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Celestial Navigation 1: Batumi State Maritime Academy
Celestial Navigation 1: Batumi State Maritime Academy
Faculty of Navigation
Celestial Navigation 1
Student's workbook
Batumi 2023
E-mail: a.kakhidze@bsma.edu.ge
By the decision of the Board of the Navigating Faculty No. ____ of 2023 (number of the month) it was
approved as a manual for students in the educational program of maritime navigation.
The author expresses his gratitude to the Dean of the Faculty of Maritime Navigation, Professor Mzia
Diasamidze, the Head of the Quality Assurance Service of the Faculty, Professor Zurab Bezhanov, and
the Director of the Library, Gocha Chinchaladze, for helpful advice and support in the process of
preparing the workbook.
ISBN
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Workbook: Celestial Navigation 1
Foreword
The workbook was compiled in accordance with the requirements of the practical part of the curriculum
of the educational program "Astronavigation 1" and is intended for undergraduate students of the Faculty of
Navigation.
The purpose of this "workbook" is to give students the knowledge and skills necessary to solve
astronautical problems, which involves:
2. Converting azimuths written in different forms to circular counting and vice versa;
7. Calculation of the equatorial coordinates of celestial bodies according to the tables of the Marine
Almanac, etc.
The ability to solve the exercises discussed in the tutorial is a necessary condition for the successful
completion of the training course "Astronavigation 2".
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Contents
№ topic pp
1. Why Astronavigation? 5
2. Conventions 6
3. Angle units 8
9. დროის დიაგრამა 42
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1. Why Astronavigation?
Is celestial navigation necessary in the presence of modern high-tech navigation systems, when
the location of the ship can be determined very quickly and with great accuracy using global positioning
satellite systems (GPS)?
Despite the rapid development of electronic and digital navigation systems, in the last decade
there has been an increase in interest in celestial navigation both among the maritime community and
from organizations responsible for the safety of navigation and maritime educational institutions.
Celestial navigation is of interest not only to navigators, but also to representatives of various
fields of science, since it intertwines issues of geography, astronomy and mathematics.
When testing sailors, navigators are often asked: How will the ship find its way in the ocean if
for some reason the global positioning system (GPS) or the ship's electro-navigation system fails?
The answer is very simple, the navigator must resort to astronavigational methods of
determining position and course, because unlike electronic systems, skylights will never fail.
However, we must not forget that during periods of increased solar activity, high-energy plasma
flows from the Sun can easily knock out communication networks, shut down the Internet, wipe out
satellite electronic systems, paralyze GPS and damage other electronic systems. Add to this the real
threat of cyber-terrorists who can distort or completely block the GPS signal at any time.
No less important is the fact that the only reliable method of checking the correct operation of
deck compasses and GPS systems is the astronavigational method.
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2. Conventions
designation
Lat Latitude geographic latitude
Long Longitude geographical longitude
H Altitude of body
Zn Azimuth, Bearing
Dec Declination
t Meridian Angle
Px Polar Distance
ST Standard Time
CT Chronometer Time
CE Chronometer Error
CR Chronometer Rate
TD Time Diagram
GP Geographical Position
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3. Angle units
An angle is a geometrical figure formed when two rays meet at a common point called vertex.
The angle in degrees can vary from 0° to 360°. An angle of 360° corresponds to one full rotation
of the ray around the origin, so adding or subtracting 360° to any angle will not change the value of the
angle.
Angles between 0 and 90 degrees (0°< θ < 90°) are called acute angles.
Angles between 90 and 180 degrees (90°< θ < 180°) are known as obtuse angles.
Angles that are 90 degrees (θ = 90°) are right angles.
Angles that are 180 degrees (θ = 180°) are known as straight angles.
Angles between 180 and 360 degrees (180°< θ < 360°) are called reflex angles.
Angles that are 360 degrees (θ = 360°) are full turn.
