Software is a computer programs; instructions that cause the hardware – the machines – to do

work. Software as a whole can be divided into a number of categories based on the types of work
done by programs. The two primary software categories are operating systems (system software),
which control the workings of the computer, and application software, which addresses the
multitude of tasks for which people use computers. System software thus handles such essential,
but often invisible, chores as maintaining disk files and managing the screen, whereas application
software performs work processing, database management, and the like. Two additional categories
that are neither system nor application software, although they contain elements of both, are
network software, which enables groups of computers to communicate, and language software,
which provides programmers with the tools they need to write programs.
Two basic software types:
1. System software
2. Application software

System Software
These programs start up the computer and function as the principal coordinator of all hardware
components and applications software programs. Without system software loaded into the RAM of
your computer, your hardware and applications software are useless.
SOFTWARE VERSIONS:

WINDOWS BASED-SOFTWARE
1. XENIX 13. Windows 2000
2. MS-DOS- Microsoft Disk Operating System 14. Windows XP
3. Windows 1.0 15. Windows Server 2003
4. Windows 2.0 16. Windows Vista
5. Windows 3.x 17. Windows Server 2008
6. Windows 95 18. Windows 7
7. Windows 98 19. Windows Server 2008 R2
8. Windows ME 20. Windows 8
9. Windows NT 3.1 21. Windows Server 2012
10. Windows NT 3.5 22. Windows 8.1
11. Windows NT 3.51 23. Windows 10
12. Windows NT 4.0 24. Windows 11

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LINUX BASED-SOFTWARE
1. Debian GNU/Linux is a distribution that emphasizes free software. It supports many
hardware platforms. Debian and distributions based on it use the .deb package
format and the dpkg package manager and its frontends.
2. Knoppix, itself, is based on Debian.
3. Ubuntu is a distribution based on Debian, designed to have regular releases, a
consistent user experience and commercial support on both desktop and server.
4. Gentoo is a distribution designed to have highly optimized and frequently updated
software. Distributions based on Gentoo use the Portage package management system
with emerge or one of the alternative package managers.
5. Pacman is a package manager that is capable of resolving dependencies and
automatically downloading and installing all necessary packages. In theory, a user need
only run a single command to completely update the system.
6. Red Hat Linux and SUSE Linux were the original major distributions that used
the RPM file format, which is today used in several package management systems. Both
of these later divided into commercial and community-supported distributions. Red Hat
Linux divided into a community-supported distribution sponsored by Red
Hat called Fedora, and a commercially supported distribution called Red Hat Enterprise
Linux.
7. Fedora is a community supported distribution. It aims to provide the latest software
while maintaining a completely Free Software system.
8. RHEL-based
9. Mandriva Linux-based
10. openSUSE-based
11. Slackware is known as a highly customizable distribution that stresses ease of
maintenance and reliability over cutting-edge software and automated tools. Generally
considered a distribution for advanced users, it is often suggested to those who want to
learn the inner workings of a Linux operating system.
Apple Based-Software
1. Unix
2. Macintosh Operating System

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Applications Software.
Is defined as software that can perform useful work on general-purpose tasks. It
consists of computer programs designed to satisfy a user’s specific needs. The task or
problem may require for example, computations for payroll processing, creation of
animation, maintenance of different types of data in different types of files, designing a full-
color magazine or a new artificial heart valve, or the preparation of forms and documents.
Applications software communicates to system software all file management and resource
requests (use of peripheral devices).
Applications software may be either customized or packaged.
 Customized software is software designed for a particular customer. This is the kind of
software that you would hire a professional computer programmer-a software creator-to
develop for you. Such software would perform a task that could not be done with standard
off-the-shelf packaged software available from a computer store or mail-order house
Packaged software, or a software package, is the kind of “off-the-shelf” program
developed for sale to the general public.

The types of packaged software that you will most likely encounter are the following:
 Word Processing software – allows you to use computers to create, edit, store, and print
documents. It enables the user to easily insert, delete, and move words, sentences, and
paragraphs-without ever using an erase. Word processing software programs also offer a
number of features for “dressing up” documents with variable margins, type size, and styles.
The user can do all these manipulation on screen, in “wysiwyg” fashion, before printing out
hardcopy. (Wysiwyg stands for “what you see is what you get,” meaning that the screen
displays documents exactly as they will look when printed.)
Examples:
 WordStar
 Word perfect
 Microsoft Word

Parts of the screen

1. Application Control Icon – Used to identify the application. You can double-click the Control
icon to close the program.

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 2. Title bar – displays the program name and the name of the document being edited. You can
also move a window that is not maximized by dragging its Title bar.
3. Menu bar – contains the Word menu commands.
4. Standard Toolbar – displays buttons for accessing file management and editing commands
using a mouse.
5. Formatting Toolbar – Displays buttons for accessing character formatting commands using
the mouse.
6. Ribbon – used to select character and paragraph formatting commands.
7. Ruler – controls margins, indents, and tab stops.
8. Work area – area where your document is displayed.
9. Scroll bars – to move around your document with the mouse.
10. Status bar – located at the bottom of the application window, the Status bar displays the
current status or mode and other helpful information.
11. Formula bar – appears below the toolbars and includes the Name box and Edit Formula
button.
12. Tab Split box – drag the tab split box to increase or decrease the space shared by the sheet
tabs and the horizontal scroll bar.
13. Tab Scrolling arrows – To move quickly to the first sheet, previous sheet, next sheet, or last
sheet in a workbook.
14. Sheet Tabs – Sheet tabs identify the various pages or sections in a workbook. You click a tab
to move to that worksheet or double-click a tab to change its name.
15. Document Control Icon – Used to size and position the window using the keyboard. You can
double-click the Control icon to close the document window.
16. Selection area – An unmarked column in the left document margin.
Menu structure
Two types of menu
Main Menu – is displayed in the menu bar, on the second line of the screen.
Pull-down menu – is a list of commands associated with each choice on the main menu.
The pull-down menu use several conventions to provide additional information about the menu
commands.
 A menu command is displayed in grayed text if that command is not currently available.
 A keystroke combination is listed after a menu command, called a shortcut key, is a way to
execute menu command directly without using the menu system.

