Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Inheritance
Inheritance
Booklet
Name………………………………….…..
Target Grade…………………..
Grade achieved……………….
__/94
__%
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(1)
A A A
I I , ..........
B B B
I I , ..........
AB ......................
O ......................
(2)
(ii) Children of blood groups A and O were born to parents of blood groups A
and B. Complete the genetic diagram to show the possible ABO blood
group phenotypes of the children which could be produced from these
parents.
Parental genotypes
Genotypes of gametes
Genotypes of children
Phenotypes of children
(3)
(Total 6 mark)
p h en y lalan in e
e n zy m e A
ty ro sin e
D O PA
m e la n in d o pa m in e
(d ark p ig m en t in skin , h air an d ey es) (b ra in tran sm itter in v o lv e d in m o to r c oo rd in a tio n )
(a) Use the information shown in the diagram to give one symptom you might expect
to be visible in a person who inherits PKU.
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(1)
(b) Explain how gene mutation may result in an allele which fails to produce a
functional enzyme.
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(3)
Parental phenotypes
Parental genotypes
Genotypes of gametes
Genotypes of children
Phenotypes of children
(2)
(ii) What is the probability that a second child born to these parents will have
PKU?
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)
a recessive allele;
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a sex-linked gene.
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(2)
A ffe cted
m a le
1 2
U n affecte d
m a le
A ffe cted
fem ale
3 4
U n affecte d
fem ale
5 6 7 8 9 10
Explain one piece of evidence from the pedigree which indicates that
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(2)
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
A gene controlling eye shape in fruitflies is sex-linked, and found only on the X
chromosome.
This gene has two alleles, R for round eyes and B for bar eyes.
R R
A homozygous, round-eyed female (X X ) was crossed with a bar-eyed male. In the
offspring (Offspring 1), all the female offspring had wide bar eyes (intermediate in size)
and all the males had round eyes.
W id e Bar R ound
bar ey e ey e
ey e
(a) Name the relationship between the two alleles that control eye shape.
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(1)
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(1)
Offspring 1 genotypes
Gametes
Offspring 2 genotypes
Offspring 2 phenotypes
and ratio
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
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(2)
(b) Chickens homozygous for black feathers were crossed with chickens homozygous
for white feathers. These colours are determined by alleles of a single gene. All the
F1 offspring had blue feathers.
When the blue-feathered F1 chickens were crossed with each other, there were
black-feathered, white-feathered and blue-feathered chickens in the F 2 offspring.
(i) Complete the genetic diagram to explain. how the F1, and F2 phenotypes
were produced.
F1 genotype
F1, gametes
F2 genotypes
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(2)(Total 8 marks)
(i) an allele;
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(2)
1 2 A ffe cted
m a le
U n affecte d
m a le
U n affecte d
3 4 5 fem ale
6 7 8 9 10 11
(i) Explain one piece of evidence from the diagram which shows that the allele
for Becker muscular dystrophy is recessive.
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(2)
(ii) The allele for Becker muscular dystrophy is sex-linked. Explain how
individual 9 inherited the condition from his grandfather.
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...........................................................................................(2)(Total 6 marks)
One gene controls whether any pigment is made. This gene has three alleles. Allele A
codes for the production of one form of the enzyme tyrosinase, which converts tyrosine
h
into a black pigment. Allele A codes for the production of a second form of the enzyme,
which becomes inactive at temperatures close to a rabbit’s core body temperature, so
only the face, ears, legs and tail are pigmented. A third allele, a, fails to code for a
functional tyrosinase.
The other gene controls the density of pigment in the fur. This gene has two alleles.
Allele B is dominant and results in the production of large amounts of pigment, making
the fur black.
Allele b results in less pigment, so the fur appears brown.
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(2)
Genotype Phenotype
A–B– all fur black
aaB– all fur white (albino)
h
a abb white body fur with brown face, ears, legs and tail (Himalayan)
(i) What do the dashes represent in the genotype of the black rabbit?
