VLC BASED PATIENTS HEALTHCARE MONITORING

IN HOSPITALS USING LI-FI

PHASE I REPORT

Submitted by

AKSHAYA SREE.K (411821483001)

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

Of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING

In

COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

RRASE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PADAPPAI

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2023

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 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “VLC BASED PATIENTS HEALTH CARE
MONITORING IN HOSPITALS USING LI-FI” is the Bonafide work of
AKSHAYA SREE.K (411821483001) who carried out the project work under my
supervision. Certified further that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein
does not from part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basic of which a degree or
award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

SIGNATURE -HOD SIGNATURE- GUIDE

MR. M.VIMALAN., M.TECH, MRS. J.PRAVEENA.,M.E.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARMENT Assistant Professor

Department of Information Department of Information

Technology Technology
RRASE College of
RRASE College of Engineering
Engineering,
Vanchuvancherry, Padappai. Vanchuvancherry, Padappai.

The project report submitted for the viva voce held on …………….

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 ABSTRACT

The main objective for the Li-Fi is flexible and safe data

communication in the hospital environment systems. A VLC system for

indoor application is proposed. In this work, we focus on reducing cost, and

for that, we had to make appropriate selection of system’s components, e.g.

modulation, coding, filtering. Our objective was to achieve acceptable bit

error rate (BER) performance for indoor use, with a low cost system. The

Microcontroller sends data from Sensor to another microcontroller which is

interfaced with Personal Computer (PC) by using Li-fi communication as

wireless medium. For the high speed of the data communication between

doctors and patients.This type of communication will also reduce the risks

off radiation hazards and can be used almost anywhere even at places where

electronic devices are banned due to the fear of radiation.

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 ABSTRACT (சுருக்கம்-TAMIL)

Li-Fi இன் முக்கிய நோக்கம் மருத்துவமனை சூழல் அமைப்புகளில்

நெகிழ்வான மற்றும் பாதுகாப்பான தரவுத் தொடர்பு ஆகும். உட்புற பயன்பாட்டிற்கான
VLC அமைப்பு முன்மொழியப்பட்டது. இந்த வேலையில், செலவைக் குறைப்பதில்
கவனம் செலுத்துகிறோம், அதற்காக, கணினியின் கூறுகளை சரியான முறையில் தேர்வு
செய்ய வேண்டும், எ.கா. பண்பேற்றம், குறியீட்டு முறை, வடிகட்டுதல் குறைந்த விலை
அமைப்புடன், உட்புற பயன்பாட்டிற்கான ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளக்கூடிய பிட் பிழை விகிதம்
(BER) செயல்திறனை அடைவதே எங்கள் நோக்கம். மைக்ரோகண்ட்ரோலர், Li-fi
தொடர்பாடலை வயர்லெஸ் ஊடகமாகப் பயன்படுத்தி தனிப்பட்ட கணினியுடன் (PC)
இணைக்கப்பட்ட மற்றொரு மைக்ரோகண்ட்ரோலருக்கு சென்சாரிலிருந்து தரவை
அனுப்புகிறது. மருத்துவர்களுக்கும் நோயாளிகளுக்கும் இடையிலான தரவுத்
தொடர்பின் அதிவேகத் தகவல்தொடர்புக்கு. இந்த வகையான தகவல்தொடர்பு
கதிர்வீச்சு அபாயங்களை குறைக்கும் மற்றும் கதிர்வீச்சு பயம் காரணமாக மின்னணு
சாதனங்கள் தடைசெய்யப்பட்ட இடங்களில் கூட கிட்டத்தட்ட எங்கும்
பயன்படுத்தப்படலாம்.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our hearts are filled with gratitude to the ALMIGHTY for empowering us with wisdom,
courage and strength to complete this project successfully.

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 At the outset, we wish to express our sincere gratitude to our beloved chairperson
DR.R.Renugadevi M.D.D.G.O, for her encouragement and blessing and our thanks to
Our honourable Director DR.S.Renganathan, Ph.D.,F.I.E.T.E(India)F.I.S.A(USA),
S.M.I.E.E.E(USA) for his support to us, whenever we approach him for a help regarding
the project. We extended our gratitude to our humble Principal DR. Rangnath
Muthu,B.E,M.E,M.B.A,Ph.D., and our VICE principal Prof.DR.K.Ravikumar,Ph.D
for his support and encouragement.

Our respected Head of the Department of information technology

Mr.M.VIMALAN,M.TECH., and our project coordinator Mrs.J.PRAVEENA.,
M.TECH., Associate Professor for untiring efforts and encouragement during the
course of project implementation.

A special thanks to our Internal Guide Mrs.J.PRAVEENA,M.TECH., Associate

Professor deserve a special note of thanks and gratitude, for having extended his full co-
operation and guidance without whom this project would have ever materialized.

Our heartfelt thanks to the entire teaching faculty as well non-teaching faculty of
the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, RRASE College of
Engineering, for shaping us into what we are today all through these four years and
shaping us into promising professionals.

I am highly grateful to our parents for their continuous support and

encouragement, and also our friends who relentlessly stood by us and whose healthy
competition brought out the best in us.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

ABSTRACT iv

ABSTRACT (சுருக்கம்-TAMIL) v

LIST OF FIGURES ix

1 INTRODUCTION 12

1.1 LI-FI 12
1.1.1 WORKING OF LI-FI 15
1.2 Visible light communication (VLC) 17
1.3 COMPARISION BETWEEN Li-Fi & Wi-Fi 18
1.4 How it is different? 19
1.5 EXISTING SYSTEM INTRODUCTION 21
1.5.1 DRAWBACKS 21
1.6 PROPOSED SYSTEM: 21
1.6.1 ADVANTAGES 22
1.7 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 22
1.8 Software Requirements 23
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 23

3. DESIGN METHODOLOGY 32

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 32

3.1.1 TRANSMITTER 33
3.1.2 RECEIVER 34
3.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE 34
3.3 LIFI CONSTRUCTION 35
3.3.1 FUNCTION OF THE BULB SUB-ASSEMBLY 35
3.3.2 The LIFI product consists of 4 primary sub-assemblies: 35
3.3.3 Application of Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) Technology 36
3.3.4 PRESENT SCENARIO 36
3.3.5 Four Issues with Radio Waves: 36