The angle in radians can range from 0 to 2π radians. 2π radians corresponds to one full rotation
or 360° angle. From here follows the formula for converting the measurement of the angle from one unit
to another:
180° π
1radian = ; 1° = radian
π 180
Example:
π π
1. 45 ° =45 ∙ = radian
180 4
2 2 180 °
2. π radian= π ∙ =120 °
3 3 π
1. 90°= 2. 105°=
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3. 240°= 4. 30°=
5. 225°= 6. 135°=
7. 270°= 8. 15°=
π 3π
1. = 2. =
2 4
π 2π
3. = 4. =
6 5
2π 5π
5. = 6. =
3 8
4π 4π
7. = 8. =
3 5
3π π
9. = 10. =
10 8
7π 2π
11. = 12. =
3 9
π
13. 2 π = 14. =
3
1. In standard form, when the angle is expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds. Arcminute is
1/60th of a degree, and Arcsecond is 1/60th of a minute.
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2. In decimal form, when the angle is written in the usual decimal form, that is, the minute
(Arcminute) and second (Arcsecond) of the angle are expressed as a decimal part of degrees -
tenths, hundredths, etc.
Both forms of angle notation are used in (astro)navigation. The conversion from one form of angle
notation to another is done using minute and second definitions supported by a simple conversion scheme,
for example:
Nautical Almanac tables use a mixed form of angle notation, when only seconds of angle are expressed in
decimal form, that is, a second is expressed as a decimal part of a minute. for example:
Exercise 3. Convert an angle written in standard form to mixed and decimal form:
1. 106°45'30''=
2. 31°30'15''=
3. 328°15'55''=
4. 92°18'35''=
5. 213°05'45''=
6. 145°15'05''=
7. 208°45'45''=
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8. 301°30'25''=
9. 54'45''=
10. 07'50''=
Exercise 4. Convert the angle written in decimal and mixed form to standard form:
1. 352.81° =
2. 55.09° =
3. 146.33° =
4. 231.02° =
5. 285.17° =
6. 173.51° =
7. 12.27° =
8. 308°43.6'=
9. 183°09.3'=
10. 24°16.9'=
11. 258°32.1'=
12. 127°02.4'=
13. 273°17.2'=
14. 53.6'=
15. 22.3'=
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Example:
When adding angles in standard or mixed form, degrees, minutes, and seconds are added
independently of each other.
Example:
Exercise 5. Calculate the sum of 2 angles and, if necessary, calibrate the result:
When calculating angle differences expressed in standard or mixed form, degrees, minutes, and
seconds are subtracted independently of each other. During this time, the following rules must be
observed:
1. If the minuend’s minutes are less than the subtrahend’s minutes, then we should take 1° from the
minuend degree (1°=60') and add it to the minuend minutes, only then make the subtraction.
for example:
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2. If the minuend’s degrees are less than the degrees of the subtrahend, i.e. As a result of the
difference, a negative angle is obtained, then we need to add 360° and then perform the subtraction
operation.
Example:
511 ° 43.2'
−
151°43.2' – 314°30.4'= 314 ° 30.4 ' ;
197 ° 12.8 '
263 ° 01,7'
5. − = 6. 90° – 37°08,5'=
73 ° 16,8'
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Height of celestial body (H) is the vertical arc of celestial body from the celestial (true) horizon,
or equivalently the central angle between the plane of the celestial horizon and the direction of celestial
body.
Exercise 7. a) Find the zenith distance of the light (Zx), if its height (H) is known:
1. H = 35°34,6', Zx=
2. H = 13°15,2', Zx=
3. H = 25°07,1', Zx=
4. H = 8°51,4', Zx=
5. H = 49°09,8', Zx=
6. H = 52°53,2', Zx=
7. H = 61°43,1', Zx=
8. H = 75°02,7', Zx=
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9. H = 83°11,0', Zx=
b) find the height of the light (H), if its zenith distance (Zx) is known :
1. Zx=8°46,9', H=
2. Zx=69°02,5', H=
3. Zx=23°19,7', H=
4. Zx=92°03,6', H=
5. Zx=91°51,4', H=
6. Zx=101°04,7', H=
7. Zx=16°19,1', H=
8. Zx=76°69,2', H=
The circular azimuth of the luminary (Bearing, Zn) is the arc of the true horizon between the
meridian of the observer and the vertical of the luminary, counting from the northern (N) point of the
horizon clockwise 0° to 360°, 0°≤Zn≤360°.
