Shriswaminarayan English Medium School

Std: 10th Sub:Water Security

Activity1
1) The highest rainfall place in Maharashtra
Mahabaleshwar, a hill station in Maharashtra’s Satara district located in
Western Ghats, has recorded the highest rain fall ever in its history with
60cm in 24 hours (23rd July 2021).

2) The highest average rainfall place in Maharashtra

Amboli
 Amboli is in the Sahyadri range,Maharashtra. It has received a rainfall of
around 747cm. Sahydri range or Western ghat receives an Orographic type
of rainfall.

3) What is the average evaporation rate of

Maharashtra?
In Maharashtra, the normal range of evaporation during the period from
water bodies and irrigated fields in a single day is around 6.1mm to 9.7mm.

4) Which district has the highestevaporation in

Maharashtra?
Aurangabad
Jayakwadi major irrigation project, the largest dam in Maharashtra has
witnessed highest evaporation losses in past three years for the month of
March.
5) Which district has lowest the evaporation in
Maharashtra?
Districts in Konkan region has lowest evaporation rate in Maharashtra.

6) Which district In Maharashtra has highest

evaporation than rainfall?
India metrological department has published monthly and annual
evaporation values of 30 stations in India.
In Maharashtra, Jalgaon district has higher evaporation rate than rainfall.

Activity 2
Title: Collect the information about ancient ways of conservation of water

History tells us that both floods and droughts were regular occurrence in
ancient India. Perhaps this is why every region in the country has its own
traditional water harvesting techniques that reflect the geographical
peculiarities and cultural uniqueness of the regions. The basic concept
underlying all these techniques is that rain should be harvested whenever
and wherever it falls.

Drawing upon centuries of experience, Indians continued to build structures

to catch, hold and store monsoon rainwater for the dry seasons to come.
These traditional techniques, though less popular today, are still in use and
efficient. Here is a brief account of the unique water conservation systems
prevalent in India and the communities who have practised them for
decades before the debate on climate change even existed.

Jhalaras

Jhalaras are typically rectangular-shaped stepwells that have tiered steps

on three or four sides. These stepwells collect the subterranean seepage of
an upstream reservoir or a lake. Jhalaras were built to ensure easy and
regular supply of water for religious rites, royal ceremonies and community
use. The city of Jodhpur has eight jhalaras, the oldest being the
MahamandirJhalara that dates back to 1660 AD.

Talabs

Talabs are reservoirs that store water for household consumption and
drinking purposes. They may be natural, such as the pokhariyan ponds at
Tikamgarh in the Bundelkhand region or man made, such as the lakes of
Udaipur. A reservoir with an area less than five bighas is called a talai, a
medium sized lake is called a bandhi  and bigger lakes are
called sagar or samand.
Bawaris
Bawaris are unique stepwells that were once a part of the ancient networks
of water storage in the cities of Rajasthan. The little rain that the region
received would be diverted to man-made tanks through canals built on the
hilly outskirts of cities. The water would then percolate into the ground,
raising the water table and recharging a deep and  intricate network of
aquifers. To minimize water loss through evaporation, a series of layered
steps were built around the reservoirs to narrow and deepen the wells.
Kuls
Kuls are diversion channels that carry water from a glacier to village.
Often spanning long distances, with some over 10 km long, kuls have
been around for centuries. They are the lifeline of people of Spiti valley
of Himachal Pradesh and in Jammu too.
Kul starts at the glacier, which is to be tapped. Keeping the head clear of
debris is achieved by lining the sides of Kul with stones which ensure
that there is no seepage or clogging. The Kul leads to the village where
the water is stored in a circular water tank. The water is drawn from here
are per the need of the village.

Bamboo irrigation
This system of water conservation and usage of stream and spring water
is done using bamboo pipes. Practised in Meghalaya, its primary
purpose is to irrigate plantations. This 200-year-old system involves 18-
20 litres of water entering the bamboo pipe system every minute to
irrigate the fields downhill. A brilliant drip irrigation system, it uses
bamboos of various sizes and reduces the output to to 20-80 drops per
minute, which is splendid for betel leaf and black pepper crops.

