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Topic 1. NATURALISM
Describes a true-to-life style which involves the representation or depiction of nature (including people)
with the least possible distortion or interpretation.
Naturalism began in the early Renaissance, and develop itself further throughout the Renaissance, such as
with the Florentine school.
It is a type of art that pays attention to very accurate and precise details, and portrays things as they are.

Naturalism refers to a movement in the late 19th- and early 20th-century was inspired by the principles
and methods of natural science. Especially the Darwinian view of nature. Naturalism aimed to represent
beautiful and natural everyday situations from human life without regard to their aesthetic merit.

In opposition to Romanticism, two distinct realist movements naturalism and realism appreard. Realism
and Naturalism appealed more to the intellect and reason and attempted to depict things as they actually
were, in contrast to Romanticism, which encompassed a strong belief in the sense of emotions. However,
Realism is different to Naturalism.

Unlike Realism which aims to capture “what” about a subject without embellishment or added emotion,
of a real-life figure or scene, Naturalism placed emphasis on depicting how the world appeared to the
artist than what was actually occurring.

Two famous artists

Willima Bliss Baker

● Was an American artist who became a widely hailed landscape painter early in his career.
● Began exhibiting yearly at the National Academy in 1881
● Some landscape paintings of Baker’s are considered to be the best example of the naturalist
movement.
● Fallen Monarch is considered to be Baker’s masterpiece.
He completed more than 130 paintings, including several in black and white. At age 26, Baker was just
beginning to hit his stride as a landscape painter when he died at his father's house at Hoosick Falls, New York.
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●
Fallen Monarchs 1886
Fallen Monarchs, considered to be Baker's masterpiece, was painted in 1886 in the Ballston Lake
area.The original is owned by Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, where it hangs in the BYU
Museum of Art.
● Examples of Paintings

Summer Pasture Shadows in a Pool Early Summer

Albert Charpin
● He was a naturalist painter associated with Barbizon school
● He painted natural objects in a natural setting.
● His paintings can be found in museums and private collections in Europe and America
A shepherdess and her guard dog were frequently depicted in Charpin's paintings of natural landscapes caring
for cows or sheep. The actors' natural poses and serene attitude, set against a background of early morning
light and hazy skies, are traits of his paintings.

Examples of Paintings

Le Retour à la Ferme Woman with Lambs Troupeau a Barbizon

Two types of naturalism: Landscape and Figurative

Landscape Naturalism
● The term “naturalism” derives from the word “nature”, thus the most usual genre of naturalism is
landscape painting which depicts the nature sceneries.
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Landscape paintings made up the majority of the recognised masterworks of naturalism. In fact, even
when human figures are shown in naturalist art, the natural scene that surrounds them is frequently the
main subject. One of the examples of landscape painting is John Constable’s “Flatford Mill” (1816-17).

The painting focuses on the scene of rural labor involving two boys pulling a barge along the “navigable
river”, yet surrounding sky, river, and fields are given more emphasis in the composition.

Flatford Mill (‘Scene on Navigable River’)’ John Constable (1816-17)

The second is Figurative Naturalism

Figurative Naturalism
● Figure painting is the true-to life drawing and oil painting.

Mona Lisa (1503) Leonardo da Vinci

One example of figurative naturalism is the painting of Leonardo da Vinci, “Mona Lisa” (1503). Mona
Lisa is considered a figurative painting because it captures numerous details in stunning, realistic details.
Her hairs are portrayed separately, her features are distinct and recognisable.

Other Examples of Naturalism Paintings:

The Hay Wain 1821 by John Constable
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Sunrise in the Catskills 1826 by Thomas Cole