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4 EMBEDDED SYSTEM 39

4.1 Overview of embedded systems 39

4.1.1 Block diagram of an embedded system: 40
4.1.2 Characteristics of embedded systems 41
4.2 Application Specific Systems 41
4.2.1 Reactive Systems 41
4.3 Distributed Systems 42
4.3.1 Heterogeneous Architectures 42
4.3.2 POWER SUPPLY 42
4.3.3 TRANSFORMER 43
5 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE METHODOLOGY 45

5.1: INTRODUCTION 45
5.2 TEMPERATURE SENSOR (LM35) 45
5.2.1 FEATURES DESCRIPTION 45
5.2.2 DESCRIPTION 46
5.3 HEARTBEAT SENSOR 47
5.3.1 Two Ways to Measure a Heartbeat 47
5.3.2 Principle of Heartbeat Sensor 47
5.3.3 Working of a Heartbeat Sensor 48
5.3.4 Practical Heartbeat Sensor 49
5.3.5 Application developing your own Heartbeat Sensor System 50
5.1.1 ARDUINO SOFTWARE 51
5.5.1 Why Arduino? 52
5.5.2 Arduino board 53
5.3 Need for a Working System 54
5.3.1 Installing the Software 54
5.3.2 Connecting a Battery 54
5.3.3 Moving On 55
5.3.4 COMMAND LINES 56

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 5.4 SERIAL COMMUNICATION 57
5.4.1 NULL MODEM 60
5.4.2 RS232 61
5.4.3 NULL MODEM WITHOUT HANDSHAKING: 62
5.5 PIR MOTION SENSOR 63
5.1.1The PIR Sensor 65
5.1.2 Lenses 67
5.4 Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) 69
5.4.1 Applications: 70
5.5 RESPIRATORY SENSOR: 70
5.5.1 Pins and Components of Respiratory Sensor 71
5.5.2 Schematic of Respiratory Sensor 72
5.5.3 Interfacing Respiratory Sensor with Arduino 72
5.5.4 Components Required 73
5.5.5 Circuit Diagram of Interfacing Respiratory Sensor with Arduino 73
5.6 SPO2 Sensor 74
5.6.1 Applications 74
6 WORK DONE 75

6.1 WORKS DONE IN PHASE -I 75

6.2 WORKS TO BE DONE IN PHASE II 75
CONCLUSION 75
REFERENCES 76

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO:

viii
Fig 1. 1 Li-Fi environment 14
Fig 1. 2 Working of Li-Fi Communication between LED and a computer 16
Fig 1. 3 Model of Li-Fi LED Light Communication with wireless network bridge 17
Fig 1. 4 Data transmission using LED 18
Fig 1. 5 LED 20
Fig 1. 6 working of Li-Fi 21
Fig 1. 7 Advantages of Li-Fi 21

Fig 3. 1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 32

Fig 3. 2 Transmitter block diagram 33
Fig 3. 3 Transmitter block diagram 34
Fig 3. 4 Electromagnetic spectrum 38
Fig 3. 5 Li-Fi parallel transmission 38

Fig 4. 1 Block diagram of a typical embedded system 41

Fig 4. 2 General Block of Power Supply Unit 43

Fig 5. 1 View of Temperature sensor 46

Fig 5. 2 Working of sensor 48
Fig 5. 3 working of heart beat sensor 48
Fig 5. 4 Practical Heartbeat Sensor 49
Fig 5. 5 Smart Heartbeat Sensor 50
Fig 5. 6 Circuit Representation of Heartbeat Sensor 50
Fig 5. 7 Arduino board 53
Fig 5. 8 Working of Arduino 55
Fig 5. 9 working of Arduino 56
Fig 5. 10 output of Arduino 57
Fig 5. 11 Simple null modem without handshaking 62
Fig 5. 12 working of PIR Sensor 65
Fig 5. 13 Element Window 66
Fig 5. 14 Sensing Material 66
Fig 5. 15 Internal Schematic 66
Fig 5. 16 Fresnel lens 67
Fig 5. 17 Fresnel lens condenses light 67
Fig 5. 18 working of Fresnel lens 68
Fig 5. 19 Fresnel Lens 68
Fig 5. 20 This macro shot shows the different Fresnel lenses in each facet! 68

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Fig 5. 21 PIR Sensing Element 68
Fig 5. 22 MEMS 69
Fig 5. 23 Respiratory Sensor 70
Fig 5. 24 LM393 IC based Respiratory sensor Module 71
Fig 5. 25 Schematic diagram of Respiratory sensor 72
Fig 5. 26 Circuit Diagram of Interfacing Respiratory Sensor with Arduino 73

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 CHAPTER 1

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 LI-FI
Li-Fi is transmission of data through illumination by taking the fiber out of fiber optics by
sending data through a LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can
follow. Li-Fi is the term some have used to label the fast and cheap wireless communication
system, which is the optical version of Wi-Fi. The term was first used in this context by Harald
Haas in his TED Global talk on Visible Light Communication. “At the heart of this technology is
a new generation of high brightness light-emitting diodes”, says Harald Haas from the University
of Edinburgh, UK,” Very simply, if the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if it’s off you
transmit a 0,”Haas says, “They can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice
opportunities for transmitted data”. It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at
which the LEDs flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s.The LED intensity is
modulated so rapidly that human eye cannot notice, so the output appears constant. More
sophisticated techniques could dramatically increase VLC data rate. Terms at the University of
Oxford and the University of Edingburgh are focusing on parallel data transmission using array
of LEDs, where each LED transmits a different data stream. Other group are using mixtures of
red, green and blue LEDs to alter the light frequency encoding a different data channel. Li-Fi, as
it has been dubbed, has already achieved blisteringly high speed in the lab. Researchers at the
Heinrich Hertz Institute in Berlin, Germany, have reached data rates of over 500 megabytes per
second using a standard white-light LED. The technology was demonstrated at the 2012
Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas using a pair of Casio smart phones to exchange data
using light of varying intensity given off from their screens, detectable at a distance of up to ten
metres.

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 Fig 1. 1 Li-Fi environment

In October 2011 a number of companies and industry groups formed the Li-Fi Consortium, to
promote high-speed optical wireless systems and to overcome the limited amount of radio based
wireless spectrum available by exploiting a completely different part of the electromagnetic
spectrum. The consortium believes it is possible to achieve more than 10 Gbps, theoretically
allowing a high-definition film to be downloaded in 30 seconds.

