BASCAL REVIEWER -The limit of the product of two

functions is equal to the product of

the limits of the two functions
Limit - The unique real value that f(x)
approaches as x approaches a certain
Note: Rules 5 and 6 can also be
number.
applied if there are more than two
functions involved
Methods of Finding Limits
• Evaluating both sides of a value Quotient Law
using table of values
𝒇(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)
• Evaluating using a graph 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒙→𝒄
𝒙→𝒄 𝒈(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒈(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒄
The Limit exists if: - The limit of the quotient of two
1. The one-sided limits are equal functions is equal to the quotient of
lim' = lim* the limits of the two functions
$→& $→&
2. The limit approaches a
finite/particular value (the function Power Law
does not approach infinity, the 𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 = [𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 , 𝒏 ∈ ℤB
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
function does not oscillate) - The exponent of the function will
instead become the exponent of the
Functional Value vs Limits limit
• The functional value of a function
may be different from its limit Root Law
• The non-existence of the functional 𝒏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 C𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒏D𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒇(𝒙) , 𝒏 ∈ ℤB
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
value does not mean the non-
existence of the limit - The exponent of the function will
instead become the exponent of the
Basic Limit Laws limit
If f(x) is a polynomial
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒄) If f(x) = g(x), then the 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
-You will simply substitute c into f(x) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒄
Limits of Piecewise Functions
Note: It is not a polynomial function if the • When evalutating 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙), and
function has a radical, a negative 𝒙→𝒄

exponent, a rational function, a variable

𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒂𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < 𝒄
as an exponent, or has a trigonometric 𝒙𝟐 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ 𝒄
equation. You will evaluate using both
equations in the function. f(x)=ax for
The Limit of a Constant Function evaluating from the left, x2 for
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒌 = 𝒌 , 𝒌 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 evaluating from the right
𝒙→𝒄

Limits of Rational Functions that result in

The Limit of an Identity Function 𝟎
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = 𝒄 (indeterminate form)
𝟎
𝒙→𝒄
-If f(x) = x, then the limit of f(x) as it • In a rational function, if both the
approaches c is c. numerator and the denominator
result to 0 after evaluating, then we
Constant Multiple Law may use other methods to find the
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒌 ∙ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) limit, such as factoring and
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 cancelling
-The limit of a constant k multiplied to • If the denominator of a rational
f(x) can be turned into the constant k function does not equate to zero, then
multiplied to the limit of f(x) you can simply use substitution to
find the limit of that function
Sum or Difference Law
𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)] Limits of Rational Functions that result in
𝒙→𝒄
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) 𝟎
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 , and contains radicals
𝟎
-The limit of the sum or difference of • If the rational function results in an
two functions is equal to the sum and indeterminate form and contains
difference of the limits of the two radicals, then we can use
functions rationalization instead.

Product Law
𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
Rationalization – used when the Limits of Exponential Functions
denominator of a rational function contains • 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒃𝒙 = 𝒃𝒂
𝒙→𝒂
a radical -as long as b>0, and b=1, use
𝒙 𝒙 C𝒚 𝒙C𝒚
• = × = substitution
C𝒚 C𝒚 C𝒚 𝒚
𝒙 𝒙 C𝒚B𝒛 𝒙C𝒚B𝒙𝒛
• = × = Limits of Logarithmic Functions
C𝒚L𝒛 C𝒚L𝒛 C𝒚B𝒛 𝒚L𝒛𝟐
If x approaches any real number:
• If the situation above is C𝑦 + 𝑧, then
• 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙
you rationalize using C𝒚 − 𝒛 (sum 𝒙→𝒂

and difference of two terms)