Pardon in Brittany 1884 by Pascal-Adolphe Dagnan-Bouveret

Topic 2. IMPRESSIONISM
● Describes a style of painting developed in France during the mid-to-late 19th century. The characterizations
of the style of Impressionism include small, visible brushstrokes that offer the bare impression of form,
unblended color and an emphasis on the accurate depiction of natural light.
➔ Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement distinguished by relatively small, thin, yet
noticeable brush strokes, open composition that emphasis on realistic portrayal of light in its
changing qualities, in which it often emphasizes the effects of time, ordinary subject matter,
unordinary visual angles, and the integration of movement as a significant element of human
perception and experience.
● Impressionism paved the way for other modern art movements.
➔ Impressionism paved the way for other modern art movements, such as post-impressionism,
expressionism, and cubism, that explored new forms of expression and representation
● The term “Impressionism” was coined when Leroy Sanchez criticized the work of Claude Monet after
Monet’s work, the Impression: soleil levant was exhibited at Paris.
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➔ The term "impressionist" was originally intended as a derogatory term, used by art critics who
were flatly appalled at this new style of painting. Conservative critics denounced the unfinished,
sketch-like quality of their paintings.
➔ The first piece of art to inspire the critical nickname "impressionism" was Claude Monet's 1873
piece "Impression: Sunrise," a piece that was presented at the first exhibition in 1874.
● Impressionist painters aimed to capture the fleeting effects of light, color and movement on natural and
urban scenes.
➔ They used a new style of painting that emphasized light, movement, and atmosphere in their
portrayals of everyday life, capturing fleeting moments in time. They also pursued plein air
painting, using easily portable, pre-mixed paint in tubes. Each Impressionist painter had their own
distinctive vision, style, and subject matter, ranging from landscapes to portraits’
● Three notable persons in this art movement includes: (1) Oscar-Claude Monet, (2) Paul Cezanne, (3)
Edouard Manet

● Oscar-Claude Monet. He was the initiator, leader, and unswerving advocate of the Impressionist style. He
was also seen as a key precursor to modernism. In his mature works, Monet developed his method of
producing repeated studies of the same motif in series, changing canvases with the light or as his interest
shifted.
➔ French painter who was born on November 14, 1840 in Paris, France. Monet was raised in Le
Havre, Normandy, and became interested in the outdoors and drawing from an early age. He led
the beginning of Impressionist style and he was seen as a key precursor to modernism. His
objective in his paintings is to portray the variations of light and atmosphere brought on by
changes of hour and season. His popularity soared in the second half of the 20th century, when his
works traveled the world in museum exhibitions that attracted record-breaking crowds and
marketed popular commercial items featuring imagery from his art.
● Water lilies or Nympheas
➔ During the last decade of his life, he painted a group of large water lilies or the Nympheas which
had been exhibited at one of the museums in Paris. Through this exhibition, he was interviewed to
define the essence of his art, he said, "The richness I achieve comes from nature, the source of my
inspiration,".

● Impressionism, Sunrise. The painting depicts his hometown, Le Havre.

➔ This painting is called as Impression, soleil levant when translated in French language. This was
painted in 1872 and was exhibited at one of the museums in Paris in April 1874. Claude Monet
created this painting after visiting his hometown in Northwest of France. Then, after some time, he
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created another series of works which also depicts the port of Le Havre representing the different
time of the day such as during dawn, dusk, daytime and night time.
➔ This painting was displayed at Musee Marmottan Monet. From the name itself, it is obvious that
this art museum in Paris, France is built to dedicate it to a painter, Claude Monet. Surprisingly, it
was his son who made this museum to exist. Moreover, this museum is not just limited to Monet’s
works, but this is also where over three hundred paintings from other painters of Impressionism
and Post-Impressionism are being placed

● “Saules au Soleil Couchant”. Distinguishes a magnificent candescence and conveys a sense of warmth and
shimmering light.
➔ Claude Monet's Saules du soleil couchant is distinguished by a magnificent candescence and
conveys a sense of warmth and shimmering light. The artist is primarily recognized for his
directional brushwork and varied palette. Moreover, this painting was sold in the Modern Evening
Auction at Sothebys in New York.

● Paul Cezanne. Most influential artist in the history of modern painting. A French painter, whose works and
ideas were influential in aesthetic development of many 20th-century artists and art movements, especially
Cubism.
➔ Paul Cezanne was born on January 19, 1839 in France. He moved to Paris in 1861 and befriended
other artists like Camille Pissarro, Edgar Degas, and Édouard Manet, who introduced him to
Impressionism.
➔ He is the most influential artist in the history of modern painting. His career in painting lasted for
more than 40 years, roughly from 1860 to 1906 and formed a late 19th century Impressionism and
early 20th century’s new line of artistic enquiry, Cubism.
➔ He experimented with different styles and techniques, such as painting outdoors, using bright
colors, and creating geometric shapes from nature. In 1880’s, Cezanne's work began to separate
from the principles of the impressionists. He was not interested in depicting a fleeting moment by
focusing on changing light. Instead, he was more interested in the permanent architectural
qualities of the landscapes he saw. He chose to make color and form the dominant elements of his
paintings.
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➔ The work of Cezanne features an innovative way of representing nature, color and form by using
an ordered method of artistic application. His approach inspired cubists and cutting edge artists.

