2021 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Applications (ICAICA)

Prediction of soil moisture and temperature based

on deep learning
2021 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Applications (ICAICA) | 978-1-6654-1867-6/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICAICA52286.2021.9498190

Huidan Liu Yi Yang* Xuefen Wan

College of Information Science and College of Information Science and College of Computer/ Hebei IoT
Technology Technology Monitoring Engineering Technology
Donghua University Donghua University Research Center
Shanghai, China Shanghai, China North China Institute of Science and
15038216873@163.com yiyang@dhu.edu.cn Technology
*Corresponding Author Langfang, China
calmerd@ncist.edu.cn

Jian Cui Fan Zhang Tingting Cai

School of Cyber Science and College of Information Science and College of Information Science and
Technology Technology Technology
Beijing University of Aeronautics and Donghua University Donghua University
Astronautics Shanghai, China Shanghai, China
Beijing, China zhangfan_2497@163.com caitingting21@163.com
cuijianw@buaa.edu.cn

Abstract—Accurate prediction of soil moisture and
temperature is helpful to regulate agricultural planting
parameters and optimize crop planting quality. In this paper,
relevant issues are studied from two aspects: environmental
data acquisition system based on Internet of Things technology
and adaptive deep learning prediction model selection. An NB-
IoT IoT data collection system is proposed for deep learning of
long-period and equal-interval time series data collection.
Using the obtained environmental temperature and humidity
and soil moisture and temperature data, a deep learning model
based on long short-term memory network (LSTM) is
implemented to train and predict soil moisture and
temperature, and the prediction effect of each deep learning
method is analyzed under different step length conditions. The
experimental results show that the system can effectively
obtain and manage the data required for deep learning, and
the deep learning-based prediction model can achieve reliable
prediction of soil moisture and temperature by only relying on
the environmental temperature and humidity time series data.
Keywords—soil, Internet of Things, deep learning, NB - IoT,
time series
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, IoT technology has provided an
important impetus for the development of smart agriculture
technology[1]. How to conduct in-depth analysis of the data
obtained by the Internet of Things is one of the important
problems to be solved in the field of intelligent agriculture.
Soil temperature is an important factor affecting soil water
and salt movement as well as soil fertility, and is one of the
basic conditions for the growth of soil crops. Soil moisture is
also essential to ensure plant growth. Too low or too high
soil moisture is not conducive to the quality of field
cultivation and sowing. Maintaining suitable soil moisture
and good soil aeration is of great significance to the
cultivation of high-quality crops[2]. High quality time series
prediction of soil moisture and temperature is important for
scientific research and agricultural production practice.
Changes in soil temperature and moisture are usually
accompanied by changes in air temperature and humidity,
and soil moisture is negatively correlated with air
temperature. The interaction between these variables is close
and complex. If we can use the environmental temperature
and humidity (recorded as environmental
temperature/humidity when appropriate) to achieve effective
prediction of soil moisture and temperature (recorded as soil
temperature/moisture when appropriate), the schematic
diagram is shown in the Fig.1, it can not only effectively
reduce the cost and system complexity of the agricultural
monitoring system, but also it is particularly suitable to
provide global macro prediction support for the scattered
micro-planting areas (such as small plots, planting boxes, etc.)
that are separated discretionally within adjacent areas and
have consistent soil properties.
Prediction
Based on Deep
Environmental Temperature/ Learning
Humidity in Air
Above Soil
In Soil
Soil Temperature/Moisture
Fig.1 Prediction of soil temperature/moisture based on environmental
temperature/humidity
At present, soil temperature/moisture and other
parameters are mainly obtained by satellite remote sensing
and field sensor measurement[3]. However, compared with
satellite remote sensing, soil parameters collected by field
sensor are more real-time and simple and convenient. With
the development of agricultural Internet of Things
technology, the field soil parameter collection is applicable
to the agricultural planting areas with relatively scattered
layout and is conducive to the real-time soil irrigation work

978-1-6654-1867-6/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE 46 Dalian, China

