See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/332802336

Investigation of Knuckle Joint and Its Importance -A Literature Case Study

Article · January 2018

CITATIONS READS
0 5,525

2 authors:

Hari Dayalan Yeshwant Raj.s

The University of Warwick National Cheng Kung University
2 PUBLICATIONS   11 CITATIONS    12 PUBLICATIONS   3 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

BEHAVIOURAL ECONOMICS View project

learning systems View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Yeshwant Raj.s on 02 May 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 2018 7th International Conference on Industrial Technology and Management
Investigation of Knuckle Joint and Its Importance – A Literature Case Study
Yeshwant Raj S
Mechanical Engineering.
Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering
SVCE
Chennai, India
e-mail: Yeshwantraj@svce.ac.in
Mani Shrivardhan
Mechanical Engineering
Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering SVCE
Chennai, India
e-mail: shrivardhanmsv@gmail.com
Abstract—There has been deluged and overflowing
composition published in knuckle joints and its importance in
automobile industries. Achieving manufacture excellence
through better quality and productivity is the objective lens of
many industries in present. Every governance is trying hard in
the process of customer retention (Voice of The Customer
VOC and Critical To Quality CTQ) by controlling costs and
obtaining high productivity. A voluminous and significant
measure of research article were referred in which all the
papers concentrated one and only on the final product with
some investigation on dimensional accuracy, which includes -
Cycle time reduction, degree of doubt and the proper
placement of the knuckle part. CMM (Cast Component
Machining) is used for uncovering the dimension during
improper and proper casting. A case study of an automotive
manufacturing company has been clearly stated by explaining
the common failures occurring in the manufacturing of
knuckle joints.
Keywords-knuckle joint; calliper wall thickness; casting;
CMM; damper
I. INTRODUCTION
A mojor complication in the automobile industries is the
existence of instablity in the substanial properties and
manufacturing processes. knuckle joints are basically two or
more rods superintend to tensile and compressive forces are
fastened together which allows a small angular moment of
one to another. They are indeed rod-couplings whih are used
to connect the members in trusses and other structures and
cannot be used as a power transmitting component. Knuckle
goes by different names steering knuckle, wheel carrier and
upright. It is called the nexus of a vehicles front axle. They
are designed mainly in two types : one with the Hub and the
other comes with the spindle, both have equal advantages
and disadvantages factors. Knuckle has become one of the
most important components in every mechanism starting
from automobiles to human anatomy, in other words
biomechanics. Knuckle can be easily connected and
978-1-5386-1329-0/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE 62
Hari Prasath Dayalan
Mechanical Engineering
Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering SVCE
Chennai, India
e-mail: Hprasath73@gmail.com
disconnected. Fatigue was found out in the 19th century [1]
and was also guesstimated using durability tests [2] The
main parameters where failure occurs during the
manufacturing of Knucle joints are: calliper wall thickness
(DESIGN) [3], damper thickness, environmental factors,
joint thickness and many minor faliures as well. In the recent
studies the factor of safety of joints is said to be from 3-4 [4]
and the rejection rate in every manufacturing unit is
13.8%/month [5] which results to Improper loading,
Operating Different Batch, Over Drafting Projection in
Casting, Over Projection & Bend in Tie Rod Area, Clamping
Pressure Low, Design of fixture & Wrong Setting [6].
Knuckle joints can be made of many materials like stainless
steel, structural steel, Gray cast iron magnesium and gray
cast iron. All these materials were analyzed for stress and
deformation under different loading conditions. The analyses
were done by CATIA and ANSYS and the resultant output
was that the knuckle joint made of Al (aluminum) [7] could
sustain maximum tensile load without failure. [8] Many
problems have raised in the past like increasing cost and
difficulty in operation due to many check portions and link
ups, secondly the complexion in the structure resulting to
malfunction, which has clearly changed a revolution in
creating a ladder with conventional method of adjustments in
the knuckle joints.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Design and Stress Analysis
Stress and static analysis often results to increasing brake
efficiency and reduction of stoppage distance, which in turn
increases fuel efficiency, and reduces the emission Stress
analysis could be done in any part of the knuckle joint by
CATIA, ANSYS, mainly concentrating on the stress
(Internal and external), the imposed displacement, inertial
force and temperatures [9] the Cycle time reductions were
further refurbished with [10] value stream mapping, kaizen
(continuous improvement), [11] six sigma implementation,
[12] idle time reduction, reduction in maintenance activities
and lead- time. [13] A static relationship between FEA
modeling and experimental results were jotted and factually
the FEA was more accurate but the deviations were only
minute and not in major sense. From this we can come to a
conclusion that statistical data can be a proof before
manufacturing a component. [3] Knuckle finite element
model and position of applied loads were discussed in a
research article were the input variables were defined in
DOE (Design of Experiments and then to optimize it they
have used a technique name [14] RBDO (Reliability based
Design Optimization). Fatigue occurring in the knuckle joint
(either it can occur in the car or the road condition) is
because the force acted is not static and comes from different
plights with diversification in time. Solid works can have
been used to simulate the measure of the fatigue life of a
component by simulation-based design and also helps to
accomplish the life cycle, the reliability, the computation of
where minimum stress would occur, the criticality in the
steering knuckle where huge force is applied and finally to
study the effect of a knuckle joint under multi-axial load.
B. Material Selection
For designing a knuckle joint some researchers has done
analytical study in the evaluation of using high strength low
alloy steel (material used in case study also). The evaluation