● Les Pommes presents a captivating and detailed observation in color and shape, pigment and structure.
➔ Paul Cézanne's Les pommes is seemingly a simple assemblage of apples that were clustered into
two on the top of the table. This presents a captivating and detailed observation in color and
shape, pigment and structure. This painting displayed strokes of vivid green, red, and yellow
colors.

● Eduoard Manet. A French modernist painter during the 19th century and pivotal figure in the transition
from Realism to Impressionism.
➔ Edouard Manet was born on January 23, 1832 at Paris, France. He was a French modernist painter
and one of the first 19th-century artists to paint modern life, and a pivotal figure in the transition
from Realism to Impressionism.

● Bouquet De Pivoines. Still life is the hallmark of the painter Manet's latter years, when his artistic emphasis
was entirely focused on the representation of flower still lifes.
➔ Still life is the hallmark of the painter Manet's latter years, when his artistic emphasis was entirely
focused on the representation of flower still lifes. So what is still life? Still life is also known by its
French title, nature morte; it is the painting that features an arrangement of inanimate objects as its
subject. Usually, these items are set on a table and often include organic objects like fruit and
flowers and household items like glassware and textiles.
➔ This work was completed in the early 1880s. His favorite flower was probably peonies because
they were the sole subject of his first series of floral paintings in the 1860s, which are placed in an
Orientalist glass vase.

● Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe

➔ The Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe was created in 1962 and 1863. This was considered to be a
controversial painting. The painting caused quite a shock after it was displayed for the first time as
it was considered indecent and vulgar. When this painting was first shown, it elicited a wide range
of comments and reactions. The first reaction was made in a blunt rejection from the Paris Salon,
an art exhibition of paintings and was the greatest annual art event in the Western World.
However, Manet still seized the opportunity to exhibit this in the Salon des Refuses in 1863.
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➔ The painting depicts a naked woman eating lunch with two fully clothed males. Her body is
brightly lighted, and she directs her gaze at the viewer. Two men disguised as charming dandies
sat beside her. The woman's garments, a basket of fruit, and a circular loaf of bread are presented
in front of them. A barely dressed lady bathes in a stream in the distance, which is overly huge in
relation to the persons in the front. The man on the right is wearing a flat hat with a tassel, which
is often worn inside.

· OTHERS:

“Fog, Voisins” – Alfred Sisley The predominant color of this painting is gray, which may be seen to be
covered in a fog or a mist. He created the painting from sketches of peasant
or a farmer, plants, and trees.

“In a Park” - Berthe Morisot
The picture portrays a young woman relaxing in a park with two small girls
and a dog. The woman in the scene, clothed in black and wearing a hat, is
sitting in a field of tall grass on the left, holding a reclined kid, while her dog
sits in front of them. A butterfly net may be found to her left. Another girl
may be seen to the right, carrying her straw hat, with various trees in the
scenery.

“L’Absinthe” – Edgar Degas The painting shows two people sitting in the Café de la Nouvelle Athènes.
The café was a popular venue for several impressionist artists at that time.
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Topic 3. POST IMPRESSIONISM

Post-impressionism is an art movement that emerged in France, which is a result of both the influence and
rejection of impressionist but later on saw the inherent limitations and flaws of impressionism. This
eventually led to the development of individual style that gave emphasis to defining from
with the use of broken colors and short brush stroke.

The 1880s reaction against Impressionism is also characterized as "post-Impressionism." Paul Cézanne,
Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Georges Seurat served as its leaders. The concern for the
spontaneous and naturalistic representation of light and color was disregarded by the Post-Impressionists.
They preferred a focus on formal order, symbolic content, and structure instead. The Post-Impressionists
also believed that color may serve as an aesthetic and emotional carrier of meaning without being
dependent on form or composition.

Post-impressionist painters rejected the limitations of Impressionism.

Post-impressionist painters continued to use vibrant colors, occasionally applied impasto (thick paint),
and painted directly from life, but they tended to emphasize geometric shapes, distort form for expressive
effect, and use unnatural or modified color.

The term “Post impressionism” was coined by English art critic Roger Fry he used the term to name an
exhibition titled “Manet and the Post-Impressionist” in 1910.

Roger Fry (1866-1934)

● he became an advocate of more recent developments in French painting, to which he gave the
name Post-Impressionism.
● Fry first encountered the work of French painter Paul Cézanne in 1906, and the encounter
changed the course of his life. He began to publish articles on the works of Cézanne, Paul
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Gauguin, Henri Matisse, and Vincent van Gogh, seeing in these painters a synthesis of classical
artists' structural understanding and Impressionists' color explorations.