June 28-30, 2021

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on the site. In order to enhance the planting capacity of
agricultural soil, it is necessary to further predict the future
soil parameters. In recent years, machine learning methods
have been widely used to obtain the characteristics of
agrometeorological data and other relevant data and describe
the future change trend. Many scholars at home and abroad
have begun to use machine learning methods to study the
time series prediction of soil temperature/moisture. Some
researchers[4] combined the improved flower pollination
algorithm with artificial neural network to achieve stable
prediction of soil moisture under different meteorological
conditions. In addition, some researchers[5] used long-short
time memory neural network to predict soil moisture to
achieve precise irrigation of regional soil. However,
traditional machine learning models usually have more
restrictions on the quality and quantity of samples, so more
efforts are needed in data preprocessing and feature
extraction. The comparison of deep learning prediction
method with the traditional methods is shown in Fig.2. In
addition, because soils vary widely from region to region,
more general soil prediction methods are needed.
II. DEEP LEARNING DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
A. System Structure
The deep learning data acquisition system is used to
obtain equal-interval time series observations of
environmental temperature/humidity, soil
temperature/moisture data at the reference point location.
The system needs to meet the requirements of stability and
reliability of data acquisition and transmission over a long
period of time, and the consistency of data acquisition time
interval should also be ensured. The system consists of a
field terminal node and a cloud data management platform.
The field terminal node obtains the observed values of
various monitoring parameters and sends them to the cloud
data management platform built on Ali Cloud through the
NB-IoT data channel. The cloud data management platform
combined with the server MySQL database realizes NB-IoT
data interface, data storage, data interaction and other
management functions. The system structure is shown in
Fig.3.

Traditional soil moisture and temperature prediction methods

Time-consuming and inefficient model

Empirical model
building with large prediction errors

Time Series Forecast accuracy varies widely by

Model geography

Linear regression There are many limitations in fitting

model nonlinear soil data

More dependent parameters, difficult to

Physical model
collect relevant data

The soil moisture and temperature prediction method based on deep

learning

Good fit of non-linear data

Deep learning Depend on few relevant parameters

prediction model
Fig.3 System structure of IoT data collection system
With self-learning function

B. Field Terminal Node

Applicable to different geographical areas
The field terminal node is composed of STM32
microcontroller (MCU), soil sensor, environmental
Fig.2 Comparison of the proposed method with traditional methods temperature/humidity sensor, isolated bus interface module,
NB-IoT low power wide area network communication
From the perspective of the IoT data collection system, module and node power supply part.
this research proposes a NB-IoT IoT data collection system
The field terminal node is designed around the
for long-period and equal-interval time series data collection.
STM32F103ZET6 microcontroller. This MCU has a rich
The system can reliably collect and manage the time series
interface and wide operating temperature, which can work
data of soil moisture/temperature. According to the
stably in agricultural planting environment. The soil sensing
characteristics of time series, considering the correlation
module uses SM3002B soil temperature/moisture sensors,
between environmental temperature/humidity and soil
which have a soil temperature measurement error between
temperature/moisture, the long-short term memory network
±0.5°C and a moisture measurement error between ±3%. The
(LSTM) and its variants were used to predict soil
AM2306 temperature and humidity sensor is connected to
temperature/moisture based on environmental
the microcontroller through a single bus. The temperature
temperature/humidity. The effects of LSTM variants, namely
measurement error is between ±0.3℃ and humidity
Gated Circulation Unit (GRU) and BI-LSTM, on predicting
measurement error is between ±2%. In order to prevent
soil temperature/moisture were also analyzed. Finally, it
external electromagnetic interference via the bus to the work
provides a reference for in-depth analysis and prediction of
of the node, the RSM3485 transceiver module with isolation
IoT data in similar application situations.
withstand voltage up to 2500VDC is used to isolate the