Alwar
Alwar district of Rajasthan is one of the driest regions in India with
water scarcity being a common occurrence. After the drought of the
1980s, the villagers attempted to revive the traditional method. Johad, a
crescent shaped small check dam built from earth and rock to intercept
and conserve rainwater, was thus reinvented. This helps to improve
percolation and increases groundwater recharge.

Zabo

Zabo means impounding water. Known locally as the Ruza system, this
system is a unique combination of water conservation with animal care,
forests and agriculture. Mostly practised in Nagaland, Zabo is used to
deal with a lack of drinking water supply. During monsoon, rainwater
that falls on the hilltops is collected into the pond like structures that are
carved out on the hillsides. The water is then passed onto cattle yards
below from where the water enters the paddy fields rich in manure.

Eri
One of the oldest water conservation systems in India, Eri (tank) of
Tamil Nadu is still widely used around the State. With over a third of
irrigation in the State being made possible due to Eri, the traditional
water harvesting system plays an important part in the agriculture. They
also have other advantages such as prevention of soil erosion, recharge
of groundwater, and flood control.

Project 1
Title: success story of Hiware Bazar
Of Hiwarefrom nature is always pure. Relation between biotic and
abiotic factors and their interrelation is known as ecosystem. We are
the part of specific type of ecosystem. It is depends on the area,
weather of that area, minerals earth crust structure and water
resources.
In this project we will focus on water resources and conservation by
the people of Hiware Bazar 

History of Hiware Bazar

In 1995, the Maharashtra government launched the
AdarshGaonYojana (model village programme) and Hiware
Bazar was selected as a model village. Under this programme,
about 52 earthen bunds, two percolation tanks, 100 loose stone
bunds and nine check dams were built. ... The village is also
seeing reverse migration.

In 1994, the Maharashtra government brought Hiware Bazar

under the AdarshGaonYojana (agy). agy was based on five
principles a ban on liquor, cutting trees and free grazing; and
family planning and contributing village labour for development
work.After 1989, the villagers started to do rainwater
harvesting and drip-irrigation for water conservation. These
things helped to fight against water scarcity. Now this village is
known for its irrigation system and water conservation program.
Hiware Bazar village experienced severe and serious drought
conditions in 1972. Water shortage was a serious problem in
this village The Hiware bazar is a village located in semi-arid
district of Ahmednager Maharashtra. It receives the annual rainfall
of 400mm thus the water is scare here. Thus the conditions are
responsible for desertification.
 What are the four Bandis or bans of Hiware Bazar?
The four bandis were kurhadbandi (ban on the felling of trees),
charaibandi (ban on free grazing), nasbandi (family planning)
and nashabandi (ban on liquor). People also had to agree to a
certain amount of shramdaan, except for the landless who were
exempt from it.
Hiware Bazar lies in the drought-prone Ahmednagar district. ...
The villagers implemented a drip-irrigation system to conserve
water and soil, and to increase the food production. They avoided
crops like sugarcane and bananas, which require a high use of
water
Conclusion.
 Conservation and social change program
Hiware Bazar lies in the drought-prone Ahmednagar district.
Prior to 1989, the village was facing several problems such as
migration of the villagers to the nearby urban areas, high crime
and scarcity of water.
In 1990, after PopatraoBagujiPawar was elected as
the sarpanch (village chief), the village used funds from
government schemes and launched a program to recover its past
glory.[2] The village is conceptualized and planned after Ralegan
Siddhi, another village noted for its conservational initiatives.
The villagers implemented a drip-irrigation system to conserve
water and soil, and to increase the food production. They avoided
crops like sugarcane and bananas, which require a high use of
water. The program included rainwater harvesting, digging
trenches around the hill contours to trap water, afforestation and
building of percolation tanks. These initiatives were
complemented by a program for social change, which included a
ban on liquor, adoption of family planning, mandating HIV/AIDS
testing before marriages and shramdaan (voluntary labour for
development of the village
The initiatives greatly improved the socio-economic conditions
in the village, and the village was declared an "Ideal Village" by
the Government of Maharashtra.[1] At the "National Ground Water
Congress" in New Delhi on 11 September 2007, the village
received the "National Water Award" by the Government of India.
In 1995, only a tenth of the village's land was arable and 168
of its 182 families were below the poverty line. By 2010, the
average income of the village had increased twenty-fold: 50 of the
villagers had become millionaires (in Indian rupees), and only
three families were below the poverty line. The grass harvest
increased from 100 tonnes in 2000 to 6,000 tonnes in 2004, and
the milk production rose from 150 litres a day in the mid-1990s to
4,000 in 2010.