Post-Impressionism:

Concepts, Styles, and Trends

1.) Seurat and Pointillism

Paul Signac's The Port of Saint Tropez

(1906)

French artist Georges Seurat was the first to predict the new style that replaced Impressionism. He created the painting tech
color. It required a much more scientific approach to be taken by artists as it is focused on theories related to optics and col
When viewed from a distance, the result of this technique meant that the viewer's mind and eye could blur the dots together

Many people were curious about Pointillism because it was related to Divisionism. While Divisionism was interested in co
style. Pointillism existed in stark contrast to traditional methods of mixing pigments on a palette, as the technique relied on

2. Van Gogh and Japonisme

The Great Wave Off the Coast of Kanagawa (1906)

It has been argued that one of the great masterpieces of nineteenth-century Western art was loosely inspired by one of the g
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Martin Bailey, a Vincent van Gogh specialist, believes the Dutch artist was inspired by Katsushika Hokusai's The Great Wa

The Starry Night 1889 by Vincent van Gogh

The parallels are obvious when viewed side by side. According to Bailey, the wave in the Hokusai towers over Mount Fuji'

3. Gauguin and Synthetism

Paul Gauguin's Mountains In Tahiti(1897)

Van Gogh and Gauguin shared a small apartment and studio space in Arles, France, in the fall of 1888. During those month
natural appearances, Gauguin expanded on these ideas in his "Synthetism" theory.

Gauguin attempted to develop a new style of painting based on two-dimensional areas of pure color (that is, with few shade

4. Cézanne and the Structure of Pictorial Form

Cézanne's series Montagne Sainte-Victoire
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Montagne Sainte-Victoire is a limestone mountain in the south of France, overlooking Aix-en-Provence.

Without abandoning the optical realism of Impressionism, he attempts to bring order and clarity to nature through the use o

5. Rousseau and Primitivism

Hungry Lion

Rousseau developed his own signature style of modern art, with bright or bold colors and heavily stylized leaves and figure

One of Rousseau's central ideas is that humans are good by nature but are corrupted by society. This belief is central to nea

6. Les Nabis
Les muses au bois sacré(1893)

The Nabi artists saw themselves as initiates of a brotherhood dedicated to exploring the pure sources of art, whether person
nature.
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Some of the famous post-impressionism artists include Paul Cezanne, Georges Seurat, Paul Gaugin, and
Vincent van Gogh, among others. Most of the works of the said painters became the framework of the
contemporary techniques and trends during the twentieth century.

4 Famous Artist
1. Paul Cezanne

● French artist form Aix-en-Provence, France

● Also known as the "Master of Aix" after his ancestral home in the South of France.
Cézanne is credited with paving the way for the emergence of twentieth-century modernism. Cezanne
applied his paints to the canvas in discrete, methodical brush strokes, as if he were “constructing” rather
than “painting”. As a result,his works adheres to an underlying architectural ideal: every part of the
canvas should contribute to the overall structural integrity of the canvas.

Other:

Table, Napkin, and Fruit (A Corner of the Table) (1895-1900)

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Mont Sainte-Victoire (1905)

A Modern Olympia (1869-70)

2. Georges Seurat
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● pioneer of pointillism, or chromo-luminarism

● his paintings focused on optic and colors
● Seurat’s first major painting Bathers at Asnieres was finished in 1884 and soon after he began
work on what would become his most famous piece.
His innovations originated from new quasi-scientific theories about color and expression, but the graceful
beauty of his work is explained by the influence of very different sources.

Other:

Bathers at Asnières(1884)
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Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grand Jatte (1884-86)

3. Paul Gauguin

● was a Post-Impressionist painter from France. Gauguin's experimental use of color and Synthetist
style were unappreciated until after his death.
● was an important figure in the Symbolist movement as a painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramist,
and writer
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Under the influence of the cloisonnist style, his expression of the inherent meaning of the subjects in his
paintings paved the way for Primitivism and the return to the pastoral. He was also a well-known artist
who used wood engraving and woodcuts.

Paul Gauguin is a significant French artist who was trained in Impressionism but broke away from its
fascination with the everyday world to pioneer a new style of painting known as Symbolism.

Symbolism -is the Symbolist movement's numerous painters and forms are related by their emphasis on
feelings, sentiments, concepts, and individuality rather than reality. Many examples of Symbolist art
contain personal information and communicate their own philosophies, most notably the artist's
confidence in his or her ability to expose the truth.