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electromagnetic interference on the bus.
WH-NB75-B5 NB-IoT wireless communication module
is used in the low-power WAN communication of nodes.
The observation data obtained by the node is sent to the
third-party NB-IoT server built on the service platform of the
telecom operator based on the MQTT protocol. Finally, the
observation data is obtained by the cloud data management
platform. Give full play to the advantages of NB-IoT
wireless communication module for long-distance data
transmission, reliable and low-consumption, no additional
networking operations, conducive to deploying nodes in a
larger space, and supporting a larger number of nodes[6]. In
the power supply part, the 5.0V power supply generated by
UGreen-20379 based on the mains power supply is
connected to the node through the interface conforming to
the USB power supply protocol and serves as the main
power supply of the node. Based on this supply, the LM1117
linear voltage regulator provides a highly stable 3.3V main
operating voltage to the node. The USB power supply
interface on the node can also be compatible with auxiliary
emergency power supply schemes such as charge bank. The
system also provides 12V operating voltage to the soil sensor
via YWSMPS D-30A[7].
In order to accurately obtain the equal interval and
accurate observation value sequence of various soil
parameters, the node adopts the acquisition logic based on its
internal time sequence. Compared with remote cloud-based
polling and other solutions, the internal timing avoids the
time base error caused by the delay of the NB-IoT data
channel and cloud platform information. The working
frequency of the node MCU refers to the above 8M high-
precision crystal oscillator, and the data acquisition interval
of the environmental temperature/humidity sensor and the
soil sensor is accurately set to 5min through the advanced
timer (TIM1) of the STM32. After reaching the
corresponding time reference point, the MCU reads the
observation value from the sensor, and then performs a CRC
check, and then the data is stamped with the corresponding
time and encapsulated into a frame and sent out through the
NB-IoT data channel. The node and the cloud data
management platform confirm whether the data transmission
is successful by returning confirmation information. If the
data transmission fails, re-transmit the data to ensure that the
cloud data management platform receives the correct data at
least once. The MCU caches the observed data in its data
space until it receives a confirmation from the cloud data
management platform. The main board and the field terminal
nodes in the experiment are shown in Fig. 4 (a) and (b).
The terminal node performs initialization operation after
power-on to complete the initialization of GPIO port and
timer. Start the timer timing, when the timing reaches 5min,
the MCU controls the sensor for data acquisition and
performs CRC verification on the returned data for
correctness, if the verification fails, the data acquisition is
repeated. After successful verification, the MCU
encapsulates the data into frames and transmits them to the
cloud server through the NB-IoT data channel to ensure that
the cloud data management platform receives the data at least
once. If the data transmission fails, the NB-IoT module
retransmits the data. After the cloud server receives the data
frames and checks the data integrity, the data is stored in the
MySQL database. After the environmental
temperature/humidity, soil temperature/moisture data
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collected by the terminal nodes are stored in the database, the
data stored in the MySQL database can be accessed through
SQL commands.
C. Cloud Data Management Platform
The cloud data management platform consists of a cloud
platform built on top of Ali cloud servers, front-end
management, data management and NB-IoT data interface.
The cloud platform is implemented using Spring Boot,
Spring MVC and MyBatis frameworks based on Java
language, where Spring Boot is responsible for rapid
integration of functional components, Spring MVC is
responsible for request and response between the cloud
platform and the front-end management application, and
MyBatis is used to support data management between the
cloud platform and the database. The data interface built by
MyBatis enables data interaction with MySQL database and
facilitates the operations of adding, deleting, checking and
changing data stored in MySQL. The front-end management
is implemented using the VUE framework based on
JavaScript language, which provides convenient data
management in the form of web pages and data interaction
with Aliyun server through HTTP protocol. The data
management is implemented using MySQL relational
database, in which the terminal node information is stored by
table with its collected environmental soil parameters. The
interface of the cloud-based data management platform is
shown in Figure.4 (c) and (d).
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig.4 (a)Mainboard of In-field terminal node (b)In-field terminal node after
installation (c)Environmental temperature/humidity (d)Soil
temperature/moisture
In order to improve the query efficiency of environmental
data and avoid slow query phenomenon, the environmental
data collected by the storage node is partitioned on a monthly
basis. Each piece of environmental data stored in the
database table includes information such as primary key ID,
terminal node ID, data collection time, environmental
temperature, environmental humidity, soil temperature, soil
moisture, and partition key. The primary key ID and partition
key are stored in int type. The terminal node ID is stored in
varchar type, the data collection time is stored in timestamp
type, and the environmental soil parameter data is stored in
float type. The NB-IoT data interface is implemented using a
Java language-based MQTT client, which listens to the NB-
IoT data channel provided by the third-party service provider.
A complete data packet includes information such as packet
header, packet length, terminal node ID, environmental soil
