DEPT.

OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING
ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY, KUSHTIA.

COURSE NAME: ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT

SIMULATION.
COURSE CODE: EEE-2208
Name: Md. Shimul Hossen
Roll: 1915035
On behalf of Group: F

Experiment No: 06
Experiment Name: To construct a Hartley Oscillator and measure it’s
output Frequency. (Using Simulation)
 Objectives
After completing this experiment we will be able to know-
• About Tank circuit
• About Hartley Oscillator
• Operation of Hartley Oscillator
• How to measure the output frequency of a Hartley Oscillator
 Theory
An electronic oscillator in which the oscillator frequency is determined
through a tuned circuit consisting of inductors and capacitors is called the
Harley oscillator. The tuned circuit consists of a single capacitor in parallel
with two inductors in series (or a single tapped inductor) to form its
resonance tank circuit producing sinusoidal oscillations, and the feedback
signal needed for oscillation is taken from the center connection of the two
inductors.
Hartley oscillator is a type of harmonic oscillator. It produces the waves of
radio frequencies therefore it is also referred to as radiofrequency (RF)
oscillators. The tank circuit of the oscillator having a capacitor connected in
parallel with two serially connected inductors decides its frequency.
Tank circuit
A circuit which produces electrical oscillations of any desired frequency is known as an oscillatory
circuit. A simple oscillatory circuit is one which contains a capacitor C and inductor L placed in
parallel as shown in figure below.

When the key K1 is closed, the capacitor C is charged with

upper plate positive and lower plate negative. Now the key
K1 is kept open. At this moment lower plate has an excess and
upper plate a deficit of electrons. This gives rise to an electric
field across the capacitor plates in the direction shown in figure.

When the key K is closed, the capacitor discharges itself through inductor and there is a flow of
electrons as indicated by arrow head. The current flow sets up a magnetic field around the inductor
coil. Due to inductive effect the current builds up slowly up to a maximum value which is attained
when the capacitor is fully discharged. At that instant the electrostatic energy is zero but due to
maximum current flow the magnetic field energy around the inductor coil is at maximum.
Tank circuit
As the capacitor is fully discharged the magnetic field starts
decreasing. As the magnetic flux linked with circuit
changes, an e.m.f is induced, which makes the current to
flow. This current recharges the capacitor in opposite
direction with its upper plate negative and lower plate
positive. Finally the magnetic field fully collapses. At this
stage the magnetic field energy is zero and electrostatic
energy is again at maximum.

As soon as the magnetic field is zero, the capacitor which is fully recharged
begins to discharge, due to which the current flows in opposite direction and
a magnetic field is again set up around the inductor coil. The magnetic field
energy becomes a maximum when electric field energy is zero.
Hartley Oscillator
The circuit diagram of a Hartley oscillator is shown in the Fig-01. An NPN
transistor connected in a common emitter configuration works as the active device
in amplifier stage. R1 and R2 are biasing resistors. They form a voltage divider
network at the base. RFC is the radio frequency choke, which provides the
isolation between AC and DC operation and increases the overall voltage gain.
At high frequencies, the reactance value of this choke is very high, hence it can be
treated as an open circuit. The reactance is zero for DC condition, hence causes no
problem for DC capacitors. The Ce is the emitter bypass capacitor and RE is also
be a biasing resistor. The Cin and Cout are the coupling capacitors. They are used
to block DC while allows Ac to pass through.
Fig-01: Hartley Oscillator circuit
Operation
When the DC supply (Vcc) is given to the circuit, the collector current starts
raising and begins with the charging of the capacitor C. Once capacitor C is fully
charged, it starts discharging through L1 and L2 and again starts charging.
This back-and-fourth voltage waveform is a sine wave which is a small and leads
with its negative alteration. It will eventually die out unless it is amplified.
Now the transistor comes into the picture. The sine wave generated by the tank
circuit is coupled to the base of the transistor through the capacitor Cin. Since the
transistor is configured as common-emitter, it takes the input from tank circuit and
inverts it to a standard sine wave with a leading positive alteration. Thus the
transistor provides amplification along with inversion to amplify and correct the
signal generated by the tank circuit. The mutual inductance between L1 and L2
provides the feedback of energy from collector-emitter circuit to the base-emitter
circuit.
Operation
When the collector supply is given, a transient current is produced in the
oscillatory or tank circuit. The oscillatory current in the tank circuit produces a.c.
voltage across L1 .
The auto-transformer made by the inductive coupling of L1 and L2 helps in
determining the frequency and establishes the feedback. As the Ce configured
transistor provides 1800 phase shift, another 1800 phase shift is provided by the
transformer, which makes 3600 phase shift between the input and output voltages.
This makes the feedback positive which is essential for the condition of
oscillations. When the loop gain |βA| of the amplifier is greater than one,
oscillations are sustained in the circuit.
 Frequency
The frequency of oscillation for a Hartley Oscillator is determined by the
resonance frequency of the LC tank circuit and is given by-
1
𝑓=
2𝜋 𝐿𝑡𝐶

