Course Syllabus Electrical Engineering – I

 Chapter 1 : Basic Concept

 Chapter 2 : Basic Laws (Ohm’s Law)
 Chapter 3 : Resistive Network Analysis (Kirchoff’s)
 Chapter 4 : Circuits Theorems (Thevenin, Norton ect)
 Chapter 5: Operational Amplifier
 Chapter 6 : Storage Elements
 Chapter 7-8 : Transient Analysis

1
Basic Circuit Measurements
What we want to do is to know practically:
the current flowing through the circuit,
the voltage across the components in the circuit,
the value of resistances of resistors
to measure current : ammeter
to measure voltage : voltmeter
to measure resistance : ohmmeter

Commonly, all three instruments are combined into a single

instrument such as a multimeter (MM).

Thus, to measure current we use MM, to measure voltage we use

again MM. But what are the differences in using this instrument
to measure different electrical quantities ?
 Digital Multimeter

The rotary selector switch (now set in the Off position) has five different
measurement positions it can be set in:
two "V" settings, for measuring voltage (DC and AC)
two "A" settings, for measuring current (DC and AC)
and
one setting in the middle "Omega" (Ω)
There are three different sockets on the multimeter face into which
we can plug our test leads. The wires are coated in a color-coded (either
black or red) flexible insulation to prevent the user's hands from contacting
the bare conductors
The black test lead always plugs into the black
socket on the multimeter: the one marked "COM" for
"common."

The red test lead plugs into either the red socket
marked for voltage and resistance, or the red socket
marked for current, depending on which quantity
you intend to measure with the multimeter.

4
Basic principle of measuring voltage and
current:
The voltage is applied ‘across’ a component, for example a
resistor, so the probe must be connected also across the
component.

The current flows ‘through’ a component, so the probes must be

connected in series to the component.
Measuring the voltage of a voltage source

we want measure
DC voltage

The red test probe is connected to the positive polarity of

the battery, and The black test probe to the negative polarity
Measuring the voltage across a resistor
I

V = 10 V R = 20Ω

The multimeter is switched to V= and the red probe plugs to

the red socket V for measuring the voltage across resistor.

In this case, we see, that the multimeter shows the value 10.00 V.

As you can see, we have measured in the same time the voltage
of the source
Measuring the resistance is somehow like measuring the voltage,
but it must be switched to Ω
 Reading Resistor Value

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Measuring the current flowing through a resistor
I

V = 10 V
R = 20Ω

The multimeter is now switched to A= and the red probe plugs to the
red socket A for measuring the current through resistor.
To get a series connection of the multimeter, we break up the circuit,
and connect the red probe to the position with higher potential that
the position, which is then connected with the Black probe.
In this case, we see, that the multimeter shows the value 0.50 A.
This is the current flowing in the circuit
 ( Ohm’s Law )

Notation and convention : R

Voltage (potential energy/unit charge) is
higher where the current enters the a b
resistor & lower where it leaves I Vab
On circuit diagrams, draw a current arrow
to show direction and annotate the “+”
and “-”
Vab = Va - Vb

Ohm’s Law
Vab Vab
Vab = I . R I= R=
R I
Ohm’s Law Pie-Chart
Definitions:
An Electric Network is a collection of elements through which current flows.

Important Circuit Terms:

BRANCH : A branch is a two-terminal element.

NODE : A node is a point where two or more elements are connected
together
LOOP : A loop is a set of branches that form a closed path
MESH : A mesh is the simplest type of loop, does not contain other
loops.

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A branch is a two-terminal element.

Here are a few

example branches.
 A node is a point where two or more elements are
connected together.

Non-trivial node
- more than two elements
are connected together

Trivial node
- only two elements are
connected together
 Here are some more examples of nodes.

1 2 3 4

Trivial node

This is all one node

 A loop is a set of branches that form a closed path.
Each node is encountered only once as the loop is traced.

Here are some example loops

 A mesh is the simplest type of loop.*
Meshes do not enclose any branches

Here is an example of
a trivial mesh.

* For a planar circuits only

 Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)
n
The algebraic sum of electric currents at any node is
equal to zero at every instant of time.
 In  0
0

• Currents directed into the node are taken with a positive sign (+)
• Currents directed out of the node are taken with a negative sign (-)

+ I 1 + I2 + I3 - I4 - I5 = 0
I2 I3
I1 I4 I1 + I 2 + I3 = I4 + I 5
I5 Node
Another example of KCL
I2 I3
• All currents are going into the
node I1 I4
I5
+I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 = 0

• For trivial nodes, KCL reduces to an

equality I1

+I1 - I2 = 0 I2

I1 = I 2
Be careful with the reference directions
at the trivial node

At node A: i1(t) + i2(t) = 0 i1

i2

i1(t) = - i2(t)
Obtain currents i1, i2, and i3!

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 Resistor in parallel
Definition
Two or more circuit elements are said to be in parallel if the identical voltage
appears across each of the elements.
All resistors take the same
IS Node - 1 voltage VS
I1 I2 I
3 Apply Ohm’s Law
VS
R1 R2 R3
V VS VS
I1  S I2  I3 
R1 R2 R3
Node - 2
and KCL in the node -1

 I S  I1  I 2  I3  0
 IS Node - 1
I1 I2 I V VS VS
3 I1  S I2  I3 
R1 R2 R3
VS
R1 R2 R3
 I S  I1  I 2  I3  0

VS
IS 
IS Req
Substitution all currents to
KCL
VS VS VS VS
VS    0
Req Req R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
  
Req R1 R2 R3
• For n-parallel resistors, the equivalent resistance is calculated
by:

IS
I1 I2 I3 In
VS
R1 R2 R3 Rn

1 1 1 1 1
   
Req R1 R2 R3 Rn
 Current Divider
IS
VS VS
I2 I1  I2 
I1 R1 R2
VS
VS
R1 R2
IS  VS  I S  Req
Req

1 1 1 R1  R2 R1  R2
  Req  VS  I S 
Req R1 R2 R1  R2 R1  R2

R2 R1
Finally : I1  I S  I2  I S 
R1  R2 R1  R2
 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
The algebraic sum of branch voltages
around any loop is equal to zero at every Vn  0
instant of time. n

V1 VS1

R1

VB R2 V2

R3

V3
VS2
 KVL sign convention
Going around the loop in the clockwise direction

V1

+ V1 (positive)
I

R1

tracing direction

V4

- V4 (negative)
I

R4

tracing direction
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
V1 VS1

R1

VB R2 V2

R3

V3
VS2

-VB+V1-VS1+V2+VS2+V3=0
Series Resistors and the Voltage Divider Rule

Definition :
Two or more circuit elements are said to be in series if the identical current
flows through each of the elements.
V1

-VS+V1+V2+V3=0
R1

I R2 V2 VS=V1+V2+V3
R3

V3
Terminal relations: V1  I  R1 V2  I  R 2 V3  I  R3

VS=I R1+I R2+I R3

 Wye-Delta Transformation

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 I1

I2
R1 = 5

20V R2 = 5 2A

A simple numerical example using KCL and KVL

Find the current I1 and I2

6. Find Rab!

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Find Rab!

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Find Vo and the power delivered by the controlled source!

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 Homework
Determine I1, I2, I3, I4 and IC!
Determine the voltage between node E and C

IE = 0.1A
10V 15V
10 I2 40 D
E
I3
60 I1
20 I4
B 30
IA = 0.4A 50 C
A
20V
IC

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