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(1)
(ii) Give all the possible genotypes for a Himalayan rabbit with black face, ears,
legs and tail.
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(2)
(iii) Suggest an explanation for the pigment being present only in the tail, ears,
face and legs of a Himalayan rabbit.
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(2)
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
8.S A woman comes from a family with a history of the sex-linked condition haemophilia. A
test was carried out to discover the sex of one of the embryos produced by IVF.
(i) Explain how observation of the chromosomes from an embryo cell could enable
the sex to be determined.
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(2)
(ii) The mother is known to carry the haemophilia allele. The father does not have
haemophilia. What is the probability of their first child having haemophilia?
Explain your answer.
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
9. In a breed of cattle the H allele for the hornless condition is dominant to the h allele for
R W
the horned condition. In the same breed of cattle the two alleles C (red) and C (white)
control coat colour. When red cattle were crossed with white cattle all the offspring were
roan. Roan cattle have a mixture of red and white hairs.
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(1)
(b) Name the relationship between the two alleles that control coat colour.
(c) Horned, roan cattle were crossed with white cattle heterozygous for the hornless
condition. Compete the genetic diagram to show the ratio of offspring phenotypes
you would expect.
Parental genotypes
Gametes
Offspring genotypes
Offspring phenotypes
Ratio of offspring
phenotypes
(4)
(d) The semen of prize dairy bulls may be collected for in vitro fertilisation. The
sperms in the semen can be separated so that all the calves produced are of the
same sex. The two kinds of sperms differ by about 3% in DNA content.
(i) Explain what causes the sperms of one kind to have 3% more DNA than
sperms of the other kind.
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(2)
(ii) Suggest one reason why farmers would want the calves to be all of the same
sex.
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(1)
10. In cats, one of the genes for coat colour is present only on the X chromosome. This gene
B b
has two alleles. The allele for ginger fur, X , is dominant to that for black fur, X
(a) All the cells in the body of a female mammal carry two X chromosomes. During
an early stage of development one of these becomes inactive and is not expressed.
Therefore female mammals have patches of cells with one X chromosome
expressed and patches of cells with the other X chromosome expressed.
Tortoiseshell cats have coats with patches of ginger and patches of black fur.
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(1)
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(1)
(b) A cat breeder who wished to produce tortoiseshell cats crossed a black female cat
with a ginger male. Complete the genetic diagram and predict the percentage of
tortoiseshell kittens expected from this cross.
Percentage of tortoiseshell
kittens: .............................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Answer: ..............................................
(3)
(b) Several assumptions are made when using the Hardy-Weinberg equation. Give
two of these.
1..................................................................................................................................
2..................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9
10 11
K ey :
U n a ffe cted m ale
A ffec te d m ale
A ffec te d fe m a le
No member of the family showed the symptoms of cystic fibrosis (CF) until the son was
born in the third generation. A single gene is responsible for the inheritance of cystic
fibrosis.
individual
7;.................................................................................................................
individual
11................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Give the probability that the next child of parents 7 and 8 will be a girl with cystic
fibrosis.
Show how you arrived at your answer.
(c) In the UK, 1 in every 2 500 children has cystic fibrosis. What is the frequency of
the cystic fibrosis allele in children in the UK? Show how you arrived at your
answer.
(a) Complete the following genetic diagrams to explain the results of these two
crosses.
Use the following symbols:
B
X = an X-chromosome carrying an allele for black hair.
G
X = an X-chromosome carrying an allele for ginger hair.
C ro ss 1 C ro ss 2
P a re n ta l ph e n o ty p es G in g e r x B lac k B lac k x G in g er
m a le fem ale m a le fem ale
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(4)
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
(a) Use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to estimate the percentage of this Venezuelan
population which is heterozygous for Huntington’s disease. Show your working.
