cutoffs.
Design of Weir
i) Safety against piping:

• According to Bligh, safety against piping can be ensured by
providing sufficient creep length, which is given by:
L = CH
where, C is Bligh's coefficient for the soil.

Design of Weir
ii) Safety against uplift pressure:
• The water seeping below the structure exerts an uplift pressure
on the floor of the structure.
• Ordinates of the H.G. line above the bottom of the floor
represent the residual uplift of water head at each point.
Design of Weir
ii) Safety against uplift pressure:

• If h’ meters is the ordinates, then water pressure equal
to h’ meters will act at this point, and has to be
counterbalanced by the weight of the floor of thickness
say t
Uplift pressure = γwh’
Downward pressure = (γw G)t
Where, γw and G are the unit weight of water and the
specific gravity of the floor material, respectively.
Design of Weir
• For equilibrium :
γw h’ = (γw G)t
• Subtracting t on both sides, we get :
h’- t = t(G - 1)
t = (h’-t )/(G-1) = h/(G-1)
Where,
(h’-t) = h is the ordinate of the H.G. line above the top
of the floor.
G= the submerged specific gravity of floor material.
• The thickness obtained by the above formula is generally
increased by 33% for factor of safety.
Design of Weir
Note:
• Thickness of the floor designed by the above formula only for
the downstream floor.
• The water standing on the upstream floor, more than

counterbalance the uplift caused by the same water, and
hence only a nominal floor thickness is required on the up
stream side. Usually 0.3-0.5m.
Final Note:
Bligh’s theory is quite simple and convenient. Many of earlier
structures (the periods b/n 1910 to 1925) were designed based on
this theory. It is now used for the design of small structures or for
preliminary design of large structures.
Design of Weir
b) Lane’s weighted creep theory of seepage:

• Unlike Bligh, Lane on the basis of his analysis carried out on
about 200 dams all over the world, stipulated that the
horizontal creep is less effective in reducing uplift than the
vertical creep.
• He therefore suggested a weightage factor of 1/3 for the

horizontal creep against 1 for the vertical creep.
Design of Weir
Note: Lane’s theory was an improvement over Bligh's theory, but

it is purely empirical without any rational basis, and hence, is
generally not adopted in design.
Design of Weir
Safety against piping:
• To ensure safety against piping to this theory:
L = C1 H H/L = 1/C1 H/L < 1/C1
Where, H is the head causing flow, and C1 is Lane’s creep
coefficient.
Design of Weir
Example 1. The figure shown below shows a hydraulic structure
built on fine sand (C=15, C1=8.5), determine
a) Whether the percolation gradient is safe
b) Uplift pressure at point A, B and C at distance of 15, 25
and 35m from the upstream end
c) Thickness of the floor at these points .
Use Bligh's and Lane’s theories
Design of Weir
Solution (Bligh’s Theory):

a) Creep length
L= 2x6+35+2x8=63m
Hydraulic gradient i =H/L = 4/63
1/15.75<1/15 ….safe
b) Uplift pressure head
at point A = 4-1/15.75(2*6+15) = 2.29m
at point B = 4-1/15.75(2*6+25) = 1.65m
at point C = 4-1/15.75(2*6+35) = 1.02m
C) Thickness of the floor, t = 4/3(h/G-1)

at point A = 4/3*(2.29/2.24-1) = 2.46m
at point B = 4/3*(1.65/2.24-1) = 1.77m
at point C = 4/3*(1.02/2.24-1) = 1.1m
Design of Weir
Solution (Lane’s theory):
a) Creep length
L = 2x6+1/3*35+2x8=39.67m
Hydraulic gradient i =H/L 4/39.7
1/9.92<1/8.5 ….safe
b) Uplift pressure head
at point A = 4-1/9.92 (2*6+15/3) = 2.29m
at point B = 4-1/9.92 (2*6+25/3) = 1.95m
at point C = 4-1/9.92 (2*6+35/3) = 1.61m
c) Thickness of the floor, t = 4/3(h/G-1)
at point A = 4/3*(2.29/2.24-1)= 2.46m
at point B = 4/3*(1.95/2.24-1)= 2.10m
at point C = 4/3*(1.61/2.24-1)= 1.73m
Example 2:
Design of Weir
Solution:
Design of Weir
Design of Weir
Design of Weir and Barrage