This brilliant idea was first showcased by Harald Haas from University of Edinburgh, UK,
in his TED Global talk on VLC. He explained,” Very simple, if the LED is on, you transmit a
digital 1, if it’s off you transmit a 0. The LEDs can be switched on and off very quickly, which
gives nice opportunities for transmitting data.” So what you require at all are some LEDs and a
controller that code data into those LEDs. We have to just vary the rate at which the LED’s
flicker depending upon the data we want to encode. Further enhancements can be made in this
method, like using an array of LEDs for parallel data transmission, or using mixtures of red,
green and blue LEDs to alter the light’s frequency with each frequency encoding a different data
channel. Such advancements promise a theoretical speed of 10 Gbps – meaning you can
download a full high-definition film in just 30 seconds. Simply awesome! But blazingly fast data
rates and depleting bandwidths worldwide are not the only reasons that give this technology an
upper hand. Since Li-Fi uses just the light, it can be used safely in aircrafts and hospitals that are
prone to interference from radio waves. This can even work underwater where Wi-Fi fails
completely, thereby throwing open endless opportunities for military operations.

Even though it is in fact 'flickering'. This invisible on-off activity enables a kind of data
transmission using binary codes: switching on an LED is a logical '1', switching it off is a logical
'0'. Information can therefore be encoded in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs
flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s.

This method of using rapid pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly is technically
referred to as Visible Light Communication (VLC), though it’s potential to compete with
conventional Wi-Fi has inspired the popular characterization Li-Fi.

1.2 Visible light communication (VLC)

“A potential solution to the global wireless spectrum shortage”

2
 LiFi (Light Fidelity) is a fast and cheap optical version of Wi-Fi, the technology of which
is based on Visible Light Communication (VLC).VLC is a data communication medium, which
uses visible light between 400 THz (780 nm) and 800 THz (375 nm) as optical carrier for data
transmission and illumination. It uses fast pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly. The
main components of this communication system are 1) a high brightness white LED, Which acts
as a communication source and 2) a silicon photodiode which shows good response to visible
wavelength region serving as the receiving element? LED can be switched on and off to generate
digital strings of 1s and 0s. Data can be encoded in the light to generate a new data stream by
varying the flickering rate of the LED. To be clearer, by modulating the LED light with the data
signal, the LED illumination can be used as a communication source. As the flickering rate is so
fast, the LED output appears constant to the human eye. A data rate of greater than 100 Mbps is
possible by using high speed LEDs with appropriate multiplexing techniques. VLC. data rate can
be increased by parallel data transmission using LED arrays where each LED transmits a
different data stream. There are reasons to prefer LED as the light source in VLC while a lot of
other illumination devices like fluorescent lamp, incandescent bulb etc. are available.

Fig 1. 2 Data transmission using LED

1.3 COMPARISION BETWEEN Li-Fi & Wi-Fi

LI-FI is a term of one used to describe visible light communication technology applied to high
speed wireless communication. It acquired this name due to the similarity to WI-FI, only using
light instead of radio. WI-FI is great for general wireless coverage within buildings, and li-fi is

3
ideal for high density wireless data coverage in confined area and for relieving radio interference
issues, so the two technologies can be considered complimentary.

Table 1.Comparison between current and future wireless technology

The table also contains the current wireless technologies that can be used for transferring data
between devices today, i.e. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and IrDA. Only Wi-Fi currently offers very high
data rates. The IEEE 802.11.n in most implementations provides up to 150Mbit/s (in theory the
standard can go to 600Mbit/s) although in practice you receive considerably less than this. Note
that one out of three of these is an optical technology.

Fig 1. 3 LED

1.4 EXISTING SYSTEM

It is often frustrating when the slow speed of network leads to limited connectivity and
long processing hours while using wireless internet either at home network or coffee shop or
airport or competing for bandwidth at a conference. As more and more users are tapped in with
their devices, the clogged airwaves make it difficult to latch on a reliable signal. If Wi-Fi is

4
implemented in many hospitals, interference from cell phones and computers can block signals
from monitoring equipment.

1.5.1 DRAWBACKS
• Data rates in the range of hundreds or megabits per second.

• LED bulb is High cost.

• LED bulb consumes more Power.

• Bit Error rate is high.

• ATPG (Automatic Test Pattern Generation) is needed for testing the data transmission.

1.6 PROPOSED SYSTEM

We proposed existing project on hospital environment areas. This is completely used for the
medical field data transmission.

• The Light signal is used in the hospital environment for data transmitting, as it is not EM
waves, this will not affect the humans.

• Data transmission between microcontrollers from sensor to PC using Li-fi as a wireless

medium.

• LED uses fast pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly.

• High speed data transmission.

• Bit Error rate is less.

• ATPG is no needed for testing the data transmission.

The field of Optical Wireless Communications (OWC) has seen rapid development during the
recent years. This growing popularity is due to several characteristics of considerable importance
to consumer electronics products, such as large bandwidth that is also not having spectrum
regulations imposed, low cost, and license free operation. As a branch of OWC, visible light
communication (VLC) systems have their own unique advantages, with several new
technologies, products and patents having been developed during since the end of last century. A
VLC system for indoor application is proposed. In this work, we focus on reducing cost, and for
5
that, we had to make appropriate selection of system’s components, e.g. modulation, coding,
filtering. Our objective was to achieve acceptable bit error rate (BER) performance for indoor
use, with a low cost system. The Microcontroller sends data from Sensor to another
microcontroller which is interfaced with Personal Computer (PC) by using Li-fi communication
as wireless medium. As usage of DSP and DIP it will also be possible to transmit higher quality
of data such as videos and sound apart from just text or simple bits.

1.6.1 ADVANTAGES
 Data transmission between microcontrollers from sensor to PC using Li-fi as a wireless
medium.

 LED uses fast pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly.

 High speed data transmission.

 Bit Error rate is less.

 ATPG is no needed for testing the data transmission.

1.7 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

Arduino Board, LM35 – Temperature Sensor, Heart beat sensor,
MEMS sensor, PIR sensor, PC, Li-Fi Module.

1.8 Software Requirements

 Embedded C

 Arduino IDE

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 CHAPTER 2

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

Professor Harald Haas, from the University of Edinburgh in the UK, is widely recognised
as the original founder of Li-Fi. He coined the term Li-Fi and is Chair of Mobile
Communications at the University of Edinburgh and co-founder of pure--Li-Fi.

The general term visible light communication (VLC), includes any use of the visible light portion
of the electromagnetic spectrum to transmit information. The D-Light project at Edinburgh's
Institute for Digital Communications was funded from January 2010 to January 2012. Haas
promoted this technology in his 2011TED Global talk and helped start a company to market
it. Pure-Li-Fi, formerly pure-VLC, is an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) firm set up to
commercialize Li-Fi products for integration with existing LED-lighting systems.

