Sinayawan Developmental Academy, Inc.

P-1 Upper Sinayawan, Valencia City, Bukidnon

School I.D 405074
SCIENCE 9
Quarter I Module 4
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Heredity: Inheritance and Variation (Non-Mendelian

Inheritance)
Lesson 1: Incomplete Dominance
In Mendelian patterns of inheritance, the effects of the recessive gene are not observed when the
dominant gene is present. However, there are some traits that do not follow Mendel’s principles. Assigning one
allele with a capital letter and the other in lowercase does not work because neither allele is completely
dominant over the other.

For the traits that Mendel have studied, one allele is completely dominant over the other. Thus, the
phenotype of the resulting heterozygote offspring is identical to that of the homozygous dominant parent.
However, there are some genes in heterozygote offspring that do not share the phenotype of either parent. Just
like the one given in the problem above. Let us try to see and discover. If we are going to make a Punnett
Square from it, it would look like the figure below
 What are the genotypes of the
offspring?
A genotype is an individual's
collection of genes. In the example that
follows, RR and WW are the possible
genotypes of a four o’clock flower.
When a true-breeding, pure red-
flowered four o’clock plant
(represented by RR) crosses with a
true-breeding, pure white-flowered
four o’clock plant (represented by
WW), their offspring are all
pinkflowered plants (represented by
RW) which are heterozygous. They
neither produced red nor white-
flowered plants because neither of the
two is completely dominant.
 What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios?
Phenotype refers to an individual’s observable traits, such as height, eye color and blood type ect..
 In incomplete dominance, one-half of the gametes of the heterozygotes (pink flowers) carry the allele
for the red flower and the other one-half of it carry the allele for the white flower. Thus, the results of a
heterozygote self-cross can still be predicted both the genotypic and phenotypic ratios is 1:2:1. In this case, the
genotypic ratio would be 1 RR: 2 RW: 1 WW, and the phenotypic ratio would be 1:2:1 for red: pink: white.
Incomplete Dominance is the expression of blended (or intermediate) traits in a heterozygous individual or
offspring. The blended traits are coded for by two alleles inherited from both parents. Each of the two
homozygous genotypes (refers to the parents) shows a different phenotype since they are still distinct and
separated from each other. The resulting phenotype of the heterozygote is typically in between the two different
homozygote phenotypes.
Examples of this include petal coloration in some flower species (such as carnations and four o’clock
flowers), curliness of human hair, and human hypercholesterolemia (also called high cholesterol, is the presence
of high levels of cholesterol in the blood).

Lesson 2: Codominance
In cattle, there are 3 different phenotypes. Those with red coats are homozygous for the red coat allele.
Those with white coats are homozygous for the white coat allele. Lastly, those cattle with red hairs mixed with
white hairs are said to be heterozygous and appears roan. The appearance of roan coats is due to the
codominance of the red and white coat color alleles.

In the given problem above, if we

are to construct a Punnett square, it
would look like the figure below.

 Predict the possible offspring of

the parents.
As shown in the Punnett
Square, if a pure red bull mates with
a pure white cow, all their offspring
will express both the alleles of the
red bull and white cow. Thus, cattle
with roan coat are produced with the
said mating of parents. The white coat has red patches on it.
Codominance is another form of intermediate inheritance that does not follow Mendel’s laws. In this
form of inheritance, the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote offspring are fully expressed or exhibited. As a
result, the offspring’s phenotype is the combination of the parent’s phenotypes.
Therefore, the trait is neither dominant nor recessive. Just like in incomplete dominance, the genotypic
ratio becomes the phenotypic ratio. Examples of this include A and B blood types in humans, sickle-cell
disease, and coat color in cattle and horses.

Lesson 3: Multiple Alleles

The work of Mendel on garden peas and his proposal on his genetic laws suggested that a specific gene
is controlled by just two alleles. In our case today, we can say that it’s not always the situation. Multiple alleles
may exist in a population level and different individuals in the population may have different pairs of alleles
despite the fact that humans and other diploid organisms can only have two alleles controlling a gene.

In humans, the ABO Blood Group system is a character governed by multiple alleles. There are 3 alleles that
governed this system: IA, IB and i.

Let us try to solve the problem presented earlier in this lesson by making a Punnett square to show the
cross between parents. It would look like the one shown below.
• What would be the possible blood types of their children?
Based on the Punnett square above, the possible blood types of their children are Type AB and Type A.
• What is the percentage of having a type O child?
If we take a look back at the Punnett square, it is clearly seen that there is no Type O in the boxes. Therefore,
there is 0% chance of having a Type O child.
 SCIENCE 9 Worksheet
Quarter I Module 4
●

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation (Non-Mendelian Inheritance)

Name:_________________________ Grade and Section:______________

Activity 1
Now that you have gained knowledge about incomplete dominance, complete the paragraph below. Choose
from the given words found in the word bank.

(1) The pattern _____________________ is the expression of ________________ (or intermediate) traits in a
____________ individual or offspring. (2) The blended traits are coded for by __________ alleles inherited
from both _____________. (3) Each of the two homozygous genotypes (refers to the parents) shows a different
phenotype since they are still ____________ and ______________ from each other. (4) The resulting
phenotype of the heterozygote is typically __________________ the two different homozygote phenotypes. (5)
The genotypic and phenotypic ratios is both ________________.

Activity 2.
Instruction: Predict the phenotype and genotype of the offspring using the principle of Incomplete Dominance,
Codominance and Multiple alleles.
 2.

3.