Assignment 3. The figure below shows the cross section of a
regulator floor subjected to percolation and uplift forces. The
soil underneath is assumed homogenous with Bligh’s
Coefficient=14, and Lane’s coefficient=6. It is required to:
a) Check the percolation length, find the factor of safety if
there is any.
b) Draw the uplift pressure diagram, showing the values of
each ordinate.
Design of Weir
Hint: Use the following table to calculate the uplift pressure
ordinate for each ordinate points.
Percolated Using Bligh’s Principle, CB Using Lane’s Principle, CL
length (L) (actual)=15.45 (actual)=7.88
Point
Horiz., Vert., Head lost ∑∆h Ordinate Head lost ∑∆h Ordinate
m m =∆L/CB level, m =∆L/CB level, m
1
2
3
.
.
.
13
Design of Weir
Design of a vertical drop weir on Bligh's theory:
• Design of pucca floor and apron
L = CH
t = 1.33 (h/(G-1))
• Down stream pucca floor (L2) - empirical formula
L2 = 2.21 C(HL/13)½ for weirs having crest shutter
L2 = 2.21 C(HL/10)½ for weirs having no crest shutter
Where, HL = the total head loss;
L2 = the length of d/s pucca floor
L2 + L3 = 18 C(HL/13 * q/75)½ for weirs having crest shutter
L2 + L3 = 18 C(HL/10 * q/75)½ for weirs having no crest shutter
Where, q = the discharge intensity in m3/meter

L3 = the length of d/s loose talus.
Design of Weir
 Upstream talus (L4):

L4 = L3/2
 The above formula are applicable for designing the proper

weir portion; whereas for designing the under sluice portion
of the weir, the following modified formula are used.
L2 = 3.87 C(HL/13)½ for under sluice having crest shutter

L2 = 3.87 C(HL/10)½ for under sluice having no crest shutter
L2+L3 = 27C(HL/13 * q/75) ½ for under sluice having crest shutter

L2+L3 = 27C(HL/10 * q/75) ½ for under sluice having no crest
shutter
Design of Weir
Design of weir wall:
 Bligh has further given certain empirical formula for the design
of weir wall.
 The base width of weir wall:
B = (H + d)/G
Where, B = base width of weir wall
H = height of weir body wall
d = h +Afflux
h = Depth attained over the crest during maximum
flow
G = Specific gravity of floor material.
 The crest width :
a = 0.552 (H + d)

Design of Weir
Example 3:
• Design a weir on a soil made up of coarse grained sand using
Bligh’s theory. The necessary data are as follows:
• Height of weir body wall, H =2.50m
• Height of falling shutters fixed on the crest of the weir =
1.0m
• Bligh’s creep coefficient, C = 12
• Depth attained over the crest during maximum flow, h =
2.00m
• Afflux caused at the obstruction = 0.75m
• Sp. gravity of the material, G = 2.25
• The u/s face of the weir is kept vertical
•
Design of Weir
Solution:
 The base width of body wall is given by formula:
B = (H + d)/G (Note: d = h + Afflux)
= [2.50+(2.00+0.75)]/ 2.25
= 3.50m
 The crest width is given by:
a = 0.552 (H + d) = 0.552 (2.5 + 2.75)
= 1.79m
 Creep length is given by:
L = C*HL (Note: HL = H+ height of shutter)
= 12*(2.50+1.00)
= 42m
 Length of apron on the d/s side is given by:
L2 = 2.21C HL/13 = 2.21*12* 3.5/13
= 13.75m
Design of Weir
 Length of apron on the u/s side is:
L1 = L – (B+L2) = 42 – (3.50+13.75) = 24.75m
 Thickness of u/s apron may be kept 0.3m.
 Thickness of d/s apron is given by:

t = 4/3h/(G -1)
• h is the residual head. Creep length covered by the water

up to this point is: 24.75 + 3.50 = 28.25m
• Therefore, h = (3.5/42)(42-28.25) = 1.145m
• Thus, t = (4/3)* 1.145/(2.25 -1) = 1.22m
• 1.22m thickness of d/s apron is more. To reduce it, the
creep length should be increased.
Design of Weir
Devices for increasing creep length:
• Cutoffs –
• are concrete made and used where impervious materials
can be reached and where boulders prevent the use of
sheet piling.
• Also used for stability of the structure against sliding.
• Sheet piles –
• Are interlocking steel sections used under the apron.
• Common depth of steel piles is 5 to 8 m but available up
to 20m.
• Should not be driven to a depth less than 2.5 to 3m for
economic reasons.
• Most economic position of sheet piles is at the u/s end of
the floor with a desirable depth of 10 to 20% of floor
length.
Fig. Sheet piles for increasing creep length

Design of Weir
• One Sheet pile of 5m depth can be provided at the u/s apron.