parameters, and packet end. When the cloud platform
receives the data packet uploaded by the terminal node, it
confirms the integrity of the data packet by verifying the
frame header and frame end of the data packet. If a complete
data packet is received, the check code is obtained by
polynomial calculation of each byte in the data packet. If the
check code and the cyclic redundancy check code in the data
packet are correct, they will be stored in the MySQL
database on the server through the MyBatis data interface. If
the completeness and correctness of the data packet are
correct, the cloud platform will send a response signal
without errors to the terminal node, otherwise it will request
the terminal node to resend the data packet.
III. METHODOLOGY
Soil moisture and temperature data for crop cultivation is
a complex sequence that is highly nonlinear, coupled and
delayed. We believe that the future soil temperature/moisture
can be predicted by the relationship between
environmental temperature/humidity and soil
temperature/moisture in the previous period. The chain
structure of RNN exhibits stronger dynamic characteristics
and memory capacity than the general neural network
structure. The data analysis and prediction strategy based on
RNN structure can be considered to realize the analysis and
prediction of soil temperature/moisture by
environmental temperature/ humidity.
A. Long and Short Term Memory
The recurrent module of LSTM is composed of three
network layers that communicate control information by
means of threshold control. LSTM utilizes three different
threshold (input gate, output gate, and forgetting gate)
controls to greatly enhance the long-term memory capability
of the network, and the problem of gradient disappearance is
effectively solved. In LSTM due to the introduction of three
gates, the long term information memory capability is
enhanced while the relatively unimportant information is
filtered out and the training time is reduced[8]. The structure
of the LSTM unit is shown in the Fig.5.
ht-1
ct-1
✖ + ✖ +
it-1 tanh ft it ✖
✖
ft-1
ot-1
✖ ✖
σ σ tanh σ σ σ tanh
Xt-1 Xt
Fig.5 Structure of LSTM cell
GRU is an improvement of LSTM by combining the
forget gate and the input gate into one "update gate". It
inherits the excellent time series prediction performance of
LSTM on the one hand, and shortens the model training
time to some extent on the other hand.
In order to be able to learn the intrinsic characteristics of
the data completely, the BI-LSTM takes into account not
only the data series of the previous moments but also the data
of the future period, and it is a combination of a forward-
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propagating one-way LSTM and a backward-propagating
one-way LSTM[9]. Therefore, the BI-LSTM model was also
used for soil temperature/moisture prediction.
B. Model Evaluation Index
Because of the variability of soil temperature/moisture,
the predicted soil temperature/moisture values were
normalized to the maximum true values obtained from the
field terminal nodes in order to reflect the effect of the model
prediction more clearly. In addition to mean error and mean
square error, the following indexes are also used as
evaluation indexes in this paper. In the formula below, yt
represents the normalized true value, yp represents the
normalized predicted value, and N represents the total
number of samples.
1
RMSE = � ∑𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖=1(𝑦𝑦𝑡𝑡,𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖 )
2 (1)
𝑁𝑁
100
𝑁𝑁
𝑦𝑦𝑡𝑡,𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖
MAPE = × �│ │ (2)
𝑁𝑁 𝑦𝑦𝑡𝑡,𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖=1
∑𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖=1�𝑦𝑦𝑡𝑡,𝑖𝑖 −𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖 �
2
𝑅𝑅2 = 1 − 2 (3)
∑𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖=1�𝑦𝑦𝑡𝑡,𝑖𝑖 −𝑦𝑦𝑡𝑡,𝑚𝑚 �
IV. EXPERIMENT AND RESULT ANALYSIS
A. A Prediction Model of Soil Temperature/Moisture Based
on LSTM Neural Network
The experimental site is located in Ganyu District,
Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province. The climate of Ganyu
District belongs to warm temperate maritime monsoon
climate. In the experiment, soil was placed in a standard
planting box with a volume of 1 cubic meter. The soil was
loam soil. Leek and dwarf tomato were mixed in the planting
box, and the root depth of the crop was not more than 20cm
during the experiment. The temperature and humidity sensor
is placed 50cm above the planting box (within the influence
range of soil moisture increase); The soil sensor probe is
inserted 15cm into the soil. The planting box is placed in the
natural environment (without the shelter of greenhouse film).
Natural and human activities such as sunshine, rainfall,
ht irrigation will affect the soil temperature/moisture in the
experimental environment.
ct
The training data for the LSTM, GRU and BI-LSTM
tanh models are from the environmental temperature/humidity,
soil temperature/moisture data collected from the field
ot
terminal nodes (a total of 19,296 sample data from August
σ
24, 2020 to October 29, 2020). In training, the proportion of
training set and test set is 70% : 30% respectively. In the
training process, the hyperparameters of each model were set
the same, the number of hidden layers was set as 1, including
50 units, Tanh was used for activation function, MAE (Mean
Absolute Error) was used for loss function, and Adam was
used for optimization algorithm. A total of 500 epochs and
72 batch sizes were set.
B. Experimental Results and Discussion
The predicted soil temperature/moisture of the LSTM,
GRU and BI-LSTM models were compared with the real
values as shown in Figure.6. It can be seen from the figure
that the predicted values can effectively reflect the changes
in soil temperature/moisture even in the presence of
49
agricultural operations such as shading and irrigation. The irrigation, rainfall and sunlight can also be effectively
predicted values clearly indicate the daily and nightly trends observed in the prediction curves.
of soil temperature. The change of soil moisture with

