Question 1.

(a) By what are Circuit Breakers Named? Discuss the breakdown process of two types.
[6]
(b) The following formula relates Breakdown voltage of a gas in kV where p=gas pressure in
bar, and d is Gap distance in cm.

Vb 24.4pd 6.29 pd
Calculate d for an RMS voltage of 330kV. [8
(c) Discuss and contrast tracking and corona, with sketches and examples. [6]

Question 2
(a) Discuss the merits and demerits of paper, PVC and XLPE Cable insulation. [5]

Table 1 shows a section of high voltage cable. Initially the materials are assembled as follows:

Table 1

Radius cm Relative
Permittivity

r 1 conductor

r1 2 6

r2 4 5

r3 5 3

There is a voltage difference of 220kV between the conductor and outermost part of the cable.

(a) Sketch the Cable Section [5]

(b) Calculate the capacitance of each dielectric and the total capacitance. [5]

(c) Calculate the stresses in each dielectric. [5]

Question 3
(i) Discuss / explain how a Cockroft Walton Generator works and where it is used [6]
(ii) Using the approximate voltage drop below derive the expression for the number of
stages for optimum output of a Cockroft-Walton Generator. [6]
 𝐼 2 3
∆𝑉 = ( 𝑛 )
𝑓𝐶 3
(iii) A Cockcroft-Walton Generator has the following data:

Current 5 mA
Frequency 150 Hz
Capacitance 0.05 uF

Calculate its Output Voltage in per unit the voltage ripple, voltage drop and regulation.
[8]

Question 4

(a) Sketch the make-up of a 3-stage AC voltage Test Transformer and also that of a 3-stage
Marx Generator [5]
(b) Sketch a Lighting Impulse Waveform with a peak of 1.0 p.u. and determine the equation for
Tf, when the t30 and t90 voltage levels are defined.
[5]
(c) An 8 stage modified Marx generator, has 0.12µF capacitors. The wave front and wave tail
times 1.2 µS and 50 µS respectively. If the load capacitor is 1200 pF, find the front and tail
resistances of the impulse wave produced. Calculate the values of front and tail resistances using the
approximate methods. [10]

Question 5

(i) Sketch and Discuss the Principles of Operation of:

 High Voltage Resistance Divider [3]
 High Voltage Capacitance Divider (CVT) [3]

(ii) What may be used to determine aging and defects in Cable Insulation? Use appropriate
equations and sketches to illustrate. [7]
(iii) With reference to the figure below, comment on the status of the Cable. [7]

Question 6.

Discuss the following and impact with regard to High Voltage Installations
(a) Corona [6]
(b) Insulation Coordination [7]
(c) Lightning Protection [7]