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In addition to the circular azimuth, celestial navigation uses semi-circular and quarter-azimuth
calculations.
The semicircular azimuth is called the azimuth
angle (Z) and is measured by the arc of the horizon
from the point (N or S) of the observer's meridian,
called the exalted pole, to the star's vertical in East or
West direction in the range from 0 ° to 180 °.
When writing the azimuthal angle (Z), the
name of the elevated pole (N or S) is written first, then
the numerical value of the angle |Z|, followed by the
direction of the angle (E or W).
For example, the entry Z=N143°W means that the observer is at north latitude, and the vertical
line of light crosses the horizon 143 degrees west of the northern point of the horizon.
From the circular azimuth (Zn) the azimuth angle (Z) is easily calculated if the name of the
elevation pole (N or S) is known.
Z=N134°08.4'E
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304°06.2'–180°= 124°06.2'
Z=S124°06.2'W
Exercise 8. Calculate the semicircular azimuth of luminary (azimuth angle) – Z, if the latitude of the
observer and the circular azimuth of luminary are known:
Z=
Z=
Z=
Z=
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Z=
Z=
Z=
Z=
Z=
Z=
Z=
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Z=
Z=
Z=
Z=
The circular azimuth (Zn) can be calculated by a similar method, if the azimuth angle
(Z) is known. In this case, there are 4 options:
Example: calculate the circular azimuth of the light - Zn, if its semicircular
azimuth is known. Z=N72°17.3'E
Zn= 72°17.3'
Example: calculate the circular azimuth of the light - Zn, if its semicircular
azimuth is known. Z=N83°29.8'W
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Example: calculate the circular azimuth of the light - Zn, if its semicircular
azimuth is known. Z=S109°42.4'E
Example: calculate the circular azimuth of the light - Zn, if its semicircular azimuth
is known. Z=S38°36.1'W
Zn=180°+ 38°36.1'=218°36.1'
Exercise 9. Calculate the circular azimuth of celestial body – Zn, if its semicircular azimuth (azimuth
angle, Z) is known:
1. Z=S 95°48.7' W;
Zn=
2. Z=N 118°06.2' W;
Zn=
3. Z=S 123°17.6' E;
Zn=
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4. Z=N 78°01.3' E;
Zn=
5. Z=N 79°49.8' W;
Zn=
6. Z=S 72°43.5' E;
Zn=
7. Z=S 148°42.4' W;
Zn=
8. Z=N 147°07.5' E;
Zn=
9. Z=N 92°58.6' W;
Zn=
Zn=
Zn=
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Zn=
Zn=
Zn=
Zn=
In practice, the quaternary azimuth Z¼, which represents the arc of the true horizon between
the observer's meridian and the luminary vertical in the range of 0° to 90°, is relatively less used. It
shows the quarter of the horizon where the luminary vertical crosses the horizon. It is calculated either
from the N or S point in the east or west direction.
When writing the quarter azimuth (Z¼), first write the numerical value of the angle and then
the name of the quarter of the horizon crossed by the luminary vertical.
For example: Z¼=64°NW entry means that the vertical of illumination crosses the horizon in the
north-west sector, and the arc (angle) of 64° is calculated from the N point to the west direction.
From the circular azimuth (Zn) we can easily calculate the quarter azimuth (Z¼) and vice versa.
For this we can use four schemes.
The following 4 schemes are used to calculate the quarter azimuth from a circle:
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1. Zn<90°; Z¼=|Zn|NE;
Example: calculate the quarter azimuth of the light – Z¼, if its circular azimuth
Zn=62°38.6' is known.