(a) soil temperature (b) soil moisture

Fig.6 Comparison of the predicted values of soil temperature/moisture of LSTM, GRU and BI-LSTM models with the true values under 10 min steps

From the data results, it can be seen that the predicted
values of the LSTM and BI-LSTM models fit the true values
very well when predicting soil temperature, while the
predicted curves of the GRU model have some deviations
from the true curves when the diurnal temperature varies
greatly (e.g., November 4, November 9, and November 10).
In predicting soil moisture, the GRU model had some
deviations from the true value curve when there were large
changes in soil moisture (e.g., November 4). In the extreme
case of continuous rainfall and irrigation (e.g., November 11-
14), the soil moisture tends to be saturated, and the
environmental humidity and rainfall also cause a large
amount of water to adhere to the surface shell of the
environmental sensor, and there is a certain gap between the
predicted value curve and the true value curve, but this
deviation is basically less than 2% compared with the true
value. The predicted value curve of Bi-LSTM in this case
has the smallest deviation from the true value. From the
above results, it can be seen that the prediction of the deep
learning method based on equivalent time series has good
effectiveness.
In order to compare the prediction effects of the three
models more intuitively, the prediction results were analyzed
based on the model evaluation indexes. The results are
shown in Fig.7. It can be seen from the results that the error
of the predicted value of soil temperature is greater than the
error of predicted value of soil moisture. The core reason for
this phenomenon is that the soil is mainly affected by crop
root absorption, transpiration and infiltration without external
water replenishment, and the soil as a water storage medium
plays a stabilizing role in moisture change. The change of
soil temperature in the planting box is continuously directly
affected by the environmental temperature, and the
magnitude and speed of the change are greater than the
change of moisture.

(a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)

Fig.7 Mean normalized error (a), Normalized standard deviation (b), MAPE (c), R2 (d) and RMSE values (e) of soil temperature/moisture predicted by LSTM,
GRU and BI-LSTM model

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 The different step sizes also have an important impact on
the accuracy of the prediction results. Whereas the earlier the
prediction is made the greater the value of the data, as the
time decreases the value of the predicted data decreases
accordingly. As seen in Fig.7, the prediction error of the
three models increases to some extent as the step size
increases. However, it can also be seen from the figure that
the deterioration of the prediction results is relatively flat.
Since there is a strong correlation between soil temperature
and moisture, even if there are external factors that have
strong effects in a short period of time (e.g., sudden cooling,
irrigation, etc.), increasing the prediction step length will not
cause a sharp decrease in the validity of the prediction results.
In addition, the changes in soil temperature/moisture have
their actual boundaries, which will not increase the
prediction error without limit. It is not difficult to see from
the results that the above three models based on time series
can still make effective predictions when the step size is
increased to 60min.
In the prediction of soil temperature/moisture based on
environmental temperature/humidity, different time series-
based models reflect performance differences. In the whole
time, the comprehensive performance of Bi-LSTM method is
the best. Since the Bi-LSTM method is equivalent to the
establishment of a forward and reverse correlation factor
mapping (that is, it can be regarded as the joint effect of the
forward LSTM and the reverse LSTM method), the model
results obtained by its training can effectively deal with
sudden changes and daily factors, and can effectively make
predictions under various changes in soil
temperature/moisture. The performance degradation is also
less than that of the remaining two methods when the
prediction step size is increased.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a method to achieve temperature and
moisture prediction in the soil tillage layer based on the
environmental temperature/humidity around the soil is
investigated using IoT and deep learning technology.
Firstly, an IoT data collection system based on NB-IoT
and cloud platform is designed to achieve reliable collection
of soil parameters. The terminal nodes collect data at equal
intervals and transmit it to the cloud server through the NB-
IoT wireless communication module. The cloud platform
processes the data and stores it in the cloud MySQL database.
In this way, a data collection platform from the field to the
cloud is constructed to realize remote and efficient
acquisition of the environmental temperature/humidity, soil
temperature/moisture of the monitoring area. The test results
show that through the system structure, the core data set for
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daily prediction and deep learning training can be obtained
stably and reliably.
Secondly, based on the data obtained from the field
terminal nodes, three deep learning models of LSTM, GRU
and BI-LSTM are used to complete the data prediction of
soil temperature/moisture. The results show that the deep
learning models based on equal-interval time series can
better achieve the prediction of soil temperature/moisture.
Although the increase of the prediction step will cause some
deterioration of the prediction results, the prediction results
still have high reference value. Among the three time series
deep learning methods, the BI-LSTM method has better
performance in terms of accuracy and stability.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is supported by National Key Research and
Development Program of China (No.2018YFC0808306),
Science and Technology Research and Development
Program of Langfang (No.2019011010), Science and
Technology Research and Development Program of
Qinhuangdao (No.201805A016), Hebei IoT Monitoring
Engineering Technology Research Center Project
(No.3142018055, No.3142016020).
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