Activity 3
 Collect information about water balance calculation
 How is water balance calculated?
A general water balance equation is: P = R + ET + ΔS.
 How is water budget calculated?
The monthly plant factor is multiplied by the volumetric
conversion (to convert it to our billing units or CCFs) and divided
by the irrigation efficiency. The product of both steps is then
multiplied and the outcome is the monthly water budget.

 What is water balance chart?

A water balance chart compares the total water supplied to the
site, the actual water consumed within all the water end uses in
the site, and the total water leaving the site. This will help to
identify areas of significant water usage and problem areas,
including leaks and uncontrolled losses.
 What factors affect the water budget?
Factors that affect the local water budget include temperature,
vegetation, wind, and the amount of rainfall. When
precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration and runoff in an area,
the result is moist soil and possible flooding

.
 How do we balance the water cycle?
Just as one balances the household budget with income,
savings and expenditures, the hydrological budget is a
balance of gains and losses: precipitation minus
evaporation minus changes in storage (snow, glaciers,
lakes and groundwater)

Activity 4
 Flow chart of Work to be completed through public
participation
 Activity 5
Q.1 Which are the five major drought prone district of
Maharashtra state
1) Solapur
2) Ahmednagar
3) Sangli
4) Pune
5) Satara
Q.2 Whichare the five major rainfall district of Maharashtra
state
1) Raigad
2) Ratnagiri
3) Nashik
4) Palghar
5) Mumbai city,Mumbai suburban.
Q.3Which are the five districts where average annual rainfall
is maximum in Maharashtra state.
1) Raigad
2) Thane
3) Sindhudurg
4) Ratnagiri
5) Mumbai

Activity 6
 IRRIGATION
 The purpose of Irrigation
Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain
landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and
during periods of less than average rainfall. Irrigation also has
other uses in crop production, including frost protection,
suppressing weed growth in grain fields and preventing soil
consolidation.
 Types and methods of Irrigation
 Surface irrigation. Surface irrigation is the oldest form of irrigation
and has been in use for thousands of years. ...
 Micro-irrigation. ...
 Drip irrigation. ...
 Sprinkler irrigation. ...
 Center pivot. ...
 Irrigation by lateral move (side roll, wheel line, wheelmove) ...
 Lawn sprinkler systems. ...
 Hose-end sprinklers.
*Stick the picture of each type after its name
 Activity 7
 Flow chart of water purification plant
 Activity 8
 Draw the flow chart of function and process of
desalination of the saline water if sea
1) Solar method

2) Multistage flash
3) Evaporation Pond

4) Brine
 Project 2
 Information of water management in Singapore
 How does Singapore manage their water?

 Reservoir in the City

NE Water, Singapore's success story and a pillar of
water sustainability, is a high-grade reclaimed water
produced from treated used water that is further purified
using advanced membrane technologies and ultra-violet
disinfection, hence making it ultra-clean and safe to drink.

 What is Singapore's main issue with water?

Singapore is considered to be one of the most water-stressed
countries in the world. It is heavily dependent on rainfall due to
the lack of natural water resources, and limited land is available
for water storage facilities. Prolonged dry spells cause or threaten
to cause water shortages, the most recent being in 1990.
 Where is Singapore getting its water supply from?
 Johor state
Singapore imports water from the Johor state in Malaysia through a
pipeline that runs along a 1 km bridge, the Johor–Singapore Causeway,
that also carries a road and a railway. Imported water has gradually
reduced; as of 2009, imported water had been reduced from 50%
previously to 40% of total consumption.

.
 Is Singapore successful in managing water?
"Singapore is one of the very few countries that looks at its water
supply in totality," he said. "One of the main reasons why they are
successful in managing its water supply is the concurrent emphasis on
supply and demand management."

 How does Singapore manage waste?

Most of Singapore's trash is incinerated

According to the National Environment Agency (NEA), incineration

reduces waste by up to 90 per cent, saving landfill space, and the heat
recovered produces steam used to generate electricity.
*Stick images related to Singapore water management