Others:

Still-Life with Fruit and Lemons (1880)

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Two Tahitian Women (1899)

4. Vincent van Gogh

● Van Gogh was born in 1853 in The Netherlands to Theodorus van Gogh, a country minister, and
Anna Cornelia Carbentus, an artist.
● Van Gogh was largely self-taught, and only received formal artistic training for about four months
just a few years before his death.
● Throughout his life, Van Gogh struggled with poverty and was never famous as a painter. During
his lifetime, he only sold one painting: The Red Vineyard, which sold for 400 francs in Belgium
seven months before his death. Portrait of Dr. Gachet, his most expensive painting, sold for
$148.6 million in 1990.

Vincent Van Gogh, the iconic tortured artist, strived to convey his emotional and spiritual state in each of
his artworks. Despite selling only one painting during his lifetime, Van Gogh is now considered one of the
most famous artists of all time.
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Van Gogh's canvases, with densely laden, visible brushstrokes rendered in a bright, opulent palette,
highlight his personal expression brought to life in paint.

There are numerous theories surrounding the ear-cutting incident involving Vincent van Gogh. One
popular theory holds that after a fight with fellow artist Paul Gauguin, van Gogh took a razor to his left
ear and partially severed it. He then wrapped the partially severed ear in paper and delivered it to a
woman at a brothel frequently visited by both he and Gaugin.

Other theories contend that Gauguin was the one who cut his ear. This is still somewhat vague.

Although he had suffered from a degree of mental illness throughout his life, his mental well-being fell
into deep decline in the late 1880s. During this time, he is said to have eaten his paints and sometimes
drank turpentine. Then committed suicide by shooting himself in the chest.
Others:

Fourteen Sunflowers in a Vase (1888)

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Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear(1889)

Topic 4. NEO IMPRESSIONISM

Neo-Impressionism, also known as Pointillism, was a French art movement that emerged in the late
nineteenth century. This artistic style is characterized by the use of small, distinct dots of color applied in
patterns to form an image. Georges Seurat and Paul Signac pioneered this technique because they
believed that by using individual dots of color it would produce a more vibrant and luminous effect in
their paintings. In this report, we will deepen our understanding into the history, and characteristic of
Neo-Impressionism art.

History of Neo-Impressionism

As a response to the Impressionist movement, Neo-Impressionism arose in the late 1880s. Impressionists
used loose brushstrokes and a more naturalistic approach in their paintings to capture the fleeting effects
of light and color. Seurat and Signac, on the other hand, were dissatisfied with Impressionism's
restrictions and sought to develop a more scientific approach to painting. They believed that using
individual color dots rather than blended brushstrokes would produce a more precise and luminous effect.

One of the techniques used in Neo-Impressionism art is Pointillism which is a technique that involves the
use of small dots of color that are applied to the work of art in patterns. To generate the appearance of a
continuous image, the dots are typically of uniform size and close together. The colors are not blended on
the canvas, but rather in the viewer's eye, creating a more vibrant and luminous effect. The use of
complementary colors is another component of Neo-Impressionism. Seurat and Signac believed that when
complementary colors, such as red and green were placed next to each other, would intensify each other
and would end up creating a more dynamic effect.

Chromoluminarism is a painting technique commonly associated with Neo-Impressionism. It involves the

use of small dots or strokes of pure color next to each other on the canvas. The dots or strokes are not
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blended together, but are instead allowed to mix optically in the viewer's eye, creating a sensation of
brilliance and vibrancy.

1.A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat

Considered to be the most well-known work of Neo-Impressionism art. Seurat worked on this large-scale
work for two years, which illustrates people relaxing in a park on an island in the Seine River. The
painting is made up of millions of small, individual color dots that, when viewed from a distance, create a
luminous effect. The use of complementary colors, such as the red and green dots in the foreground,
heightens the painting's overall impact.

2.The Seine at Courbevoie by Paul Signac

Signac paints a scene of the Seine River at Courbevoie, a Paris neighborhood. The painting is made up of
small, uniform dots of color that combine to create a brilliant and luminous impression. The use of
complementary hues, such as the blue and orange dots in the sky, heightens the painting's overall impact.
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The stylistic depiction of the trees in the foreground also illustrates the influence of Japanese woodblock
prints on Neo-Impressionism.

3. Haystacks: Autumn by Maximilien Luce

The artwork by Maximilien Luce depicts a field of haystacks in autumn, which is achieved by mixing
small, distinct dots of color, creating a luminous impression when viewed from a distance. The painting
enhances the overall picture by including complementing hues in the sky, such as orange and blue dots.
Furthermore, the depiction of farmers in the field demonstrates the influence of socialist politics on
Neo-Impressionism.