If x approaches 0 from the positive side:
• 𝐥𝐢𝐦* 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 = +∞ [𝟎 < 𝒃 < 𝟏]
Limits of Radical Functions 𝒙→𝟎
• As long as the functional value is • 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 = −∞ [𝒃 > 𝟏]
𝒙→𝟎*
not less than zero/unreal, then you
can find the limit of radical functions Limits of Trigonometric Functions
by substituting (let a be a real number in the domain of the
given trigonometric function, and k an
Infinite Limits integer)
Theorem 1: If n is any positive real number: • 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂
𝟏 𝒙→𝒂
𝐥𝐢𝐦* 𝒏 = +∞ • 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝒂
𝟏 •
𝝅
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒂 [𝒂 ≠ 𝟐 + 𝒌𝝅]
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = +∞ 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒙→𝒂
𝒙→𝟎' 𝒙𝒏 𝝅
𝟏 • 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒂 [𝒂 ≠ + 𝒌𝝅]
𝒙→𝒂 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦' 𝒏 = −∞ 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 • 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒂 [𝒂 ≠ 𝒌𝝅]
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙→𝒂
Theorem 2: In 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙), if a is any real • 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒂 [𝒂 ≠ 𝒌𝝅]
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
number and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟎,
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
𝒇(𝒙) Special Limits
• If c > 0, g(x) > 0, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = +∞
𝒙→𝒂 (let n be any real positive number)
𝒇(𝒙)
• If c > 0, g(x) < 0, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = −∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒏𝒙)
• 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏𝒙 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝒂
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙→𝟎
• If c < 0, g(x) > 0, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = −∞ • 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝟏L𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒏𝒙)
=𝟎
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝟎 𝒏𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒆𝒏𝒙 L𝟏
• If c < 0, g(x) < 0, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = +∞ • 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝟎 𝒏𝒙
To find the limit using this theorem:
𝒇(𝒙)
1.) Given 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙), find a value very close to Continuity of a Function at a Number
𝒙→𝒂
a from both sides. • A function is continuous if it’s graph
2.) Substitute that value into the rational doesn’t have any jumps or breaks. It
function also isn’t continuous if a function
3.) Determine the sign of the numerator and extends to infinity
denominator. If they have LIKE SIGNS, then • Given the equation, a function is
the limit approaches +∞. If they have continuous if:
DIFFERENT SIGNS, then the limit 1.) The Functional Value f(c) exists
approaches −∞. 2.) The Limit exists, and the one-
sided limits are equal
Limits At Infinity 3.) The Functional Value and Limits
• If n is any positive real number, then are EQUAL 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒄)
𝒙→𝒄
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒏 = ∞ If ANY one of these rules are
𝒙→BX
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒏 = ∞ 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 unsatisfied, then the function is NOT
𝒙→LX CONTINUOUS
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒏 = −∞ 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅 • Polynomial functions are continuous
𝒙→LX
𝟏 everywhere
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 = 𝟎
𝒙→±X 𝒙 • Rational functions are continuous as
long as the function is still in its
𝒂 𝒙𝒏 B𝒂 𝒙𝒏'𝟏 B𝒂 𝒙𝒏'𝟐 B⋯
• Given 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒃 𝟎𝒙𝒎 B𝒃 𝟏𝒙𝒎'𝟏 B𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝒎'𝟐 B⋯ domain
𝒙→X 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
Focus on the Leading Terms of the • Squareroot functions 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 are
numerator and denominator continuous as long as x is NOT less
1.) If the leading terms have similar than 0.
𝒂
exponents (n=m), then the limit is 𝟎
𝒃𝟎 Continuity of a Function at an Interval
2.) If n < m, the limit is 0 • If given a piecewise function and
3.) If n > m, the limit Does Not Exist asked if the function is continuous at
specific intervals, then base your
 answers on the Conditions of the
piecewise function
• If asked to give the interval where
the rational function is continuous,
check its domain. Create an interval
that excludes the restriction of the
domain.
• An absolute value function is
continuous everywhere
• Polynomial functions are continuous
in the set of Real Numbers
Finding the continuity of a rational
function given an unknown number k in
the denominator
𝟏
• You are given 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌𝒙L𝟐, and
asked at what value(s) of k is f(x)
continuous when x=1.
1.) Equate the denominator to zero (kx-
2=0)
2.) Substitute given values (in this case,
we substitute x with 1, leaving us with k-
2=0)
3.) Solve for k (k=2)
4.) Construct an appropriate answer for
the original question (f(x) is continuous
when k is not equal to 2)
Intermediate Value Theorem
• If f(x) is a continuous function over
the closed interval [a,b], then for
every value f(c) between f(a) and
f(b), there exists atleast one c in
[a,b].
Example of IVT
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐; [𝟎, 𝟕]; 𝒇(𝒄) = 𝟑𝟖
Finding f(0) and f(7)
𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎𝟐 + 𝟗(𝟎) + 𝟐 = 𝟐
𝒇(𝟕) = 𝟕𝟐 + 𝟗(𝟕) + 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒
2<38<114 is TRUE. Thus, c exists.
To find c:
𝒇(𝒄) = 𝒄𝟐 + 𝟗𝒄 + 𝟐 = 𝟑𝟖
𝒄𝟐 + 𝟗𝒄 − 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎
(𝒄 + 𝟏𝟐)(𝒄 − 𝟑) = 𝟎
Thus, f(c) exists when c = -12 or 3
Extreme Value Theorem
• The Extreme value theorem states
that if a function is continuous on a
closed interval [a,b], then the
function must have a maximum and
a minimum on the interval.
• It is also true that when the function
doesn’t have any extrema, then the
function is NOT continuous
• In determining the extrema of a
function, we use table of values
Note: IVT and EVT are not methods used to
find specific values, only the existence of
the values
Formula for finding the derivative using
limits
𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒂)
𝒇k (𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂
-Derivatives use the same formula for
finding the slope of a tangent line
-Since we already learned differentiation
rules, its much better to use those than this
Notes for velocity problems
• The average velocity at interval [a,b]
𝒇(𝒃)L𝒇(𝒂)
is 𝒃L𝒂
• When asked for instantaneous
velocity at a given value, you are
looking for its derivative
Differentiability of a Function