Where, LT = L1 + L2 + 2M
Here, LT is the total cumulatively coupled inductance;
L1= Inductance of 1st coil
L2= Inductance of 2nd coil
M= Mutual inductance
Advantages Disadvantages
1) Instead of using a large transformer a single 1) It cannot be used as a low frequency
coil can be used as an auto-transformer. oscillator.
2) Frequency can be varied by employing 2) Harmonic distortion are present.
either a variable capacitor or a variable
inductor.
3) Less number of components are sufficient.
4) The amplitude of the output remains
constant over a fixed frequency range.
 Application
1) It is used to produce a sine wave of desired frequency.
2) Mostly used as local oscillator in radio receivers.
3) It is also used as R.F. oscillator.
 Apparatus
i. Transistor
ii. Resistors
iii. Capacitors
iv. Inductors
v. Breadboard
vi. Oscilloscope
vii. Connecting wire
viii. Power supply (0-15V)
Practical circuit
Oscilloscope output
Data table-01: When inductor is fixed L = 4.7𝜇𝐻

Frequency (kHz)
Percentage
No. of Theoretical value
Capacitor (𝜇𝐹) Time period (𝜇𝑠) of error =
observation (T.V.) 𝑇.𝑉~𝑃.𝑉.
Practical value (P.V.) ( 𝑇.𝑉.
× 100%)
1
( 𝑓 = 2𝜋 𝐿𝑡𝐶 )

01 0.01 0.9 1.03 1.17 11.96%

02 0.01 2.76 0.328 0.39 15.89%

03 0.02 1.4 0.74 0.81 8.64%

Data table-02: When capacitor is fixed C = 0.01𝜇𝐹
Frequency (kHz)
Percentage
No. of Theoretical value
Inductor (𝜇𝐻) Time period (𝜇𝑠) of error =
observation (T.V.) 𝑇.𝑉~𝑃.𝑉.
Practical value (P.V.) ( 𝑇.𝑉.
× 100%)
1
( 𝑓 = 2𝜋 𝐿𝑡𝐶 )

01 3.3 0.5 1.28 1.45 11.72%

02 4.7 0.5 1.068 1.25 15.24%

03 5.7 0.5 0.991 1.143 13.3%

 Result and discussion
As we can see, table-01 and table-02 represents the frequency with respect to
capacitor and inductor respectively when inductor fixed and capacitor fixed
respectively. It is seen from both the graph that the percentage of error for both the
case are higher. The percentage of error is the difference between theoretical value
(T.V.) and practical value (P.V.) of frequency.
As compared to the Colpitts Oscillator, this percentage of error is a lot higher. This
is why Colpitts Oscillator were created to resolve the deficiencies of Hartley
Oscillator.
 Precaution
i. The connection should be made properly.
ii. Transistor terminals should be identified.
iii. Reading should be taken without eye estimation error,
iv. Check the continuity of the connecting terminal before going to connect the
circuit.
v. The horizontal length between two successive peak should accurately be
measured.
Thank You