Z¼=62°38.6'NE
2. 90°<Zn<180°; Z¼=|180°–Zn|SE;
3. 180°<Zn<270°; Z¼=|Zn–180°|SW;
Example: calculate the quarter azimuth of the light - Z¼, if its circular azimuth
Zn=218°44.6' is known.
Z¼=218°44.6'–180°=38°44.6' SW
4. 270<Zn<360°; Z¼=|360°–Zn|NW;
Example: calculate the quarter azimuth of the light - Z¼, if its circular azimuth Zn=313°26.3' is known.
Exercise 10. Calculate the quarter azimuth of illumination – Z¼, if its circular azimuth (Zn) is known:
1. Zn=201°45.4';
Z¼=
2. Zn=178°09.2';
Z¼=
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3. Zn=297°04.6';
Z¼=
4. Zn=108°35.9';
Z¼=
5. Zn=349°03.1';
Z¼=
6. Zn=85°38.5';
Z¼=
7. Zn=96°12.7';
Z¼=
8. Zn=228°05.3';
Z¼=
9. Zn=326°18.6';
Z¼=
10. Zn=112°01.5';
Z¼=
11. Zn=192°20.2';
Z¼=
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12. Zn=56°53.7';
Z¼=
13. Zn=167°06.4';
Z¼=
14. Zn=185°07.6';
Z¼=
15. Zn=330°45.3';
Z¼=
When calculating the circular azimuth from the quadrant, we should be guided by similar simple
schemes:
Example: Calculate the circular azimuth of the light Zn, if its quarter azimuth is
known – Z¼=73°11.3'NE
Zn= 73°11.3'
Example: Calculate the circular azimuth of the light Zn, if its quarter azimuth is
known – Z¼=28°07.5'SE
Example: Calculate the circular azimuth of the light Zn, if its quarter azimuth is
known – Z¼=37°45.2'SW
Zn=180°+37°45.2'=217°45.2'
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Example: Calculate the circular azimuth of the light Zn, if its quarter azimuth is
known – Z¼=54°33.4'NW
Exercise 11. Calculate the circular azimuth of illumination – Zn, if its quarter azimuth (Z¼) is equal to:
1. Z¼=45°45,7' SW;
Zn=
2. Z¼=18°05,3' NW;
Zn=
3. Z¼=21°37,4' SE;
Zn=
4. Z¼=88°01,9' NE;
Zn=
5. Z¼=79°49,8' NW;
Zn=
6. Z¼=62°03,2' SE;
Zn=
7. Z¼=83°52,1' SW;
Zn=
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8. Z¼=47°07,5' NE;
Zn=
9. Z¼=32°18,6' NW;
Zn=
Zn=
Zn=
Zn=
Zn=
Zn=
Zn=
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Px=
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2. Dec=13°51,4'S, Lat(S)
Px=
3. Dec=35°18,0'N, Lat(N)
Px=
4. Dec=79°07,6'S, Lat(S)
Px=
5. Dec=18°26,0'N, Lat(N)
Px=
6. Dec=48°36,1'S, Lat(S)
Px=
7. Dec=63°08,9'N, Lat(N)
Px=
8. Dec=57°53,5'S, Lat(S)
Px=
9. Dec=24°42,9'S, Lat(N)
Px=
Px=
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Px=
Px=
Px=
Px=
Px=
Dec=
2. Px=14°29,3', Lat(N)
Dec=
3. Px=51°30,9', Lat(S)
Dec=
4. Px=26°28,7', Lat(S)
Dec=
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5. Px=46°54,0', Lat(N)
Dec=
6. Px=72°07,5', Lat(N)
Dec=
7. Px=88°15,1', Lat(S)
Dec=
8. Px=93°24,6', Lat(N)
Dec=
9. Px=107°02,3', Lat(N)
Dec=
Dec=
Dec=
Dec=
Dec=
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Dec=
Dec=
H=
Zn=
n
3. Lat=40°N, Dec=15°S, LHA=10°; z
H=
Zn=
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n
H=
Zn=
H=
Zn=
H=
Zn=
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n
H=
Zn=
n
8. Lat=45°N, Dec=0°, LHA=310°; z
H=
Zn=
n
9. Lat=35°N, Dec=25°S, LHA=25°; z
H=
Zn=
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z
10. Lat=30°N, Dec=15°N, LHA=80°;
H=
Zn=
Dec=
LHA=
Dec=
LHA=
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n
z
3. Lat=10°S, H=35°, Zn=200°;
Dec=
LHA=
Dec=
LHA=
Dec=
LHA=
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n
Dec=
LHA=
Dec=
LHA=
n
8. Lat=75°S, H=50°, Zn=135°; z
Dec=
LHA=
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n
Dec=
LHA=
Dec=
LHA=
n
8. დროის აღრიცხვა და კუთხე
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მზის ერთი სრული ბრუნი ცის სფეროზე (360°) შეესაბამება ერთი დღე-ღამის, ანუ 24
საათის გავლას.