was done under tensile load in order to avoid potential failure
in the long run. The failure analysis for the knuckle joints
can be safely operated even after all the results are obtained:
tensile stress, shearing and crushing [15]. When considering
the material selection, weight reduction has got a major
impact. The weight has been reduced (mass has been reduced
by 11%) by topology optimization considering the strength,
stiffness and vibration targets [16]. Maximum stress is found
to be in brake clamping holding area. [17] Torsional fatigue
mechanism of a knuckle joint in a universal coupling was
discussed. Microscopically observations of fractures surfaces
revealed the region of crack origin and propagation areas,
optical micrographs of broken knuckle joints were
graphically portrayed. Previous study is being related to the
load factor and optimization of loads on bending and damage
strength of steering knuckle component. The evaluation is
done by fatigue damage hypothesis and with the relationship
between the S-N curve. The [18] Characterized fatigue
testing under variable amplitudes and load were analyzed (S-
N curve). The curve consisted of four regions to show the
fatigue limit. These limits accordingly show the rise and fall
of the fatigue cycle. Analysis of fatigue is percolated by
applying a damage rule [19] and in the early 70-90’s the
above-mentioned theory was subdivided by six more: linear
damage rules, nonlinear damage curve and two-stage
linearization approaches, life curve modification methods;
based in crack growth concepts, sequence damage
Mechanics models and energy based theories.
C. Statistical Analysis
In many industries lean principles and cycle time
reduction was given more consequentiality. Issues like cycle
63
time were reduced by utilizing [20] RCB (Recursive
constraint Bounding), which were amended in correct terms.
Anomalous operation of coupling lubrication system has
caused more friction and torsional overload of the knuckle
joint; better improvement of quality of material has been
more insisted in this paper. When discussing about the
design this study has apparently illustrated a different kind of
optimization by formulating a double knuckle joint
mechanism driven by A.C. servo-motor [21]. In this the
knuckle joint was a support for the construction of the 30-ton
press where the knuckle joint has increased in efficiency for
holding and rotating the press machine. There were many
tools to reduce the lead-time or to analyze the lead-time such
as to plot they used X-bar and R-bar charts, to reduce it they
used Queuing system of different models [22] Minimizing
the cycle time was also possible by heuristic algorithm and
[23] PSO (particle swamp algorithm). A number of studies
have been developed to estimate and investigate the cycle
time of various business proposals. In peculiar, there are
some modern and complex systems, which are very
difficulty to scrutinize the methodology and solve the
solutions, where [24] a new workflow application execution
time prediction system with a template was introduced,
which refers to a template of set of selected workflow
characteristics. Some integrated probabilistic methods to
traditional methods have reformed the product life prediction
and structural reliability in the manufacturing of a knuckle
joint.
D. Structural Analysis
In order to analyze a steering knuckle under operated
conditions the structural analysis is studied by FEA modeling
(PATRAN/NASTRAN) [25] and also the study of multi-
body dynamics is done relating the suspension structure.
This software analysis and the maximum ultimate load
analysis are compared and have come to a conclusion that
the main failure style is materialized from the fatigue
damage of the steering knuckle in both the conventional and
traditional approach. Optimization has been a very important
goal in every manufacturing industry the same has been
followed in the performance optimization of the knuckle
joint in a study which states that by reducing the weight of
the steering knuckle (4%) the efficiency has been increased
without even disturbing the strength, stiffness and the
frequency. Both static and dynamic load conditions were
conducted, to examine the nature and magnitude of stresses
carries out the structural analysis [26]. Knuckle joints were
not only used for connecting two rods but also backing up
some equipment’s A [27] study explains that a welding was
backed up by employing a train of knuckle joints tiles for
grip and to increase the thickness of the welded seam for
circular motion. In another case they have used an adjustable
knuckle joint device for holding ladders with a combination
of an angular flange and a second coupling. In the following
case study, there are many problems arising due to toggle
and its derivatives, where all have been rectified by
implementing mall equipment and part changes in regular
intervals (Time). Patent study attributes to a connecting rod
for a knuckle joint device, which had to be durable and time quality assurance factors and the parameters that are
dependent. The basic objective of the invention is that to associated with the quality improvement which has the
provide a connecting rod to simplify the production of a greatest effect [47]
toggle-joint device and to ensure that it works properly [28].
Pivoting motion of the knuckle joint has been discussed in
this patent, which is controlled by an actuator (which is
hydraulic). The pivoting internal arrangement is so flexible
(elastically) [29] that the efficiency is optimum when
compared to the other inventions. Due to the elastically pivot
structure the research has proved that there could be any
number of adjustments in the moving direction.
E. Limitations on the Literature Review
1. The researchers who have performed design analysis
and simulation have not referred to the patents that
are present, which lags consideration of type of
material, load factors and failure at different
conditions.
2. Most of the research has concentrated only in failure
analysis of automobile, mechanical equipment’s and
not on other applications like biomechanics, toggle
devices and other applications.
Figure 2. Defects wise Pareto analysis
Now this paper is basically on a literature study on
knuckle joints, on how mainly steering knuckle was used,
their history, their parametrical characteristics, causes of
failure, testing under different scenarios and final their
structural functions. A case study has been explained by
taking a company’s case study in which the damper
thickness and caliper height was mainly intensified with
step-by-step manifestos (diagrams, cad drawings, Pareto
charts, before and after instances, solutions and design
modifications).