• Recalling the three conditions for
determining if a function is
continuous at a given point, you also
use those conditions for determining
the differentiability of a function.
• If a function is discontinuous, then
the function is not differentiable at
the point of discontinuity.
Differentiation Rules
• Constant Rule
If f(x) = c, f’(x) = 0
• Power Rule
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 l , 𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝒏𝒙𝒏L𝟏
• Constant Multiple Rule
If 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑓(𝑥), 𝒈k (𝒙) = 𝒄 𝒇′(𝒙)
• Sum and Difference Rule
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) ± ℎ(𝑥)
𝒇k (𝒙) = 𝒈k (𝒙) ± 𝒉k(𝒙)
• Product Rule
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)ℎ(𝑥)
𝒇k (𝒙) = 𝒈k (𝒙)𝒉(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)𝒉′(𝒙)
• Quotient Rule
r($)
If 𝑓(𝑥) = s($)
𝒈t (𝒙)𝒉(𝒙)L𝒈(𝒙)𝒉k(𝒙)
𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝒉(𝒙)𝟐
• Natural Exponential Function
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 $ , 𝒇k (𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙
• General Exponential Functions
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 $ , 𝒇k (𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙 𝑰𝒏𝒙
 • Natural Logarithmic Functions
𝟏
If 𝑓(𝑥) = In𝑥 , 𝒇k (𝒙) =
𝒙
• General Logarithmic Functions
𝟏 OUTER function, and 3𝑥 ‹ is the
If 𝑓(𝑥) = log | 𝑥 , 𝒇k (𝒙) = 𝒙𝐈𝐧𝒂
• Sine
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝒇k (𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
• Cosine
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝒇k (𝒙) = −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
• Tangent
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝒇k (𝒙) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
• Cotangent
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥, 𝒇k (𝒙) = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒙
• Cosecant
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥, 𝒇k (𝒙) = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙
• Secant
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥, 𝒇k (𝒙) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
Note: You can use trigonometric identities
and special limits to help find the derivatives
of trigonometric functions.
𝒅𝒚
Note: 𝒇k (𝒙) 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒂𝒔 𝒚k 𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝒅𝒙
Optimization Problems – A computational
problem in which the objective is to find the
best of all the possible solutions
Steps in Solving Optimization Problems
1.) Draw an illustration of the problem to
serve as a guide (optional)
2.) Assign variables to all unknown
quantities
3.)Determine the constraint/domain of the
function given by the problem.
4.) Create a function for the problem. Make
sure that the function is expressed using a
single variable. If the given originally had
more than one variable, express those
variables in term of one variable.
5.) Find the first derivative of the function.
Use that derivative as a critical value.
6.) Construct a table of values to find the
point where the output is the highest.
7.)Create an appropriate conclusion.
Chain Rule
• Used when a function is a
composition of two or more
functions
If the function is (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙)
• (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)k (𝒙) = 𝒇k …𝒈(𝒙)† + 𝒈′(𝒙)
-What this says is that to find the derivative
a composition of functions, you first get the
derivative of the outer function (function as
a whole) and add the derivative of the inner
function (the function that became a part of
the whole.
For better understanding:
• In 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒙, csc ‹ 𝑥 is the
OUTER function, while 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 is the
INNER
• In 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝟓𝒙B𝟏 , 𝑒 •$BŽ is the OUTER
function, while 5x+1 is the INNER
• In 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐈𝐧…𝟑𝒙𝟐 †, In(3𝑥 ‹ ) is the
INNER.
𝟐𝐱
• In 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝐱L𝟑)𝟐 , you will first
differentiate using the quotient rule.
When differentiating (𝐱 − 𝟑)𝟐 , you
treat (𝐱 − 𝟑)𝟐 as the OUTER
function, and x-3 as the INNER
Note: When differentiating the outer function,
you will NOT touch the inner function. What
you can do is assign a single variable to the
inner function. For example, In 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝟓𝒙B𝟏 ,
you can assign 5x-1 to g when differentiating
the outer. What will happen is the derivative
𝒅 𝒅
will now be 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒅𝒈 𝒆𝒈 + 𝒅𝒙 (𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏). After
deriving, you can substitute 5x-1 back into g.
Higher Order Derivatives
• The nth derivative is denoted by
𝒇𝒏 (𝒙), and n is called the order of the
derivative.
• When finding derivatives of higher
order, you will differentiate the
function and then the derivatives until
you get to the asked order of
derivative.
• If the asked derivative is 1 higher than
the exponent of the leading term in
the function, then the derivative in
that order is 0.
Implicit Differentiation
• Most functions in basic calculus
involve functions y written explicitly,
meaning that the function is written at
y=f(x).
• When a function is written implicitly,
this means that the function is not
written in the form y = f(x). Perhaps
the function is written as 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙 = 𝟑
or other examples where the
dependent variable is raised to
values other than 1.
• We apply the chain rule when y is
defined implicitly
𝒅 k 𝒅 𝒅𝒚
𝒇 (𝒚) = 𝒇′(𝒚) ×
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
Steps In implicit Differentiation
1.) Differentiate both sides with respect to x
2.) For any terms that has y, find the
derivative of the term with respect to y, then
𝒅𝒚
multiply it to 𝒅𝒙.
𝒅𝒚
3.)Isolate all terms with 𝒅𝒙
. If needed, factor
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
out 𝒅𝒙, and then solve for 𝒅𝒙.
𝒅𝒚
Note: you can replace with 𝒚′ to make the
𝒅𝒙
process les tedious
Examples of Implicit Differentiation Examples of RR Problems
(ppt examples) (apologies for no proper illustration)
𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
(i) 𝑦 + 𝑦 ‹ − 3𝑦 − 𝟓 + 𝟎 = 0
‘ A water droplet falls onto a still pond and
(ii)𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝒚′ + 𝟐𝒚𝒚′ − 𝟑𝒚′ − 5𝑥 = 0 create concentric circular ripples that
(iii)3𝑦 ‹ 𝑦 k + 2𝑦𝑦 k − 3𝑦 k = 𝟓𝒙 propagate away from the center. Assuming
(iv)𝒚k (3𝑦 ‹ + 2𝑦 − 3) = 5𝑥 that the area of a ripple is increasing at the
𝟓𝒙
(v)𝒚k = (𝟑𝒚𝟐 B𝟐𝒚L𝟑) rate of 𝟐𝝅 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒔, find the rate at which the
radius is increasing at the instant when
the radius is 10 cm
(i) Differentiate terms with variable x first
(ii) Get the derivatives if terms with y, apply
chain rule and add y’
(iii) Isolate terms with y’
(iv) Factor out y’
(v) isolate y’ to solve y’