One more sheet pile of 6m depth at the u/s end of the weir
body wall. Now,
L = 5x2 + 24.75 + 6x2 + 3.50 + 13.75 = 64m
• With this arrangement, residual head at the d/s end of the weir
body wall is:
h = (3.5/64)* (64-50.25) = 0.752m
• Therefore, t = (4/3)* 0.752/(2.25-1) = 0.802m say, 0.80m.
• The designed weir section is as follows.

Design of Weir
1m
2.5m
0.30m
0.80m
5m 6m
24.75m 3.50m 13.75m
Fig. 1. Designed weir section

Design of Weir
c) Khosla’s theory
• Currently, important hydraulic structures are designed based on
this theory.
• It is a method based on the principle of flow nets.
• The steady seepage of water does not creep along the bottom
contour of weir floor as stated by Bligh, but moves along a set
of stream lines .
High Low
Pressure Pressure
Design of Weir
• Each streamline is at different potential along its path.
• The streamlines along with lines which connect them at equal
potential are represented by orthogonal set of curves called
flow net diagram.
Note: The first stream line

follows the bottom contour
of the work and is the same
as Bligh’s path of creep.
Design of Weir
Fig: Khosla’s Flownet

Design of Weir
i) Safety against piping
• The seepage water exerts a force at each point in the
direction of flow and tangent to the stream lines.
• This force (F) has an upward component from the point
where the stream turns upward.
Design of Weir
• For the soil grain to remain stable, the upward components of
this force should be counterbalanced by the submerged
weight of the soil grain.
• This has the maximum disturbing tendency at the exit end ,
because the direction of this force at the exit point is
vertically upward, and full force act as its upward
components.
Design of Weir
• The disturbing force at any point is proportional to the gradient
of pressure of water at that point (dp/dl).
• This gradient of pressure of water at the exit end is called the

exit gradient.
Design of Weir
Critical Exit gradient:

• The exit gradient is said to be critical when the upward
disturbing force on the grain is just equal to the submerged
weight of the grain at the exit.
• If a safety factor of 4 to 5 is used, an exit gradient equal to
1/4 to 1/5 of the critical exit gradient is recommended so as
to keep the structure safe against piping.
• The submerged weight (Ws) of a unit volume of soil is given
by:
Ws = γw(1-n)(G-1) ….. Assignment 4
where, γw = unit weight of water
G = specific gravity of soil particles
n = porosity of the soil material
Design of Weir
• For critical condition to occur at the exit point

F = Ws
where, F is the upward disturbing force on the grain
F= dp/dl =γw.(dh / dl)
Where, h=residual head still to be dissipated, called
hydrostatic excess head.
γw.(dh / dl) = γw(1-n)(G-1)
(dh / dl) = (1-n)(G-1)
where, (dh/dl) represent the rate of loss of head or the

gradient at the exit end .
Design of Weir
• Therefore, under critical condition, the critical exit gradient
is equal to:
(1-n)(G-1)
• For most of the river sands, G = 2.56 and n = 0.4 the value of
critical exit gradient is approximately equal to 1.
• Hence, an exit gradient equal to 1/4 to 1/5 of the critical
gradient is assumed for safety. It means that an exit gradient
equal to 1/4 to 1/5 has to be provided for keeping the
structure safe against piping.
• Piping failure start only when the exit gradient is unsafe for
subsoil on which the weir is founded.
• It is therefore absolutely necessary to have a reasonable deep
vertical cutoff at the downstream end of the d/s weir floor to
prevent undermining.
Design of Weir
Table: Values of Khosla’s safe exit gradient for different types of soil
No. Type of soil Khosla's safe exit gradient

1 Shingle 0.25 to 0.2
2 Coarse sand 0.2 to 0.17
3 Fine sand 0.17 to 0.14
H 1
GE 
d  
Where,
H = Maximum seepage head
d = d/s cutoff depth
1 1  2
 in which   b / d
2
b = total floor length
Design of Weir
ii) Safety against uplift - Method of Independent Variables:
• It is a method used to find uplift pressure at the key points in
a barrage or a weir foundation.
Key points: Junction points of the floor & pile lines, and
depressed floor bottom corners.
Design of Weir
• In this method, to find the residual (percentage) pressure at

key points of a structure, complex profiles of the weir broken
into a number of simple profiles. These are:
1. Straight horizontal floor of negligible thickness with

sheet piles u/s and d/s.
2. Straight horizontal floor depressed below bed without

cut-off.
3. Straight horizontal floor of negligible thickness with

sheet pile at some intermediate point.
Design of Weir
• For Khosla’ s simple standard profiles, percentage of pressures

at various key points can be determined by:
i. Using Khosla’s pressure curves
ii. Analytical solution