დრო კუთხე
4 წუთი 1°=60'
4 წამი 1'=60"
1 წამი 15"
2. შემდეგ, უნდა გავყოთ წუთების რიცხვი ოთხზე, მიღებული მთელი რიცხვი დაემატება
გრადუსებს, ხოლო ნაშთი უნდა გავამრავლოთ 15-ზე კუთხის მინუტების მისაღებად;
3. შემდეგ, უნდა გავყოთ წამების რიცხვი ოთხზე, მიღებული მთელი რიცხვი დაემატება
მინუტებს, ხოლო ნაშთი უნდა გავამრავლოთ 15-ზე კუთხის სეკუნდების მისაღებად.
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2. 22h03m55s
3. 11h39m04s
4. 15h40m27s
5. 02h05m01s
6. 18m42s
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7. 20h04m31s
8. 12h01m00s
9. 19h36m07s
1. უნდა გავყოთ კუთხის გრადუსები 15-ზე, მიღებული მთელი რიცხვი გვიჩვენებს საათებს,
ხოლო დარჩენილი ნაშთი უნდა გავამრავლოთ 4-ზე წუთების მისაღებად;
2. უნდა გავყოთ კუთხის მინუტები 15-ზე, მიღებული მთელი რიცხვი დაემატება წუთებს,
ხოლო დარჩენილი ნაშთი უნდა გავამრავლოთ 4-ზე წამების მისაღებად;
3. უნდა გავყოთ კუთხის სეკუნდები 15-ზე, მიღებული მთელი რიცხვი დაემატება წამებს,
ხოლო დარჩენილი ნაშთი გვიჩვენებს წამის მეათედ ნაწილს.
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2. 46°17'52"
3. 172°09'30"
4. 6°58'21"
5. 35'53"
6. 164°52,7'
7. 208°42,7'
8. 93°05,6'
9. 301°26,5'
10. 41.8'
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9. დროის დიაგრამა
*
GH
LHA
ქვედა (lower branch). დასავლეთის მიმართულება აითვლება Ps • t
საათის ისრის საწინაღმდეგოდ, ხოლო აღმოსავლეთის
g
მიმართულება საათის ისრის მიმართულებით. გრინვიჩის
Ea
rth
ro
მერიდიანი გავლებულია მდებარეობის გრძედის (Long)
*
ta
m
tio
n
მიხედვით. თუ გრძედი აღმოსავლეთისაა, მაშინ გრინვიჩის
მერიდიანი გაივლება დამკვირვებლის მერიდიანის დასავლეთით და პირიქით, თუ გრძედი
დასავლეთისაა, მაშინ გრინვიჩის მერიდიანი გაივლება დამკვირვებლის მერიდიანის
აღმოსავლეთით.
t
GH
Ps•
უნდა გავიგოთ: t და LHA☉.