𝒆𝒙𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚
$• -We are given 𝟐𝝅 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒔, the rate at which
(i) 𝑒 = 𝟏 + 3𝑦
the area of the ripple increases. We can
(ii)𝒆𝒙𝒚 (𝒙𝒚k + 𝒚) = 1 + 𝟑𝒚′ 𝒅𝑨
(iii)𝒆𝒙𝒚 𝒙𝒚k + 𝒆𝒙𝒚 𝒚 = 1 + 3𝑦′ represent this as 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐𝝅
(iv)𝑒 $• 𝑥𝑦 k − 𝟑𝒚k = 1 − 𝒆𝒙𝒚 𝒚 -We are asked to find the rate of change of
(v) 𝒚k (𝑒 $• 𝑥 − 3) = 1 − 𝑒 $• 𝑦 the ripple’s radius when the radius is 10. We
𝟏L𝒆𝒙𝒚 𝒚 𝒅𝒓
(vi) 𝒚k = are searching for
𝒅𝒕
𝒆𝒙𝒚 𝒙L𝟑
-Since this problem involves area of a circle,
(i) Differentiate terms with variable x first we can use the formula for the area of a
(ii) Get the derivatives if terms with y, apply circle, 𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐
chain rule and add y’ (chain rule was also
applied to 𝑒 $• ) Let’s differentiate that formula with respect to
(iii) Expand terms t using implicit differentiation.
(iv) Isolate terms with y’ 𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐
(v) Factor out y’ 𝒅𝑨 𝒅𝒓
= 𝟐𝝅𝒓
(vi) isolate y’ to solve y’ 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑨
Related Rates Problems Since we have a value for and r, we will
𝒅𝒕
• TLDR, these problems involve the use substitution
change of different variables in a 𝒅𝒓
certain problem 𝟐𝝅 = 𝟐𝝅(𝟏𝟎)
𝒅𝒕
• These problems are always 𝒅𝒓
differentiated with respect to time. 𝟐𝝅 = 𝟐𝟎𝝅
𝒅𝒕