Analytical Solution:
Design of Weir
Example 1: Find the pressure at the key points for the structure
Below (sheet pile on the u/s)
E1 = 100%
Design of Weir
below (sheet pile on the d/s)
C = 0%
Design of Weir
below (No sheet pile)
Design of Weir
below (Sheet pile in the middle)
Design of Weir
 But, calculated percentage pressures at this simple profile

key points are valid for the complex profile if corrected for:
• Mutual interference
• Thickness of floor
• slope
Design of Weir
1. Correction for the mutual Interference of Piles
Dd D
C  19  
b'  b 
Where,
b’ = distance b/n the two piles
b = Total length of the floor
D = depth of pile whose effect is to be considered
d = depth of pile on which the effect is considered
 Take –ve for front water flow direction oriented keypoints &
+ve for backside oriented key points.
• Effect of d.s. pile on u.s. pile (+ve).

• Effect of u.s. pile on d.s. pile (–ve).
Design of Weir
2. Correction for thickness of the floor
• The standard is negligible thickness.
• To correct, take proportional pressure percentage
difference b/n pile bottom and floor top surface
proportional with the floor thickness.
Design of Weir
3. Correction for slope
• Take the following correction factor:
bs
C s  C
b'
Where, bs = horizontal length of slope; b = distance b/n two
piles that the sloping floor is located in.
• Use +ve for down slope and -ve for upslope.
• Applied only for key points, located at start or end of slope
Design of Weir
Example 5: Determine the percentage pressures at various key

points, and also determine the exit gradient for the figure below.
.
Solution:
(1) For u/s pile line No. 1

• Total length of floor, b = 57.0m
• Depth of u/s pile line = d = 154.0-148.0= 6m
α = b/d = 57/6 = 9.5
1 1  2
  5.28
2
1 2
E  cos  1
  0.287  29%
   
1   1
D  cos1    0.199  20%
   
C  100  E  71%
1
and D  100  D  80%
1
Design of Weir...
Correction for C1:

a) Correction at C1 for mutual interference b/n pile No. 1 & 2
From the figure: D = 5m, d = 6-1 = 5m, b’ = 15.8, b = 57.0m
Dd D
C  19    1.88% (Ve)
b'  b 
b) Correction due to thickness of floor

If 9% (80%-71%) difference observed through 6m then
through 1m, how much ?
C = (1m/(154m-148m))*(80% - 71%) =1.5% (+ve)
c) Correction due to slope
At “C1” correction due to slope is nil (i.e. C1 is neither at the
start nor at the end of slope)
Therefore, corrected C1 = 71% + 1.88% + 1.5%
= 74.38%
Design of Weir...
(2) For intermediate pile line No. 2

b1 = 15.8+0.6m, b2 = 40+0.6m and d = 6m,
b1 15.8  0.6 b2 40  0.6
1    2.73 and 2    6.77
d 6 d 6
1  1  1   2 1  1  1   2
2 2 2 2
  4.875 1   1.968
2 2
1   1 
E 2  E  cos1  1   0.708  70.8%
   
1  
D  D  cos1  1   0.632  63.2%
2
 
1   1
C  C  cos1  1   0.564  56.4%
2
   
Design of Weir...
Correction for E2:

a) Correction at E2 for mutual interference b/n pile No. 1 & 2
From the figure: D = 5m, d = 6-1 = 5m, b’ =15.8 and b = 57.0m
Dd D
C  19    1.88% (Ve)
b'  b 

If 7.6% difference observed through 6m then through 1m
how much ?
C = 1m/6m*(70.8% - 63.2%) =1.27% (-ve)
At “E2” correction due to slope is nil
Therefore, corrected E2 = 70.8% - 1.88% - 1.27%
= 67.65%
Design of Weir...
Correction for C2:

a) Correction at C2 for mutual interference b/n pile no. 2 & 3
From the figure: D = 153-141.7 = 11.3m; d = 6-1 = 5m; b’ =
40m; b= 57.0m
Dd D
C  19    2.89% ( Ve )
b'  b 

 If 6.8% difference observed through 6m then through 1m
how much ?
C = 1m/6m*(63.2 – 56.4) =1.13% (+ve)
Design of Weir...