In October 2011, companies and industry groups formed the Li Fi Consortium, to promote high-
speed optical wireless systems and to overcome the limited amount of radio-based wireless
spectrum available by exploiting a completely different part of the electromagnetic spectrum. A
number of companies offer uni-directional VLC products which is not the same as Li-Fi.

VLC technology was exhibited in 2012 using Li-Fi. By August 2013, data rates of over
1.6 Gbps were demonstrated over a single colour LED. In September 2013, a press release said
that Li-Fi, or VLC systems in general, do not require line-of-sight conditions. In October 2013, it
was reported Chinese manufacturers were working on Li-Fi development kits.

One part of VLC is modelled after communication protocols established by the IEEE workgroup.

However, the IEEE 802.15.7 standard is out-of-date. Specifically, the standard fails to consider
the latest technological developments in the field of optical wireless communications, specifically
with the introduction of optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (O-OFDM)
modulation methods which have been optimized for data rates, multiple-access and energy
efficiency have. The introduction of O-OFDM means that a new drive for standardization of
optical wireless communications is required.

7
Nonetheless, the IEEE 802.15.7 standard defines the physical layer (PHY) and media access
control (MAC) layer. The standard is able to deliver enough data rates to transmit audio, video
and multimedia services. It takes into account the optical transmission mobility, its compatibility
with artificial lighting present in infrastructures, the deviance which may be caused by
interference generated by the ambient lighting. The MAC layer allows to use the link with the
other layers like the TCP/IP protocol.

The standard defines three PHY layers with different rates:

 The PHY I was established for outdoor application and works from 11.67 kbit/s to 267.6
kbit/s.
 The PHY II layer allows to reach data rates from 1.25 Mbit/s to 96 Mbit/s.
 The PHY III is used for many emissions sources with a particular modulation method called
color shift keying (CSK). PHY III can deliver rates from 12 Mbit/s to 96 Mbit/s. The
modulation formats recognized for PHY I and PHY II are the coding on-off keying (OOK)
and variable pulse position modulation (VPPM). The Manchester coding used for the PHY I
and PHY II layers include the clock inside the transmitted data by representing a logic 0 with
an OOK symbol "01" and a logic 1 with an OOK symbol "10", all with a DC component. The
DC component avoids the light extinction in case of an extended line of logic 0.

The first Li-Fi smartphone prototype was presented at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las

Vegas from January 7–10 in 2014. The phone uses Sun Partner’s Wysips CONNECT, a
technique that converts light waves into usable energy, making the phone capable of receiving
and decoding signals without drawing on its battery.

Li-Fi, or light fidelity, refers to 5G visible light communication systems using light from light-
emitting diodes (LEDs) as a medium to deliver networked, mobile, high-speed communication in
a similar manner as Wi-Fi. Li-Fi could lead to the Internet of Things, which is everything
electronic being connected to the internet, with the LED lights on the electronics being used as
internet access points. The Li-Fi market is projected to have a compound of 82% from 2013 to
2018 and to be worth over $6 billion per year by 2018.

Visible light communications (VLC) signals work by switching bulbs on and off
within nanoseconds, which is too quickly to be noticed by the human eye. Although Li-Fi bulbs

8
would have to be kept on to transmit data, the bulbs could be dimmed to the point that they were
not visible to humans and yet still functional. The light waves cannot penetrate walls which
makes a much shorter range, though more secure from hacking, relative to Wi-Fi. Direct line of
sight isn't necessary for Li-Fi to transmit signal and light reflected off of the walls can achieve
70 Mbps.

Fig 2. 3 Li-Fi

Li-Fi has the advantage of being able to be used in electromagnetic sensitive areas such as
in aircraft cabins, hospitals and nuclear power plants [citation needed] without causing electromagnetic
interference. Both Wi-Fi and Li-Fi transmit data over the electromagnetic spectrum, but whereas
Wi-Fi utilizes radio waves, Li-Fi uses visible light. While the US Federal Communications
Commission has warned of a potential spectrum crisis because Wi-Fi is close to full capacity, Li-
Fi has almost no limitations on capacity. The visible light spectrum is 10,000 times larger than
the entire radio frequency spectrum. Researchers have reached data rates of over 10 Gbps, which
is more than 250 times faster than superfast broadband. Li-Fi is expected to be ten times cheaper
and more environmentally friendly than Wi-Fi. Short range, low reliability and high installation
costs are the potential downsides.

'Li-fi' via LED light bulb data speed break through

UK researchers say they have achieved data transmission speeds of 10Gbit/s
Via "li-fi" - wireless internet connectivity using light.
The researchers used a micro-LED light bulb to transmit 3.5Gbit/s via each of the three primary
colours - red, green, blue - that make up white light.

This means over 10Gbit/s is possible. Li-fi is an emerging technology that could see specialised
LED lights bulbs providing low-cost wireless internet connectivity almost everywhere.

9
 Fig 2. 3 Micro-LEDs can transmit large amounts of digital data in parallel

High speed
The research, known as the ultra-parallel visible light communications project, is a
joint venture between the universities of Edinburgh, St Andrews, Strathclyde, Oxford, and
Cambridge, and funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.

The tiny micro-LED bulbs, developed by the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, allow streams
of light to be beamed in parallel, each multiplying the amount of data that can be transmitted at
any one time.

"If you think of a shower head separating water out into parallel streams, that's how we can make
light behave," said Prof Harald Haas, an expert in optical wireless communications at the
University of Edinburgh and one of the project leaders.

Using a digital modulation technique called Orthogonal Frequency Divisional Multiplexing

(OFDM), researchers enabled micro-LED light bulbs to handle millions of changes in light
intensity per second, effectively behaving like an extremely fast on/off switch.

This allows large chunks of binary data - a series of ones and zeros - to be transmitted at high
speed.

Earlier this year, Germany's Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute claimed that data rates of up to
1Gbit/s per LED light frequency were possible in laboratory conditions. And this month, Chinese
scientists reportedly developed a micro chipped LED bulb that can produce data speeds of up to

10
150 megabits per second (Mbps), with one bulb providing internet connectivity for four
computers.

'Light fidelity'
Prof Harald Haas has been in the forefront of "li-fi" research for the last 10 years

In 2011,   how an LED bulb equipped with signal processing technology could stream a high-
definition video to a computer.

He coined the term "light fidelity" or li-fi - also known as visual light communications (VLC) -
and set up a private company, Pure VLC, to exploit the technology.