Figure 3. (a) Knuckle joint view (b) Lesser caliper wall thickness

The most occurring defect in the knuckle joint

manufacturing is in the caliper wall thickness; we can
conclude the above statement from Figure 1. The
specification of the knuckle was taken as in the Table I.
TABLE I. SPECIFICATION OF KNUCKLE JOINT

# PART NAME SPECIFICATION ACTUAL

Figure 1. How knuckle joint was researched from era to era.
1 IA KNUCKLE Min 6.5 mm 5.9, 6.1 mm
III. CASE STUDY OF A KNUCKLE JOINT
Here Pareto is basically used for finding out the defects The rate of rejection has been clearly illustrated with
that are present in and every factor relating to Quality [46] respect to PPM (Parts Per Million). The total rejections vs.
the factors were selected with the total number of rejection the Caliper wall rejections rate has been compared and also
rates in the whole system and were also found out by the has been improved by changing the positions of damping
same 80/20 rule. This was also eventually used for reducing process.
the rejection rate, as we are very much concentrating on

64
 Figure 4. Month wise rejection rate (PPM)

Figure 5. Stratification Chart

The common possible causes found out during the pareto Figure 7. Operation sequence in order
analysis while manufacturing the knuckle joint was as TABLE II. PROCESS STAGES INVOLVED DURING MANUFACTURING OF
follows- Improper loading, Operating different batches in the KNUCKLE JOINT
shift, over drafting projection in Casting, over projection and
bend in Tie rod area, Low clamping pressure, Design of S.NO PROCESS NUMBER PROCESS NAME
fixture and wrong setting. 1. #05 INCOMING INSPECTION