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  An ellipsis following a menu command indicates that the menu command leads to a dialog
box.
 An underlined letter in a menu command indicates the key that you can press to select the
command that will be executed when you press enter.
 The movable menu pointer highlights the command that will be executed when you press
enter.
Dialog boxes
Dialog boxes contain a number of components, but many contain only some
of these components.
 A dotted outline or highlight bar indicates the current dialog box item.
 The title bar gives the name of the dialog box, which is the command used to display the
dialog box.
 A text box is used to enter and edit text information.
 A list box displays a list of items from which you can choose. If the list is too big to display at
one time, a vertical scroll bar lets you scroll up or down the list.
 A drop-down box is similar to a list box, but displays only a single item unless it is opened.
 An information box displays information about the item selected in the list box.
 Check boxes turn options on ( a or X is displayed) or off ( no or X is displayed). One or
more check box options in a group can be on at a time.
 Option buttons also turn options on or off, but only one option button in a group may be on
at a time.
 The command buttons either confirm or cancel the dialog box.

The 21st Generation ICT

The fusion of hardware equipment, precise software, GUI, and effective communications network is
the present composition of ICT network.

World wide web

Is the system that enables you to access hypertext documents and other files over the internet.
Invented by TIM BERNERS-LEE in (1989) in which a database and interface will be implemented to
associate links in readable documents.
Development of the WORLD WIDE WEB:

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  Web 1.0 – read-only Web
 Web 2.0 – read-and-write Web
 Web 3.0 – semantic executing Web
Web 1.0 or read-only Web – the information or hypertext file is accessed by the user.

Web 2.0 – read-and-write Web – started with the need to interact with Web pages.

Web 3.0- semantic executing Web- envisioned to be a smarter access of hypertext files and a
version that would enable a wider range of search in the fast manner.

The social media

Is an application that allows users to create and exchange user-generated information. Virality
defines as the rate of reposting or sharing of photos, pieces of information, or ideas published in
one’s social media profile or page.

Social media platforms:

 Blogs

 Enterprise social networks

 Forums

 Photo-sharing sites

 Product selling

 Review sites

 Research sharing sites

 Special interests groups

 Social games

 Social networks

 Video sharing

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Information sources sites:

1. Web Search Engines – programs designed to search or mine the World Wide Web based on
keywords provided by the user. Ex. Bing, Duckduckgo, google, and yahoo.

2. Research Indexing sites – Web sites dedicated to compile and index researches done by
academic researchers, engineers, and social scientists.

3. Massive Online Open Course (MOOC) site or Tutorial Sites – Web sites dedicated to
teach and inform users focused on different areas. Ex. Coursera, edX, and Udemy.

4. Employment Web Sites – Web sites that enable companies to post job vacancies and also
accommodate job seekers by providing a resume-submission facility. Ex. Jobstreet, JobsDB,
and Bestjobs.

5. Electronic Commerce (e-Commerce) – technology that uses electronic means to trade

products and currencies.

AUTHENTICITY VERIFICATION OF INFORMATION:

• Published Author’s name

• Credible Web Sites

• Rating, number of viewers, and number of shares

• Reference and related articles

Online safety and security

Spam – refers to the transmission of unsolicited messages from the various origins using electronic
messaging systems such as email and chat messengers. E-mail spam is the most common form
which is known as Unsolicited Bulk E-mail (UBE)

Phishing – defined as a software or a program used by an attacker to obtain personal information

Malware – a term for malicious software, which is a computer software sent by attackers to inflict
chaos on a computer’s operation and processes.

Online ethics and etiquette

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Netiquette – is coined after the term network and etiquette. Is a set of rules and conduct that a
netizen should observe in communicating or publishing information and materials over the Web.

Netizen – refers to the person who is a member or a part of the online community.

Government provisions for online courtesy and etiquette

• Republic Act 10627 or Anti-Bullying Act of 2013 – Bullying is defined as “severe” or

repeated use by one or more students of a written, verbal or electronic expression.

• Republic Act 10175 or Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 – a law protects an

individual from various unwanted online and cyber acts that may harm or evade one’s
privacy and integrity.

Mail merge

Is a software toolkit that is used to produce multiple documents with a given template, editing the
basic information that is supplied by a structured dataset.

Hyperlink

Is a reference to another file that is represented by a word, an image, or any document element on a
document processor. The file referred to by the hyperlink can be accessed by clicking or hovering
the cursor on the hyperlink itself.

Source code

Is a term used to describe a document that contains hyperlinked elements.

Two types of links:

Anchor link – a hyperlink that points to a portion of the same document. The contents are
embedded in the same document but are located in some other location within the document.

Inline link is a hyperlink wherein the content is located in other or remote files. The link searches
for the path of the document before displaying it.