Li-fi promises to be cheaper and more energy-efficient than existing wireless radio systems given
the ubiquity of LED bulbs and the fact that lighting infrastructure is already in place.

Visible light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum and its bandwidth is 10,000 times bigger
than the radio frequency spectrum used by existing communication systems, affording vastly
greater capacity. Another advantage, Prof Haas argues, is that evenly spaced LED transmitters
could provide much more localised and consistent internet connectivity throughout buildings.

` Fig 2. 3 LIFI in university of EDINBURGH

The disadvantage of traditional Wi-Fi routers is that the signal weakens the further you are away
from it, leading to inconsistent connectivity within offices and homes.

Prof Haas also believes light's inability to penetrate walls makes VLC technology potentially
more secure than traditional Wi-Fi connectivity. LED light bulb 'li-fi' closer, say Chinese
scientists

11
If "li-fi" technology takes off, all LED lights could potentially provide internet connectivity. Wi-
fi connectivity from a light bulb - or "li-fi" - has come a step closer, according to Chinese
scientists.

A micro chipped bulb can produce data speeds of up to 150 megabits per second (Mbps), Chi
Nan, IT professor at Shanghai's Fudan University told Xinhua News.

Fig 2. 3 LED

A one-watt LED light bulb would be enough to provide net connectivity to four computers,
researchers say. But experts told the BBC more evidence was needed to back up the claims.
There are no supporting video or photos showing the technology in action.

Li-fi, also known as visible light communications (VLC), at these speeds would be faster - and
cheaper - than the average Chinese broadband connection.

In 2011, Prof Harald Haas, an expert in optical wireless communications at the University of
Edinburgh, demonstrated how an LED bulb equipped with signal processing technology could
stream a high-definition video to a computer. He coined the term "light fidelity" or li-fi and set up
a private company, PureVLC, to exploit the technology.

"We're just as surprised as everyone else by this announcement," PureVLC spokesman Nikola
Serafimovski told the BBC.

"But how valid this is we don't know without seeing more evidence. We remain sceptical."

12
This year, the Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute claimed that data rates of up to 1Gbit/s per
LED light frequency were possible in laboratory conditions, making one bulb with three colours
potentially capable of transmitting data at up to 3Gbit/s.

Fig 2. 3 prof. Harald Haas working with Li-Fi

Edinburgh University's Prof Harald Haas coined the term "li-fi"

Unlimited capacity

Li-fi promises to be cheaper and more energy-efficient than existing wireless radio
systems given the ubiquity of LED bulbs and the fact that lighting infrastructure is already
in place.Visible light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum and 10,000 times bigger than
the radio spectrum, affording potentially unlimited capacity. But there are drawbacks:
block the light and you block the signal. However, this is also a potential advantage from
a security point of view. Light cannot penetrate walls as radio signals can, so drive-by
hacking of wireless internet signals would be far more difficult, if not impossible.Prof
Chi's research team includes scientists from the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics at
the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the report says. She admitted that the technology was
still in its infancy and needed further developments in microchip design and optical
communication controls before it could go mass market.Her team is hoping to show off
sample li-fi kits at the China International Industry Fair in Shanghai on 5 November, the
report said.

13
 CHAPTER 3

3. DESIGN METHODOLOGY

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3. 1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

14
3.1.1 TRANSMITTER

Temperature sensor
(LM35)

Heartbeat sensor
Arduino
ATMEGA328
Microcontroller
LED
PIR sensor Transmitter

MEMS sensor

Power
supply

Fig 3. 2 Transmitter block diagram

15
3.1.2 RECEIVER

Fig 3. 3 Transmitter block diagram

3.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE

LIFI is a new class of high intensity light source of solid state design bringing clean lighting
solutions to general and specialty lighting. With energy efficiency, long useful lifetime, full
spectrum and dimming, LIFI lighting applications work better compared to conventional
approaches. This technology brief describes the general construction of LIFI lighting systems and
the basic technology building blocks behind their works.

3.3 LIFI CONSTRUCTION

The LIFI product consists of 4 primary sub-assemblies:

• Bulb
• RF power amplifier circuit (PA)

16
• Printed circuit board (PCB)
• Enclosure

The PCB controls the electrical inputs and outputs of the lamp and houses the
microcontroller used to manage different lamp functions. An RF (radio-frequency) signal is
generated by the solid-state PA and is guided into an electric field about the bulb. The high
concentration of energy in the electric field vaporizes the contents of the bulb to a plasma state at
the bulb’s centre; this controlled plasma generates an intense source of light. All of these
subassemblies are contained in an aluminium enclosure.

3.3.1 FUNCTION OF THE BULB SUB-ASSEMBLY

At the heart of LIFI is the bulb sub-assembly where a sealed bulb is embedded in a
dielectric material. This design is more reliable than conventional light sources that insert
degradable electrodes into the bulb. The dielectric material serves two purposes; first as a wave
guide for the RF energy transmitted by the PA and second as an electric field concentrator that
focuses energy in the bulb. The energy from the electric field rapidly heats the material in the
bulb to a plasma state that emits light of high intensity and full spectrum.

3.3.2 The LIFI product consists of 4 primary sub-assemblies:

• Bulb
• RF power amplifier circuit (PA)
• Printed circuit board (PCB)
• Enclosure

The PCB controls the electrical inputs and outputs of the lamp and houses the micro-
controller used to manage different lamp functions. 

3.3.3 PRESENT SCENARIO

 We have 1.4 million cellular radio waves base stations deployed.
 We also have over 5 billion of mobile phones.
 Mobile phone transmits more than 600TBb of data.
 Wireless communication has become a utility like electricity & water.
 We use it in everyday life, in our private life, business life.

17
  Currently Wi-Fi uses Radio waves for communication.
 It is important to look into this technology which has become fundamental to our life.

3.3.4 Four Issues with Radio Waves:

1. Capacity:
 We transmit wireless data through radio waves.
 Radio waves are limited, scar and expensive.
 We only have a certain range of it.
 With the advent of the new generation technologies as of likes
of 2.5G, 3G, 4G and so on we are running out of spectrum.
2. Efficiency:
 There are 1.4 million cellular radio base stations.
 They consume massive amount of energy.
 Most of this energy is not used for transmission but for
cooling down the base stations.
 Efficiency of such a base station is only 5% and that raise a
very big problem.
3. Availability:
 We have to switch off our mobiles in aero planes.
 It is not advisable to use mobiles at places like
petrochemical plants and petrol pumps.
 Availability of radio waves causes another concern.
4. Security:
 Radio waves penetrate through walls.
 They can be intercepted.
 If someone has knowledge and bad intentions then he
may misuse it.
5. Alternative to Radio waves in Electromagnetic Spectrum:
 So there are four major concerns i.e., capacity, efficiency,
availability, security related with Radio waves.