ამოხსნა:
LHA☉=GHA☉–Long=240°–25°=215°;
g
☉
t=360°–(GHA☉–Long)=360°–215°=145°E st m G
M
We Ea
st
Υ
მაგალითი2: Υ GHA Lo
Υ ng
ცნობილია : LHAΥ=57°, GHAΥ=75° LHA
GHA*
SHA*
•Ps
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SHA*=57°
უნდა გავიგოთ: Long და GHA*.
ამოხსნა:
Long=GHAΥ – LHAΥ=75°–57°=18°W;
GHA*=GHAΥ+SHA*= 75°+60°=135°
სავარჯიშო 18. დროის დიაგრამის გამოყენებით განსაზღვრეთ:
1. გემის გრძედი (Long) და მზის მერიდიანული კუთხე (t),
st Ea
თუ მზის GHA☉=48°14,8'და LHA☉=195°09,8'; We M st
Ps•
m
2. გემის გრძედი (Long) და მთვარის მერიდიანული კუთხე st Ea
We M st
(t), თუ მთვარის GHAm=209°08,6'და LHAm=111°53,3';
Ps•
m
3. გემის გრძედი (Long) და პლანეტის მერიდიანული კუთხე (t), თუ პლანეტის
st Ea
We M st
GHAp=127°25,0'და LHAp=235°48,2';
Ps•
m
4. გემის გრძედი (Long) და ვარსკვლავის მერიდიანული კუთხე (t), თუtვარსკვლავის
s Ea
We M st
GHA*=304°41,8'და LHA*=153°04,7';
Ps•
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Ps•
Ps•
Ps•
m
8. ვარსკვლავის GHA* და მერიდიანული კუთხე (t), თუ გემის გრძედია
st Long=124°03,8'E,
e M Ea
W st
ხოლო ვარსკვლავის LHA* =73°27,3';
Ps•
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Ps•
10. პლანეტის LHAp და მერიდიანული კუთხე (t), თუ გემის გრძედია Long=64°31,7'E, ხოლო
st Ea
We M st
პლანეტის GHAp=298°16,7'.
Ps•
LMT=GMT ± LongWE
LHA=GHA ± LongWE
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სასაათო ზოლის ნომრის ZD-ს (Zone Description) პოვნა ადვილია, თუ ცნობილია გემის
მდებარეობის გრძედი:
2. ზოლის ნომერი (ZD) გაყოფის შედეგად მიღებული მთელი რიცხვის ტოლია, თუ ნაშთი
არ აღემატება 7,5°-ს (ანუ 7°30'-ს);
3. ზოლის ნომერი (ZD) მიიღება გაყოფის შედეგად მიღებულ მთელ რიცხვს დამატებული 1,
თუ ნაშთი აღემატება 7,5°-ს, ანუ 7°30'-ს;
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GMT=ZT + ZD
GMT=11h36m24s – 8h=03h36m24s
სავარჯიშო 19. განსაზღვრეთ სასაათო ზოლის ნომერი (ZD) და გამოთვალეთ გრინვიჩის დრო
(GMT), თუ ცნობილია გემის ადგილობრივი დრო (ZT) და გრძედი (Long):
1. Date: 24.05.2016, ZT=14h53m07s, Long=48°42,8'E
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სადაც,
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2 GMT CT CE CR
Date hh mm ss hh mm ss mm ss slow/ ss lost/gain
fast
1 09.10.2021 18 00 00 05 58 16 1 44 slow
+0.71 gain
2 16.10.2021 18 00 00 05 58 11 1 49 slow
GMT(28.10.2021)=09h53m46sAM + (1m49s + 0.71s·12)=
=09h53m46sAM + 1m58s = 09h55m44sAM
3 GMT CT CE CR
Date/SMT hh mm ss hh mm ss mm ss slow/ ss lost/gain
fast
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1 24.07.2021 12 00 00 11 59 28 0 32 slo w
+1.26 gain
2 03.08.2021 18 00 00 05 59 15 0 45 slow
GMT(14.08.2021)=01h24m05sPM+(45s + 1.26s·11)=01h24m05sPM+59s=01h 25m 04sPM
1 GMT CT CE CR
Date/SMT
hh mm ss hh mm ss mm ss slow/fast ss lost/gain
1 12.06.2021 12 00 00 12 01 22
2 13.06.2021 12 00 00 12 01 23