Answer = ....................................... %
(3)
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(ii) Huntington’s disease has not been eliminated from this population by
natural selection.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13
14 15 16
K ey
= co lou r-blin d m ale
= u naffected m ale
= u naffected fem ale
Person 12 is pregnant with her fourth child. What is the probability that this child will be
a male with red-green colour blindness? Explain your answer by drawing a genetic
diagram. Use the following symbols
R
X = an X chromosome carrying an allele for normal colour vision
r
X = an X chromosome carrying an allele for red-green colour blindness
Y = a Y chromosome
Probability = ......................................
(Total 4 marks)
A O B O
(ii) genotypes I I I I 1
A O B O
gametes I I I I 1
A B A O B O O O
genotypes I I I I I I I I
phenotypes AB A B O; 1
[6]
2. (a) lack of skin / eye / hair pigment/ fair skin/ hair/poor co-ordination; 1
Genotypes of children NN Nn Nn nn
Phenotypes of children Normal Normal Normal Affected; 1
4. (a) Condominance;
(Allow incomplete / inheritance without dominance) 1
B
(b) X Y OR B(-); 1
R R B
(c) Parental genotypes are given: X X (X Y) - no mark
R B R
Offspring 1 genotypes: X X X Y ;
R R R B R B
Offspring 2 genotypes: X X X X X Y X Y ;
Ratio: 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
5. (a) recessive,
only expressed in phenotype if homozygous;
codominant alleles,
both expressed (in phenotype), if both present, 2
B W
(b) (i) F1, - F F ;
B W
gametes clearly indicated – F and F ;
2
F genotypes correct and in correct order –
B B W W B W
F F F F F F
working clearly set out; 4
b) (i) 3 and 4 do not show the condition but 9/one male does;
4 must be carrier;
OR
1 affected but not daughter/4;
who gets X from father; 2
7. (a) mutations;
which are different/at different positions in the gene; 2
h h h h h h
(ii) a a BB, a aBB, a a Bb, a aBb;; 2
(allow 1 mark for 2 or 3 correct answers)
or
(b) codominance; 1
R w w w
(c) Parental geneotypes - hhC C , HhC C ;
hC R hC W HCW hC W
Gametes-
R w R w w w w w
Offspring geneotypes - HhC C , hhC C , HhC C , hhC C ;
Offspring pheneotypes - hornless horned hornless horned
(ii) female for milk / males for meat / male or female for breeding; 1
[9]
B b
10. (a) (i) X X /XBXb 1
2
11. (a) EITHER: q = 0.36 / q = 0.6/0.61;
p = (1 – 0.6) = 0.4/0.39;
48/47.9 = 3 marks
(b) No selection;
random mating/no sexual selection;
large population/gene pool;
no emigration/immigration/no migration/isolated population;
no mutation;
equally viable gametes/all equally fertile;
generations do not overlap; max. 2
[5]
1
(b) Working shows probability next child will have cystic fibrosis = 4 or 0.25
and M/F = 50% / 0.5/½;
1
answer given as 8 / 0.125 / 1 (chance) in 8 / 12.5%; 2
(c) (i) Able to insert nucleic acid/DNA into cells/viruses enter/invade cells; 1
(b) Male has Y with no gene / allele for colour / must have both
B and G to be tortoiseshell / male cannot have B and G /
2 colour alleles / male can only have B or G / only 1 colour
allele; 1
[5]
2
14. (a) (q = 0.52 / q = 0.72)
(p = 1 – 0.72 = 0.28)
2 2
p + q = 1 / p + 2pq + q = 1 ;
R r R
15. parental genotypes correct: X X AND X Y;
gametes correct for candidate’s parental genotypes;
r
offspring genotypes correct and colourblind male identified as X Y /
r
correct genotypes derived from cand’s gametes and identify X Y;
correct probability = ¼ / 0.25 / 25% / 1 in 4 / 1:3 ; 4
[4]