18
  But on the other hand we have 40 billion of light box already
installed and light is part of electromagnetic spectrum.
 So let’s look up at this in context of EM spectrum.
 Gamma rays are simply very dangerous and thus can’t be
used for our purpose of communication.
 X-rays are good in hospital and can’t be used either.
 Ultra-violet rays are sometimes good for our skin but for long
duration it is dangerous.
 Infra-red rays are bad for our eyes and are therefore used at
low power levels.
 We have already seen shortcomings of radio waves.
 So we are left with only Visible light spectrum.

Fig 3. 4 Electromagnetic spectrum

3.3.6 LI-FI HAS AN UPPERHAND DUE TO PARALLEL DATA TRANSMISSION

19
 Fig 3. 5 Li-Fi parallel transmission

CHAPTER 4

4 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE METHODOLOGY

5.2 TEMPERATURE SENSOR (LM35)

5.2.1 FEATURES DESCRIPTION
 Calibrated Directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)
 Linear + 10 mV/°C Scale Factor
 0.5°C Ensured Accuracy (at +25°C) LM35 has an advantage over linear temperature
 Rated for Full −55°C to +150°C Range
 Suitable for Remote Applications
 Low Cost Due to Wafer-Level Trimming
 Less than 60-μA Current Drain
 Low Self-Heating, 0.08°C in Still Air
 Nonlinearity Only ±¼°C Typical
 Low Impedance Output, 0.1 Ω for 1 mA Load

5.2.2 DESCRIPTION
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, with an output
voltage linearly proportional to the Centigrade temperature. Thus the LM35 has an advantage
over linear temperature sensors calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a
large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does
not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at room
temperature and ±¾°C over a full −55°C to +150°C temperature range. Low cost is assured by
trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The low output impedance, linear output, and precise

20
inherent calibration of the LM35 make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy.
The device is used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As the LM35
draws only 60 μA from the supply, it has very low self-heating of less than 0.1°C in still air. The
LM35 is rated to operate over a −55°C to +150°C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated
for a −40°C to +110°C range (−10° with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available
packaged in hermetic TO transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also
available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35Dis also available in an 8-lead
surface-mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

Fig 5. 1 View of Temperature sensor

5.3 HEARTBEAT SENSOR  

A person’s heartbeat is the sound of the valves in his/her’s heart contracting or
expanding as they force blood from one region to another. The number of times the heart beats
per minute (BPM), is the heart beat rate and the beat of the heart that can be felt in any artery that
lies close to the skin is the pulse.

5.3.1 Two Ways to Measure a Heartbeat

Manual Way: Heart beat can be checked manually by checking one’s pulses at two locations-
wrist (the radial pulse) and the neck (carotid pulse). The procedure is to place the two fingers
(index and middle finger) on the wrist (or neck below the windpipe) and count the number of
pulses for 30 seconds and then multiplying that number by 2 to get the heart beat rate. However
pressure should be applied minimum and also fingers should be moved up and down till the pulse
is felt.

Using a sensor: Heart Beat can be measured based on optical power variation as light is scattered
or absorbed during its path through the blood as the heart beat changes.

21
5.3.2 Principle of Heartbeat Sensor
The heartbeat sensor is based on the principle of photo phlethysmography. It measures the change
in volume of blood through any organ of the body which causes a change in the light intensity
through that organ (a vascular region). In case of applications where heart pulse rate is to be
monitored, the timing of the pulses is more important. The flow of blood volume is decided by
the rate of heart pulses and since light is absorbed by blood, the signal pulses are equivalent to the
heart beat pulses.

There are two types of photophlethysmography:

Transmission: Light emitted from the light emitting device is transmitted through any vascular
region of the body like earlobe and received by the detector.

Reflection: Light emitted from the light emitting device is reflected by the regions.

Fig 5. 2 Working of sensor

5.3.3 Working of a Heartbeat Sensor

The basic heartbeat sensor consists of a light emitting diode and a detector like a light detecting
resistor or a photodiode. The heart beat pulses causes a variation in the flow of blood to different
regions of the body.  When a tissue is illuminated with the light source, i.e. light emitted by the
led, it either reflects (a finger tissue) or transmits the light (earlobe). Some of the light is absorbed
by the blood and the transmitted or the reflected light is received by the light detector. The
amount of light absorbed depends on the blood volume in that tissue. The detector output is in
form of electrical signal and is proportional to the heart beat rate.This signal is actually a DC
signal relating to the tissues and the blood volume and the AC component synchronous with the
heart beat and caused by pulsatile changes in arterial blood volume is superimposed on the DC
signal. Thus the major requirement is to isolate that AC component as it is of prime importance.

22
 Fig 5. 3 working of heart beat sensor

To achieve the task of getting the AC signal, the output from the detector is first filtered using a 2
stage HP-LP circuit and is then converted to digital pulses using a comparator circuit or using
simple ADC. The digital pulses are given to a microcontroller for calculating the heat beat rate,

BPM (Beats per minute) = 60*f

Where f is the pulse frequency

5.3.4 Practical Heartbeat Sensor

Practical heartbeat Sensor examples are Heart Rate Sensor (Product No PC-3147). It consists of
an infrared led and an ldr embedded onto a clip like structure. The clip is attached to the organ
(earlobe or the finger) with the detector part on the flesh.

Fig 5. 4 Practical Heartbeat Sensor

Another example is TCRT1000, having 4 pins-

23
Pin1: To give supply voltage to the LED

Pin2 and 3 are grounded. Pin 4 is the output. Pin 1 is also the enable pin and pulling it high turns
the LED on and the sensor starts working. It is embedded on a wearable device which can be
worn on the wrist and the output can be sent wirelessly (through Bluetooth) to the computer for
processing.

Fig 5. 5 Smart Heartbeat Sensor

5.3.5 Application developing your own Heartbeat Sensor System

A basic Heartbeat Sensor system can also be built using basic components like a  ldr, comparator
IC LM358 and a Microcontroller as given below

Fig 5. 6 Circuit Representation of Heartbeat Sensor

As described above regarding the principle of heart beat sensor, when the finger tissue or the
earlobe tissue is illuminated using a light source, the light is transmitted after getting modulated

24
i.e. a part getting absorbed by the blood and the rest being transmitted. This modulated light is
received by the light detector.Here a Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) is used as a light detector.
It works on the principle that when light falls on the resistor, its resistance changes. As the light
intensity increases, the resistance decreases. Thus the voltage drop across the resistor decreases.