2. #10 TURNING

3. #20 & #30 MILLING & DRILLING

4. #40 & #50 MILLING & DRILLING

5. #60 FINAL INSPECTION

6. #70 DESPATCH

Figure 6. Cause and Effect diagram for calliper wall thickness

According to the Ishikawa diagram the failures or the

problems rise from the material and its background data only,
when compared to the other 3M’s (which can be negligible at
the first instance). The distinctiveness of the problem is
always conditional to some factors, considering all the
factors together and to work on all of them we need different Figure 8. Identification of Causes
tools, on such tools, which extracts effective solution
theoretically is fishbone diagram. These factors then can be The major reason behind the rejections was due to over
grouped together through brainstorming and accomplice drafting projection during casting process [48]. Casting has
them with appropriate values, which in turn can be related always been a boon as well as a curse for any machining
with interrelatedness, strengthening of a structure, conponent. Here the casting is done in three batches 04, 07,
comprehensible and visualize to embed the important 09 which leads to projection and then inturn leads to
parameters called the fishbone diagram. rejection. (Figure 7 & Figure 8)

65
 Figure 9. Operation, during Butting in Damper Area Over Drafting
Projection found in Casting.
Figure 11(b). Operation #20 Drilling, thickness NG found.

Due to over drafting two major parts have been disturbed,

firstly in the Jaw centre point and then in the component
centre point

Figure 10. Over Drafting Projection in Damper Variation Found Between

Jaws Centre Point & Component Centre

Figure 12. (a) Existing Damper Area (b) Modified Damper Area

Figure 11(a). After Completion of Calliper Wall Operation #10 Outer

formation Uneven found

66
Figure 13. Design analysis using ANSYS

Figure 14. Deformation in calliper wall

67
 Design analysis is performed with the Cast Iron Grade 20, After the change of the damper butting area the NG
keeping the parameters constant the different kinds of (ERROR) parts have been rectified and the rejections have
simulation is shown and by comparing Figure 10 and 14 with also been reduced.
respect to the calliper wall thickness, we can come to a
conclusion that deformation occurs due to over drafting.
Thus, with the above proof we can surely suggest that there
has to be a minor change in the structure of the knuckle joint.
Compare Figure. 10 and 14 for the calliper wall thickness
structural arrangement

Figure 18. (a) Analysis of Non Conformities Before (b) Analysis of non
after conformities

Figure 15. (a) Existing Design in damping area (b) Modified Design in
damping area

Figure 19. Pareto Analysis after development in the calliper wall thickness

Figure 16. (a). Over Drafting Projection (b). Damper butting area Modified Comparing the Figure 2 and Figure 17 and reducing the
In damper butting area over draft in casting and re positioning the knuckle part the
final status could be concluded.

Figure 17. (a). knuckle joint L design BEFORE (b) knuckle joint L design Figure 20. Graph showing the reduction in PPM count
AFTER