CONCLUSION
Furthermore, Neo-Impressionism was a significant art movement that originated in France in the late
nineteenth century. The Pointillism technique, pioneered by Seurat and Signac, was key to the growth of
contemporary art and the use of color in painting. The combination of complementary colors and
individual color dots resulted in a more brilliant and luminous look not found in traditional painting
techniques. Neo-Impressionism represented a break from traditional painting techniques and a shift
toward a more scientific approach to painting.

Topic 5. ART NOUVEAU

Art Nouveau is an internationally recognized style of art. While having flourished during late the 1800s
and early 1900s particularly in Europe and the United States, works in this style have been restored,
maintained, and treasured worldwide to this day.

It is an ornamental, dynamic, and even sensual style of art characterized by long, sinuous lines and
asymmetrical structure, often depicting objects in nature such as vines, insect wings, and flower stalks.

Also, Art Nouveau artists were also influenced by the arts and crafts movements’ emphasis on
hand-craftsmanship and the highly expressive paintings of post- impressionists
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For example had an angular, linear look, incorporating the grids and parallel lines of Japanese interior
design depicted in these images, as well as the sinuous, flowing lines of blossoming tree branches, rivers,
and kimono designs

Moreover , Common characteristics of Art Nouveau are muted colors (all colors that have low saturation
(or chrome). These are subtle colors that are not bright or have been subdued, dulled, or grayed.Color
schemes tend to be soft and muted, with a focus on natural hues. This style of design was created as a
reaction against the overly ornate designs of the Victorian era. Art Nouveau designers wanted to create a
more modern aesthetic that was inspired by nature.mostly uses muted colours, from burnt oranges and
mustard yellows, to olive greens and soft blues.

Let us now move forward sa American artist that is most associated with Nouveau art

Louis Comfort Tiffany - A revered painter and a leader of the Art Nouveau movement, LCT brought a
distinctly American design sensibility to the jewelry and objects at Tiffany. Inspired by the graphic
disorder of nature—flowers and foliage, fruits and insects—and the varied American landscape, LCT
became known for his organic designs.

Louis comfort tiffany is known for glass lamps and stained glass windows. In the left side picture it is
actually exhibition on Louis Comfort Tiffany held at the Museum of Contemporary Crafts in New York
City from January 24 through April 6, 1958. The exhibit presented a collection of designs and work that
included paintings, stained glass, pottery, religious objects, favrile glass, jewelry, lamps, and interior
furnishings. On the right side we can see the glass lamp Tiffany's provided a brilliant visual effect by
allowing more natural light to penetrate, sometimes incorporating stained glass with a metallic luster to
produce an iridescent effect. Also as you can see at the picture included dito yung organic pattern.

Next is Gustav Klimt - One of the greatest modern artists from Austria, Gustav Klimt was the founder and
leading figure in the Vienna Secession movement. Gustav Klimt is one of the most popular and celebrated
art nouveau artists. His works are instantly recognizable and his golden paintings, such as the incredibly
popular The Kiss, Here's some background information on the man himself as well as a more in-depth
look at The Kiss.

The Kiss

Possibly his most famous work, The Kiss achieves a balance between emotion and ornamentation. The
lovers are encased in an embrace of golden fabric. The man is decorated in cold colors and geometrical
angular patterns that symbolize masculinity; the kneeling female is represented in warm colors by swirls
and circles, the symbols of femininity. Together they create a harmonious whole.

Another example

Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I is a painting produced by Gustav Klimt in 1907. This painting is also
widely known by the name The Lady in Gold or The Woman in Gold. This portrait can be viewed at Neue
Galerie, New York. so ano nga ba itong painting na ito,The subject is Adele Bloch-Bauer, the wife of
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Jewish Austrian industrialist Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer. The overall effect of this portrait has been described
as sensual and an embodiment of femininity

Alphonse Mucha was the most famous Art Nouveau Movement artist. During his stay in Paris from 1894
to 1904, he influenced fashion and art largely and started to develop ideas of Art Nouveau Movement,
also called Le Style Mucha.

He had a career span of almost 60 years and created a huge range of unique art ranging from sculptors to
posters and ornamental panels to historical canvases. There is no doubt that Alphonse Mucha was indeed
the principal artist of the Art Nouveau style. The Art Nouveau style needed experienced artisanship and is
characterized by flowing curved lines, dynamic and natural themes.