• For slope of 1:3, the correction is 4.5 (Refer table)
• Horizontal length of slope = 3m
• Distance b/n two piles b/n which the sloping floor is
located at b’ = 40 m
Correction = 4.5*(3/40) = 0.34%
Therefore, corrected C2 = 56.4% + 2.89% + 1.13% - 0.34%
= 60.22%
Design of Weir...
(3) Downstream pile line

Total length of floor, b= 57.0m
Depth of d/s pile line, d = 152-141.7= 10.3m,
α=b/d =57/10.3=5.53
1 1  2
  3.31
2
1  2
E 3  E  cos1    0.37  37%
   
1   1 
D 3  D  cos1    0.254  25.4%
   
Design of Weir...
Correction for E3:

a) Correction at E3 for mutual interference b/n pile No. 2 & 3
From the figure: D=150.7-148=2.7m; d=9m; b’=40m; b=
57.0m
Dd D
C  19    1.01% (Ve)
b'  b 

C = 1.3m/10.3m*(37% - 25.4%) =1.46% (-ve)

 At “ E3’’correction due to slope is nil
Therefore, corrected E3 = 37% - 1.01% - 1.46%

= 34.53%
Design of Weir...
Summary:
Upstream pile no. 1 Intermediate pile no. 2 downstream pile no. 3
E1 = 100% E2 = 67.65% E3 = 34.53%

D1 = 80 % D2 = 63.2% D3 = 25.4%
C1 = 74.38% C2 = 60.22% C3 = 0%
Design of Weir...
Exit Gradient(GE):
 Let water be headed up to pond level (RL =158.0m)
H 1
GE 
Where, d  
H – Maximum seepage head =158.0-152.0 = 6m
d – d/s cutoff depth = 152.0-141.7= 10.3m
b – total floor length = 57m
α=b/d=57/10.3= 5.53
1  1  5.532
  3.31
2
H 1 6 1
GE    0.105  1 / 9.53
d   10.3  3.31
 Hence, the exit gradient is 0.105. i.e., 1 in 9.53 which is very
much safe.
Assignment 5.
Develop a program on a spreadsheet for subsurface design of
weir/barrage using Khosla‟s method.
Assignment 6
Develop a program on a spreadsheet for subsurface design of
weir/barrage using Khosla‟s method.
Answer:
Assignment 7
Using Khosla’s method, determine the uplift pressures (at points E,
D, C, E1, D1) and exit gradient. Assume floor thickness of 1m.
Thank You




02 - 1 Design of Weir - Subsurface Analysis

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

WATER RESOURCES- availability (Q/time), quality parameter

River system and its response to diversion

Diversion structure (Type – Location)

Intake structure (Type – Location)

Water conveyance system

Water Supply Component

Diversion Head works – Definition

Diversion Head works - Purposes

The various purposes of diversion head works:

 Raise the water level in the river so that sufficient

 Regulate the supply of water into the intake.

 Control the entry of silt into the intake.

 Reduce the water level fluctuations in the river.

Diversion Head works – Location & Site Selection

Location of diversion head work:

 On alluvial stage is generally preferred.

Typical River in Boulder Reach

Diversion Head works – Location & Site Selection

Site selection criteria for diversion head work:

Diversion Head works – Location & Site Selection

Diversion Head works – Location & Site Selection

Fig. 2 Optional Weir Locations

Diversion Head works – Types

Barrage: The major part of pounding achieved by gates and

Diversion Head works – Types

Diversion Head works – Types

 Weirs may be classified:

 Based on foundation type

 Based on material of construction

Assignment 1: Give brief descriptions on various types of weirs

Layout of diversion head works

Typical layout of a diversion

Assignment 2: Write the functions of each component of a diversion

Design of Weir – on pervious foundation

• A river diversion project for water supply particularly

Design of DHW - on Pervious Foundation

Design of Weir – on pervious foundation

The design of weir/barrage is subject to:

A. Hydraulic Analysis - Subsurface flow:

• The structure may ultimately subside into the hollow so

• If this pressure is not counterbalanced by the weight of the

• The problem of seepage and uplift pressures are analyzed

Assignment 3: Give an outline of Hele-Shaw Model (laboratory

a) Bligh creep theory of seepage:

• The length of the path of thus traversed by water is

• Creep length, Lc = L +2t +2S1+2S2

• According to Bligh, head loss is proportional to the length of the

i) Safety against piping:

where, C is Bligh's coefficient for the soil.

ii) Safety against uplift pressure:

• The water standing on the upstream floor, more than

b) Lane’s weighted creep theory of seepage:

• He therefore suggested a weightage factor of 1/3 for the

Note: Lane’s theory was an improvement over Bligh's theory, but

Solution (Bligh’s Theory):

C) Thickness of the floor, t = 4/3(h/G-1)

Design of Weir and Barrage

Where, q = the discharge intensity in m3/meter

 Upstream talus (L4):

 The above formula are applicable for designing the proper

L2 = 3.87 C(HL/13)½ for under sluice having crest shutter

L2+L3 = 27C(HL/13 * q/75) ½ for under sluice having crest shutter