68

Figure 21. Change in COPQ (COST OF POOR QUALITY) and its % for
one year
IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
Knuckle joints have always been a boon to the
automobile industry in-terms of line of action of load and
specially designed to withstand tensile loads. The analysis
can also be done for different grades of Cast iron like 35 and
60. Knuckle joints cannot withstand compressive loads but
can, if the parameters are changed. Due to time, varying load
factors the service life of the knuckle joint’s life reduces with
respect to time. That's why this paper has been fully
concentrated on external defects, stress concentrations and
gradients and lastly surface finishing. The calliper wall
thickness rejections have been reduced to 5 parts from 32
parts around 73% of the NG parts have been improvised and
still more can be reduced by amending the other defects.
REFERENCES
[1] Schijve, Jaap. "Fatigue of structures and materials in the 20th century
and the state of the art." International Journal of Fatigue 2003, 25.8,
pp. 679-702.
[2] Jimenez, M., J. Martinez, U. Figueroa, and L. Altamirano. "Estimated
SN curve for nodular cast iron: A steering knuckle case
study." International Journal of Automotive Technology, 2014, 7,
pp.1197-1204.
[3] Sharma, M. P., Denish, S. M., Joshi, H., & Patel, D. A. “Static
analysis of steering knuckle and its shape optimization,” International
journal of Mechanical and civil engineering, 2014, 8, pp. 34-38.
[4] Xie, Yi, Chen-Fu Chien, and Ren-Zhong Tang. "A method for
estimating the cycle time of business processes with many-to-many
relationships among the resources and activities based on individual
worklists." Computers & Industrial Engineering, 2013, 65.2, pp.194-
206.
[5] Vashist, Amit, R. C. Sharma, and Sumit Taneja. "Productivity
improvement by defect analysis in Indian automobile
industry." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research
and Development, 2012, 2.2, pp. 734-741.
[6] Kim, G. Y., Han, S. H., & Lee, K. H. (2014). Structural optimization
of a knuckle with consideration of stiffness and durability
requirements. The Scientific World Journal, (TSWJ 2014), Jun. 2014,
pp.1-8, doi:10.1155/2014/763692.
[7] Kumar, Nipun, Gian Bhushan, and Pankaj Chandna. (2017, January
15th). Analysis of Knuckle Joint of Various Materials using CAE
Tools, International Journal of Engineering, Management and
Applied Sciences, 2017, 5.1, pp. 45-52.
[8] Kulkarni, Viraj Rajendra, and Amey Gangaram Tambe.
"Optimization and finite element analysis of steering knuckle." Altair
technology conference (ATC 2013). ALTAIR Press, Jul. 2013, pp.1-8.
[9] Danai, K., and S. Malkin. "Cycle-time reduction in machining by
recursive constraint bounding." Journal of manufacturing science and
engineering, 1997, 119, pp.201-207.
69
[10] Venkataraman, K., B. Vijaya Ramnath, V. Muthu Kumar, and C.
Elanchezhian. "Application of value stream mapping for reduction of
cycle time in a machining process." Procedia Materials Science, 2014,
6, pp.1187-1196.
[11] Singh, Amit Kumar, and Dinesh Khanduja. "Defining Quality
Management in Auto Sector: A Six-sigma Perception." Procedia
Materials Science, 2014, 5, pp. 2645-2653.
[12] Han, Kwan Hee, Geon Lee, and Sang Hyun Choi. "Manufacturing
cycle time reduction for batch production in a shared worker
environment." International Journal of Production
Research,2013, 51.1, pp.1-8.
[13] Saxena, Nishant Vibhav, and Rohit Rajvaidya. "Study & Analysis of
Knuckle Joint with the Replacement of Material by Using
Teflon." International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications, 2015, 5.3, pp.2248-9622.
[14] Nadeem, F., & Fahringer, T. (2009, May). Using templates to predict
execution time of scientific workflow applications in the grid.
In Proceedings of the 2009 9th IEEE/ACM International Symposium
on Cluster Computing and the Grid (pp. 316-323). IEEE Computer
Society.
[15] Abusaa, Engr Dr Fathi, and Engr Dr Fuzi Abusa. "Evaluation of using
high strength low alloy steel for design of knuckle
joint." International journal of advanced research in science,
Engineering and Technology, 2016, 3.7, pp. 2407-2410.
[16] Babu, B., M. Prabhu, P. Dharmaraj, and R. Sampath. "Stress analysis
on steering knuckle of the automobile steering system." International
journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 2014, 3, pp.
363-366.
[17] Pantazopoulos, G., A. Sampani, and E. Tsagaridis. "Torsional failure
of a knuckle joint of a universal steel coupling system during
operation–A case study." Engineering Failure Analysis, 2007, 14.1,
pp. 73-84.
[18] Sonsino, C. M. "Fatigue testing under variable amplitude
loading." International Journal of Fatigue, 2007, 29.6, pp .1080-1089.
[19] Fatemi, A., and Lianxiang Yang. "Cumulative fatigue damage and
life prediction theories: a survey of the state of the art for
homogeneous materials." International journal of fatigue, 1998, 20.1,
pp. 9-34.
[20] Dumbre, Purushottam, A. K. Mishra, V. S. Aher, and Swapnil S.
Kulkarni. "Structural analysis of steering knuckle for weight