This is perhaps one of Mucha’s best-known advertising posters, with numerous editions subsequently
published in a variety of formats for international markets. This poster established the iconic image of the
‘Mucha woman’ with her swirls of exaggeratedly abundant hair.
'JOB' is a trademark for the Joseph Bardou Company, manufacturers of cigarette papers.
In this poster, Mucha placed the prominent female figure against a background featuring Job monograms.
Holding a lighted cigarette in her hand, the woman leans her head backward sensually, and the rising
smoke forms an arabesque, intertwining with her hair and the company logo.

Mucha introduced a Byzantine effect, as seen in the Gismonda poster, with the border decoration inspired
by mosaic work which adds an air of dignity to a commercial poster.
DAYDREAM
Daydream features a beautiful dreamy-eyed woman holding a book. The background is decorated with
pink flowers, their stems form an elaborate lace-like pattern.

Topic 6. FAUVISM

● This is a style of painting that emerged in France around the turn of the twentieth century.
● The term FAUVISM means WILD BEASTS (known as Les Fauves in French term)
➔ The term Fauvism means wild beasts or les fauves when translated in French. The name
les fauves (‘the wild beasts’) was coined by the critic Louis Vauxcelles when he saw the
work of Henri Matisse and André Derain in an exhibition, the salon d’automne in Paris,
in 1905.
➔ Les Fauves is termed as it emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the
representational or realistic values of traditional art. Simply means, these colors did not
correspond to the way things appeared in real life. Thus, the viewers and critics alike
were shocked by their use of bright, non-naturalistic colors in their landscapes and
portraits.
● Fauvism valued individual expression. The artist’s direct experience of his subjects, his emotional
response to nature, and his intuition were all more important than academic theory or elevated
subject matter. Color could project a mood and establish a structure within the work of art without
having to be true to the natural world.
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➔ Fauvism’s central artistic concern was the overall balance of the composition. The
fauves’ simplified forms and saturated colors drew attention to the inherent flatness of the
canvas or paper; within that pictorial space, each element played a specific role. The
immediate visual impression of the work is to be strong and unified.
➔ The fauvists were interested in the scientific color theories developed in the nineteenth
century – particularly those relating to complementary colors. They emphasized the
expressive potential of color, employing it arbitrarily, not based on an object’s natural
appearance. Like many modern artists, the Fauves also found inspiration in objects from
Africa and other non-western cultures.

➔ The painter who is regarded as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century is Henri Matisse.
➔ Henri Matisse (1869-1954) was a French artist, renowned as a draftsman, printmaker, sculptor
and painter. He was born in Northern France and was the oldest son of a wealthy grain merchant.
Matisse described the experience of painting as “a kind of paradise” and it was then that he
decided to become an artist. His early works were traditional still lifes, influenced by a wide
range of artists, from Manet to Chardin. In 1896 Matisse, an unknown student at the time, was
introduced to Impressionism and the work of Van Gogh, by the Australian painter John Russell,
who also taught him about color theory which had a profound effect on the development of
Matisse’s style.

● Interior with a young girl reading. Matissse selected a palette of bright colors, including many
areas of white infused with color, creating an overall decorative effect
➔ The model on his painting was his daughter, Marguerite. Here, she sits quietly while
reading the book. He selected a palette of bright colors, including many areas of white
infused with color, creating an overall decorative effect
● “Le Bonheur De Vivre” or “ Joy of Life” scene is made up of independent motifs arranged to
form a complete composition.
➔ Vibrant colors and undulating lines gently guide our gaze through the idealistic scene,
inviting us to imagine ourselves feeling the warmth of the sun, the composure of the
grass, the soft touch of a hug, and the passion of a kiss.
● “Woman with a Hat” Matisse attacked conventional portraiture with this image of his wife.
Amelie's pose and dress are typical for the day, but Matisse roughly applied brilliant color across
her face, hat, dress, and even the background.
➔ It's a half-length picture of his wife, Amelie, painted in bright, unnatural hues with rough,
flowing brushstrokes. Amelie is dressed in a classic early twentieth-century bourgeois
attire, complete with an elegant hat, gloves, and a fan. The background is made up of
pastel hue patches, while her clothing and fan blend together, distinguished only by rough
strokes of color.
● “Luxe, Calme et Volupte” . The forms in the painting—the human figures, tree, bush, sea, and
sky, using a pointillist technique in which he applied small brushstrokes and dashes. He also used
a palette of pure, high-tone primary colors to render the landscape, and outlined the figures in
blue.
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➔ Matisse made this painting in the south of France, in the town of Saint-Tropez. He
created the forms in the painting—the human figures, tree, bush, sea, and sky, using a
pointillist technique in which he applied small brushstrokes and dashes. He also used a
palette of pure, high-tone primary colors to render the landscape, and outlined the figures
in blue.
➔ Luxe, Calme et Volupté is an oil painting by the French Henri Matisse. Both
foundational in the oeuvre of Matisse and a pivotal work in the history of art, Luxe,
Calme et Volupté is considered the starting point of Fauvism.. This painting is a dynamic
and vibrant work created early on in his career as a painter. It displays an evolution of the
Neo-Impressionist style mixed with a new conceptual meaning based in fantasy and
leisure that had not been seen in works before