Here a comparator is used which compares the output voltage from the LDR to that of the
threshold voltage. The threshold voltage is the voltage drop across the LDR when the light with
fixed intensity, from the light source falls directly on it. The inverting terminal of the comparator
LM358 is connected to the potential divider arrangement which is set to the threshold voltage and
the non-inverting terminal is connected to the LDR. When a human tissue is illuminated using the
light source, the intensity of the light reduces. As this reduced light intensity falls on the LDR, the
resistance increases and as a result the voltage drop increases. When the voltage drop across the
LDR or the non-inverting input exceeds that of the inverting input, a logic high signal is
developed at the output of the comparator and in case voltage drop being lesser a logic low output
is developed. Thus the output is a series of pulses. These pulses can be fed to the Microcontroller
which accordingly processes the information to get the heart beat rate and this is displayed on the
Display interfaced to the Microcontroller.

5.1.1 ARDUINO SOFTWARE

Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the physical
world than your desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing platform based on a
simple microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the
board.Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of switches
or sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs. Arduino
projects can be stand-alone, or they can be communicate with software running on your computer
(e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP.) The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased
preassembled; the open-source IDE can be downloaded for free.
The Arduino programming language is an implementation of Wiring, a similar physical
computing platform, which is based on the Processing multimedia programming
environment.The Arduino microcontroller is an easy to use yet powerful single board computer
that has gained considerable traction in the hobby and professional market. The Arduino is open-
source, which means hardware is reasonably priced and development software is free. This guide

25
is for students in ME 2011, or students anywhere who are confronting the Arduino for the first
time. For advanced Arduino users, prowl the web; there are lots of resources.
This guide covers the Arduino Uno board (Sparkfun DEV-09950, $29.95), a good choice for
students and educators. With the Arduino board, you can write programs and create interface
circuits to read switches and other sensors, and to control motors and lights with very little effort.

Many of the pictures and drawings in this guide were taken from the documentation on the
Arduino site, the place to turn if you need more information. The Arduino section on the ME
2011 web site, https://sites.google.com/a/umn.edu/me2011/, covers more on interfacing the
Arduino to the real world.

5.5.2 Arduino board

Fig 5. 7 Arduino board

The Duemilanove board features an Atmel ATmega328 microcontroller operating at 5 V

with 2 Kb of RAM, 32 Kb of flash memory for storing programs and 1 Kb of EEPROM for
storing parameters. The clock speed is 16 MHz, which translates to about executing about
300,000 lines of C source code per second. The board has 14 digital I/O pins and 6 analog input
pins. There is a USB connector for talking to the host computer and a DC power jack for
connecting an external 6-20 V power source, for example a 9 V battery, when running a program
while not connected to the host computer. Headers are provided for interfacing to the I/O pins
using 22 g solid wire or header connectors. For additional information on the hardware, see
http://arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardUno.

26
 The Arduino programming language is a simplified version of C/C++. If you know C,
programming the Arduino will be familiar. If you do not know C, no need to worry as only a few
commands are needed to perform useful functions.

An important feature of the Arduino is that you can create a control program on the host
PC, download it to the Arduino and it will run automatically. Remove the USB cable connection
to the PC, and the program will still run from the top each time you push the reset button.
Remove the battery and put the Arduino board in a closet for six months. When you reconnect the
battery, the last program you stored will run. This means that you connect the board to the host
PC to develop and debug your program, but once that is done, you no longer need the PC to run
the program.

5.3 Need for a Working System

1. Arduino Duemilanove board
2. USB programming cable (A to B)
3. 9V battery or external power supply (for stand-alone operation)
4. Solderless breadboard for external circuits, and 22 g solid wire for connections
5. Host PC running the Arduino development environment. Versions exist for Windows, Mac
and Linux

5.3.1 Installing the Software

Follow the instructions on the Getting Started section of the Arduino web site,

http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage. Go all the way through the steps to where you see the pin
13 LED blinking. This is the indication that you have all software and drivers successfully
installed and can start exploring with your own programs.

5.3.2 Connecting a Battery

For stand-alone operation, the board is powered by a battery rather than through the USB
connection to the computer. While the external power can be anywhere in the range of 6 to 24 V
(for example, you could use a car battery), a standard 9 V battery is convenient. While you could
jam the leads of a battery snap into the Vin and Gnd connections on the board, it is better to
solder the battery snap leads to a DC power plug and connect to the power jack on the board. A
suitable plug is part number 28760 from www.jameco.com. Here is what this looks like.
27
 Fig 5. 8 Working of Arduino

Warning: Watch the polarity as you connect your battery to the snap as reverse orientation could
blow out your board.
Disconnect your Arduino from the computer. Connect a 9 V battery to the Arduino power jack
using the battery snap adapter. Confirm that the blinking program runs. This shows that you can
power the Arduino from a battery and that the program you download runs without needing a
connection to the host PC

5.3.3 Moving On
Connect your Arduino to the computer with the USB cable. You do not need the battery for now.
The green PWR LED will light. If there was already a program burned into the Arduino, it will
run.

Warning: Do not put your board down on a conductive surface; you will short out the pins on the
back!
Start the Arduino development environment. In Arduino-speak, programs are called “sketches”,
but here we will just call them programs.

In the editing window that comes up, enter the following program, paying attention to where
semi-colons appear at the end of command lines.

5.3.4 COMMAND LINES

void setup()
{

28
 Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Hello World");
} void loop()
{}
Your window will look something like this

Fig 5. 9 working of Arduino

Click the Upload button or Ctrl-U to compile the program and load on the Arduino board.

Click the Serial Monitor button . If all has gone well, the monitor window will show your
message and look something like this

29
 Fig 5. 10 output of Arduino

Congratulations; you have created and run your first Arduino program!

Push the Arduino reset button a few times and see what happens.

Hint: If you want to check code syntax without an Arduino board connected, click the Verify

Button or Ctrl-R.
Hint: If you want to see how much memory your program takes up, Verify then look at the
message at the bottom of the programming window.
Fig 5. 11 PIR Sensing Element

5.4 Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)

Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) is a technology that combines computers with
tiny mechanical devices such as sensors, valves, gears, mirrors, and actuators embedded in
semiconductor chips. MEMS or what he calls analogy computing will be "the foundational
technology of the next decade." MEMS is also sometimes called smart matter.