reduction." International journal of emerging technology and
advanced engineering, 2014, 4.6 pp. 552-557.
[21] Yossifon, S., and R. Shivpuri. "Design considerations for the electric
servo-motor driven 30 ton double knuckle press for precision
forming." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture,
1993, 33.2, pp. 209-222.
[22] Koole, Ger, and Avishai Mandelbaum. "Queueing models of call
centers: An introduction." Annals of Operations Research,
2002, 113.1, pp. 41-59.
[23] Schultz*, Carl R. "Spare parts inventory and cycle time
reduction." International journal of production research, 2004, 42.4,
pp. 759-776.
[24] Nadeem, F., & Fahringer, T. (2009, May). Using templates to predict
execution time of scientific workflow applications in the grid.
In Proceedings of the 2009 9th IEEE/ACM International Symposium
on Cluster Computing and the Grid (pp. 316-323). IEEE Computer
Society.
[25] Pingqing, F., Bo, Z., & Long, Q. (2011, January). The analysis on
destruction forms of steering knuckle. In Measuring Technology and
Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA), 2011 Third International
Conference on (Vol. 3, pp. 677-679). IEEE.
[26] Gaikwad, R. P., and Y. P. Reddy. "Weight reduction of Steering
Knuckle by Optimization Method." International Journal of
Engineering Trends and technology, 2016, 37.1, pp. 22-27.
[27] Snell, John B. "Welding backup employing a train of knuckle-joint
tiles." U.S. Patent No. 4,183,454. 15 Jan. 1980.
 [28] Urrutia, S. (2003). U.S. Patent No. 6,579,028. Washington, DC: U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office.
[29] Siebeneick, J. (2012). U.S. Patent No. 8,215,653. Washington, DC:
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
[30] Triantafyllidis, G. K., A. Antonopoulos, A. Spiliotis, S. Fedonos, and
D. Repanis. "Fracture characteristics of fatigue failure of a vehicle’s
ductile iron steering knuckle." Journal of failure analysis and
prevention, 2009, 9.4, pp. 323-328.
[31] Kamble M. A & Harugade P.P.M., "Developmental Design and
Optimization of Steering Knuckle with Integrated Spindle." Journal
of Failure Analysis and Prevention, 2009, 9.4, pp. 323-328.
[32] Frisby, T. M., & Cook, W. H. (1962). U.S. Patent No. 3,068,946.
Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
[33] Patel Akash, A. "Fatigue or durability analysis of steering knuckle."
International journal for scientific Research & Development, 2013,
1.9, pp. 1-2.
[34] Tagade, Poonam P., Anil R. Sahu, and H. C. Kutarmare.
"Optimization and Finite Element Analysis of Steering
Knuckle." International Journal Of Computer Applications, 2015, 2,
pp. 17-21.
[35] Daly, F. M. (1903). U.S. Patent No. 737,360. Washington, DC: U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office.
[36] Simoni, G. (1992). U.S. Patent No. 5,149,146. Washington, DC: U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office.
[37] Roberts, A. M. (2009). U.S. Patent No. 7,591,604. Washington, DC:
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
[38] Das, Sourav, Vishvendra Bartaria, and Prashant Pandey. "Analysis of
Knuckle Joint of 30C8 Steel for Automobile Application."
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 2014,
3.1, pp. 235-242.
70
View publication stats
[39] Muhamad, Wan Mansor Wan, Endra Sujatmika, Hisham Hamid, and
Faris Tarlochan. "Design improvement of steering knuckle
component using shape optimization." International Journal of
Advanced Computer Science, 2012, 2.2, pp. 65-69.
[40] Saxena, Nishant Vibhav, and Rohit Rajvaidya. "Study & Analysis of
Knuckle Joint with the Replacement of Material by Using
Teflon." International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications 2015, 5.3, pp. 67-72.
[41] Kellner, A. (1986). U.S. Patent No. 4,616,949. Washington, DC: U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office.
[42] Muhamad, Wan Mansor Wan, et al. "Design improvement of steering
knuckle component using shape optimization." International Journal
of Advanced Computer Science, 2012, 2.2, pp. 65-69.
[43] Saxena, Nishant Vibhav, and Rohit Rajvaidya. "Study & Analysis of
Knuckle Joint with the Replacement of Material by Using
Teflon." International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications, 2015, 5.3, pp.67-72.
[44] Vangani N & Mandaliya JP, "Design & Analysis of Fork Pin & Its
Assembly in Hydraulic Cylinder", International Journal of Advance
Engineering and Research development, 2016, 2.5, pp. 337-344.
[45] Karuppusami, Gandhinathan, and R. Gandhinathan. "Pareto analysis
of critical success factors of total quality management: A literature
review and analysis." The TQM magazine, 2006, 18.4, pp. 372-385.
[46] Ahmed, Mohiuddin, and Nafis Ahmad. "An application of Pareto
analysis and cause-and-effect diagram (CED) for minimizing
rejection of raw materials in lamp production process." Management
Science and Engineering, 2011, 5.3, pp. 87-95.
[47] Williams, L. Casting curved shadows on curved surfaces. In ACM
Siggraph Computer Graphics, 1978, 12.3, pp.270-274.