გამოთვალეთ GMT(25.06.2021), თუ CT=02h 43m 06s PM
2 GMT CT CE CR
Date/SMT
hh mm ss hh mm ss mm ss slow/fast ss lost/gain
1 02.04.2021 14 00 00 01 58 31
2 07.04.2021 14 00 00 01 58 29
გამოთვალეთ GMT(22.04.2021), თუ CT=11h 06m 52s AM
3 GMT CT CE CR
Date/SMT hh mm ss hh mm ss mm ss slow/ ss lost/gain
fast
1 20.11.2021 18 00 00 06 01 19
2 26.11.2021 18 00 00 06 01 22
გამოთვალეთ GMT(13.12.2021), თუ CT=03h 31m 57s PM
4 GMT CT CE CR
Date/SMT hh mm ss hh mm ss mm ss slow/ ss lost/gain
fast
1 08.10.2021 22 00 00 09 57 51
2 16.10.2021 22 00 00 09 58 05
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5 GMT CT CE CR
Date/SMT hh mm ss hh mm ss mm ss slow/ ss lost/gain
fast
1 01.02.2021 12 00 00 11 59 03
2 22.02.2021 18 00 00 05 58 16
გამოთვალეთ GMT(19.03.2021), თუ CT=11h 01m 42s AM
6 GMT CT CE CR
Date/SMT hh mm ss hh mm ss mm ss slow/ ss lost/gain
fast
1 21.08.2021 14 00 00 02 01 07
2 05.09.2021 22 00 00 10 03 21
გამოთვალეთ GMT(21.09.2021), თუ CT=07h 28m 04s PM
7 GMT CT CE CR
Date/SMT hh mm ss hh mm ss mm ss slow/ ss lost/gain
fast
1 08.03.2021 06 00 00 05 58 36
2 21.03.2021 18 00 00 05 56 22
გამოთვალეთ GMT(09.04.2021, თუ CT=11h 57m 51s AM
8 GMT CT CE CR
Date/SMT hh mm ss hh mm ss mm ss slow/ ss lost/gain
fast
1 26.07.2021 20 00 00 08 01 35
2 08.08.2021 14 00 00 02 02 19
გამოთვალეთ GMT(22.08.2021, თუ CT=11h 59m 38s PM
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139°103.1'
LHA* LHA=GHA – Long(W)
+1° – 60.0'
140° 43.1'
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სავარჯიშო 21: იპოვეთ ვარსკვლავის GHA, LHA და Dec Nautical Almanac-ის ცხრილების
საშუალებით:
1. ვარსკვლავი: Alkaid, 2014 წლის 25 ივლისს, ZT=07h32m19s, Long=98°04,2'E;
GMT=
GHAAries(___h)
GHAAries(___m___s)
SHA
GHA*
Long
LHA*
GMT=
GHAAries(___h)
GHAAries(___m___s)
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SHA
GHA*
Long
LHA*
GMT=
GHAAries(___h)
GHAAries(___m___s)
SHA
GHA*
Long
LHA*
GMT=
GHAAries(___h)
GHAAries(___m___s)
SHA
GHA*
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Long
LHA*
GMT=
GHAAries(___h)
GHAAries(___m___s)
SHA
GHA*
Long
LHA*
GMT=
GHAAries(___h)
GHAAries(___m___s)
SHA
GHA*
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Long
LHA*
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მაგალითი: იპოვეთ მზის GHA, LHA და Dec, თუ მასზე დაკვირვებები განხორცილდა 2014 წლის
13 მაისს, ადგილობრივი დროით ZT=10h35m47s და გემის მდებარეობის გრძედი ტოლია -
Long=41°39,2'E;
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+GHAʘ(m,s)
294° 51.8'
335° 91.0'
LHAʘ LHA=GHA + Long(E)
+1° – 60.0'
336° 31.0'
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სავარჯიშო 22: იპოვეთ მზის GHA, LHA და Dec Nautical Almanac-ის ცხრილების საშუალებით:
GMT=
GHA(___h)
GHA(___m___s) dcor:
GHA
Long
LHA
GMT=
GHA(___h)