Other Works of Fauvism painters:

“The River Seine st Chstou” - Maurice de He imitated the undisguised brushwork and instinctive
Vlaminck application of paint of Van Gogh's expressive style.

“Pinède à Cassis” (Landscape) – Andre Derain
Derain's use of lengthy, isolated brushstrokes may be
noticed in the shape of the trees and ground in his
landscape. Yet it's the color that shines, even burns,
through the picture, as the huge contrast between the
green trees and the burned red and orange terrain
suggests the shimmering heat of a Mediterranean
summer.

"Jeanne dans les fleurs” – Racul Dufy
Dufy was fond of painting gardens and flowers,
inspired by the natural environment of his family's
home in the Normandy town of Le Havre, but his
Fauvist inspiration shines through, most notably in his
sister's face, which is painted in an artificial greenish
shade to fit the garden background.
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“At the Circus” – Georges Rousult

Topic 7. CUBISM

What is Cubism in art? It’s a style of painting in which the subject matter is presented as geometric forms
shown from multiple simultaneous vantage points. But there’s more to it than that. Philosophically, it’s a
theory of pictorial democracy, where every aesthetic element is valued the same. Intellectually, it’s an
admission that life is complex and can only be understood from multiple perspectives. Metaphorically,
Cubism is the Internet: it’s a tool for fully exploring a subject, not to get a surface image of what it seems
to be, but rather to understand its essence, and to achieve a vision of it that’s complete.

The Cubist style allowed them to show their subject simultaneously from multiple perspectives. They
could assemble an image together from parts seen from different vantage points or show a moving object
as it shifted over time from a single perspective. He felt that we do not see an object from one angle or
perspective, but rather from many angles selected by sight and movement. As a result of this belief,
Cubism became about how to see an object or figure rather than what the artist was looking at.

The coining of the term Cubism is attributed to Louis Vauxcelles, an influential, 20th Century French art
critic. Beginning around the year 1907, Vauxcelles wrote a series of critiques about various artists who
had begun reducing the pictorial information in their paintings entirely to geometric shapes. He called
their shapes “little cubes.” The phrase was intended as derision, but by 1911 Cubism became the common
term for what the public was embracing as an exciting abstract style.

Pablo Picasso was the most dominant and influential artist of the first half of the 20th century. Associated
most of all with pioneering Cubism, alongside Georges Braque, he also invented collage and made major
contributions to Symbolism and Surrealism
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His painting Les Demoiselles d’Avignon from 1907, depicting a group of variously dressed women, is
considered the first Cubist painting. And the Houses at L’Estaque by Georges Braque, and some other
famous painting

Topic 8. FUTURISM

Futurism was an art movement that emerged in Italy at the beginning of the twentieth century. It was
formed in 1909 by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who published his "Manifesto of Futurism,"
which was characterized by an emphasis on speed, technology, and the modern world. Futurist painters
aimed to break free from the boundaries of traditional art and embrace new forms of expression that
reflected society's rapid development.
Futurism was distinguished from other art movements of the time by a variety of distinguishing
characteristics. The emphasis on movement and speed was one of the most essential parts of the futurism
movement. Futurist painters aim to capture the energy and dynamism of the modern world, showing
everything from vehicles and airplanes to factories and skyscrapers in a way that represents motion and
development.

1.Umberto Boccioni's "Unique Forms of Continuity in Space

This sculpture depicts a moving person with lengthened limbs and a

streamlined form that conveys speed and fluidity. It exhibits the Futurist
emphasis on movement and technology.

2. Giacomo Balla's "Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash."

This painting was created in 1912 depicts a dog and its owner
going down a city street. The image is broken and twisted, with
various views and overlapping forms conveying movement.