30
 Fig 5. 12 MEMS

MEMS are already used as accelerometers in automobile air-bags. They've replaced a less
reliable device at lower cost and show promise of being able to inflate a bag not only on the basis
of sensed deceleration but also on the basis of the size of the person they are protecting.
Basically, a MEMS device contains micro-circuitry on a tiny silicon chip into which some
mechanical device such as a mirror or a sensor has been manufactured. Potentially, such chips
can be built in large quantities at low cost, making them cost-effective for many uses. Among the
presently available uses of MEMS or those under study are:

 Global position system sensors that can be included with courier parcels for constant
tracking and that can also sense parcel treatment en route
 Sensors built into the fabric of an airplane wing so that it can sense and react to air
flow by changing the wing surface resistance; effectively creating a myriad of tiny
wing flaps
 Optical switching devices that can switch light signals over different paths at 20-
nanosecond switching speeds
 Building supports with imbedded sensors that can alter the flexibility properties of a
material based on atmospheric stress sensing

5.5 RESPIRATORY SENSOR:

A Respiratory Sensor is a simple device that detects sound. It is simply put a Microphone with
some processing circuit. Using a Respiratory Sensor, you can measure the intensity of
Respiratory from different sources like knocks, claps, loud voices, etc.
The Respiratory Sensor used in this project is shown in the image below.

31
 Fig 5. 13 Respiratory Sensor

It consists of a microphone, a voltage comparator IC (LM393), a potentiometer, a transistor,

couple of LEDS and a few other passive components (resistors and capacitors).
5.5.1 Pins and Components of Respiratory Sensor

 Microphone 
 LM393 Voltage Comparator IC
 NPN Transistor (marked as J6 on my board)
 10KΩ Resistors x 2 
 1KΩ Resistors x 3 
 10KΩ Potentiometer
 100nF Capacitors x 4 
 LEDs x 2 
 510KΩ Resistor
 51KΩ Resistor 

The following image will help you identify the components and pins on a typical LM393 IC
based Respiratory Sensor Module.

32
 Fig 5. 14 LM393 IC based Respiratory sensor Module

5.5.2 Schematic of Respiratory Sensor

Fig 5. 15 Schematic diagram of Respiratory sensor

If you observe in the Schematic, I have pointed out where you can extract the Analog
Output from the sensor. In most LM393 based Respiratory Sensors, only Digital Out is available
i.e. when detected Respiratory is High or Lower than a certain level, the output of the sensor will
Low or High.
In my case, the Respiratory sensor will produce a logic LOW when Respiratory is
detected and a logic HIGH when there is no sound.
5.5.3 Interfacing Respiratory Sensor with Arduino
As the project is about interfacing a Respiratory Sensor with Arduino, let us see how it
done. For this, I have designed a couple of circuit where in the first circuit I will just interface the
Respiratory Sensor with Arduino and detect the Respiratory with the help of an LED.
Coming to the second circuit, I will control a relay with the help of Respiratory (snap of fingers).
For both the sensors, the part with interfacing of the Respiratory Sensor with Arduino is same but
the actions after detecting the Respiratory is different.

33
Also, since I have already mentioned that my Respiratory sensor has only digital output, I will be
using only the digital I/O pins of the Arduino.
5.5.4 Components Required

 Respiratory Sensor Module 

 Arduino UNO
 Relay Module (5V) 
 LED 
 1KΩ Resistor 
 Connecting wires 
 Mini Breadboard 

5.5.5 Circuit Diagram of Interfacing Respiratory Sensor with Arduino

Fig 5. 16 Circuit Diagram of Interfacing Respiratory Sensor with Arduino

Connect VCC and GND of the Respiratory sensor to +5V and GND of Arduino. Connect the
OUT pin of the Sensor to Digital I/O pin 7 of Arduino UNO. Finally, connect an LED with 1KΩ
resistor to Pin 12 of Arduino.

34
 CHAPTER 6

6 WORK DONE

6.1 WORKS DONE IN PHASE -I

The following are works completed so far in phase I;
 Title selection
 Literature study
 Methodology framing
 sensors
 Module 1 &2 completed

6.2 WORKS TO BE DONE IN PHASE II

Li-Fi is becoming more suitable networks for the next generation health services at the hospital.
In this document, the application of VLC is demonstrated in HMS using a prototype model. He is
shown. The Li-Fi network can be successfully used as a high-speed, secure and secure human
body data communication to deliver in real time monitoring heartbeat, blood pressure,
temperature and various other parameters. The use of this technology in the field of medicine
makes faster diagnosis and allows you to access the internet with the radio wave-based apparatus.
The proposed system is completely automated and this could be a milestone in the medical field
if it is implemented successfully.

Collecting the patients parameters using Sensors,Transmission done via li-fi technology,
Parameters reached doctors using Li-Fi technology.

35
REFERENCES

[1] K. Akshaya sree, “VLC based patients health care monitoring system in hospitals using
lifi ” ICSTEM-2023
[2] B. Rebsamen, C. Guan, H. Zhang, C. Wang, C. Teo, M. H. Ang, Jr., and E. Burdet, “A
brain controlled wheelchair to navigate in familiar environments,” IEEE Trans. Neural
Syst. Rehabil. Eng., vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 590–598, Dec. 2010.

[3] J. d. R. Millan, R. Rupp, G. R. Muller-Putz, R. Murray-Smith, C. Giugliemma, M.

Tangermann, C. Vidaurre, F. Cincotti, A. Kubler, R. Leeb, C. Neuper, K.-R. Muller,
and D. Mattia, “Combining brain– computer interfaces and assistive technologies state-
of-the-art and challenges,” Frontiers Neurosci., vol. 4, pp. 1–15, 2010.

[4] X. Perrin, “Semi-autonomous navigation of an assistive robot using lo throughput

interfaces,” Ph.D. dissertation, ETHZ, Zurich, Switzerland, 2009.

[5] A. Nijholt, D. Tan, G. Pfurtscheller, C. Brunner, J. del R. Millan, B. Allison, B.

Graimann, F. Popescu, B. Blankertz, and K.-R. Muller, “Brain–computer interfacing
for intelligent systems,” IEEE Intell. Syst., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 72–79, May/Jun. 2008.

[6] J. R. Wolpaw, D. J. McFarland, G. W. Neat, and C. A. Forneris, “An EEG-based

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