GHA(___m___s) dcor:
GHA
Long
LHA
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GMT=
GHA(___h)
GHA(___m___s) dcor:
GHA
Long
LHA
GMT=
GHA(___h)
GHA(___m___s) dcor:
GHA
Long
LHA
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GMT=
GHA(___h)
GHA(___m___s) dcor:
GHA
Long
LHA
GMT=
GHA(___h)
GHA(___m___s) dcor:
GHA
Long
LHA
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მაგალითი: იპოვეთ მთვარის GHA, LHA და Dec, თუ მასზე დაკვირვებები განხორცილდა 2014
წლის 14 მაისს, ადგილობრივი დროით ZT=20h34m21s და გემის მდებარეობის გრძედი ტოლია -
Long=132°18.5'W;
-24h; +1d
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სავარჯიშო 23: იპოვეთ მთვარის GHA, LHA და Dec Nautical Almanac-ის ცხრილების
საშუალებით:
GMT=
GHA(___h)
GHA(___m___s) dcor:
Vcor
GHA
Long
LHA
GMT=
GHA(___h)
GHA(___m___s) dcor:
Vcor
GHA
Long
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LHA
GMT=
GHA(___h)
GHA(___m___s) dcor:
Vcor
GHA
Long
LHA
GMT=
GHA(___h)
GHA(___m___s) dcor:
Vcor
GHA
Long
LHA
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GMT=
GHA(___h)
GHA(___m___s) dcor:
Vcor
GHA
Long
LHA
GMT=
GHA(___h)
GHA(___m___s) dcor:
Vcor
GHA
Long
LHA
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ზოგიერთ შემთხვევაში პლანეტა ვენერას v ფაქტორი არის უარყოფითი, რაც ნიშნავს, რომ
ამ შემთხვევაში ვენერას GHA გამოითვლება ფორმულით:
მაგალითი: იპოვეთ პლანეტა ვენერას (Venus) GHA, LHA და Dec, თუ მასზე დაკვირვებები
განხორცილდა 2014 წლის 16 მაისს, ადგილობრივი დროით ZT=05h35m21s და გემის
მდებარეობის გრძედი ტოლია - Long=148°26.3'E;
+24h; -1d
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+GHA(m,s)
+Vcorr
±LongWE +148°26.3' გრძედი
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სავარჯიშო 24: იპოვეთ პლანეტის GHA, LHA და Dec Nautical Almanac-ის ცხრილების
საშუალებით:
GMT=
GHA(___h)
GHA(___m___s) dcor:
Vcor
GHA
Long
LHA
GMT=
GHA(___h)
GHA(___m___s) dcor:
Vcor
GHA
Long
LHA
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GMT=
GHA(___h)
GHA(___m___s) dcor:
Vcor
GHA
Long
LHA
GMT=
GHA(___h)
GHA(___m___s) dcor:
Vcor
GHA
Long
LHA
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GMT=
GHA(___h)
GHA(___m___s) dcor:
Vcor
GHA
Long
LHA
GMT=
GHA(___h)
GHA(___m___s) dcor:
Vcor
GHA
Long
LHA
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4. Nathaniel Bowditch, „American Practical Navigator”, volume I, Pub. No. 9, National Geospatial-
Intelligence Agency, Springfield, Virginia, 2019, https://library.bsma.edu.ge/download.php?
file=Bowditch_Vol_1_LoRes.pdf
5. Nathaniel Bowditch, „American Practical Navigator”, volume II, Pub. No. 9, National Geospatial-
Intelligence Agency, Springfield, Virginia, 2019, https://library.bsma.edu.ge/download.php?
file=Bowditch_Vol_2_LoRes.pdf
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