Steps in solving RR Problems 𝒅𝒓

Isolate and solve for 𝒅𝒕 .
1.) Draw an illustration of the problem if you 𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝒓
have trouble conjuring an image in your mind =
2.)Identify all quantities/variables that 𝟐𝟎𝝅 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒓 𝟏
involves change =
𝒅𝒕 𝟏𝟎
3.)Write these quantities as the derivatives of
a variable with respect to time. Thus, we can conclude that the radius of the
-The derivative is positive if the change is 𝟏
ripple is increasing at rate of 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎/𝒔 when
increasing
-The derivative is negative if the change is the radius is 10
negative
4.)Identify the rate of change being asked. Another Example
5.)Find an equitation that is relevant to the If the volume of a sphere is increasing at the
situation of the problem rate of 𝟖𝝅 𝒇𝒕𝟑 /𝒔, what is the rate of
6.)Use implicit differentiation, with t (time) as change of its radius at the point in time
the independent variable when the radius is 6 feet
7.) Substitute the given values into the
equation. If necessary, find some of the
unknown values using the given values.
8.)Construct an appropriate conclusion.
-We are given 𝟖𝝅 𝒇𝒕𝟑 /𝒔, the rate at which 𝒅𝒍 𝒅𝒘
Since we have a value for , 𝒅𝒕 , l, and w, we
𝒅𝒕
the volume of the sphere is increasing will use substitution
𝒅𝑽
We can represent this as .
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑨
= 𝟑(𝟒) + 𝟐(𝟓)
-We are asked to find the rate of change of 𝒅𝒕
the sphere’s radius when the radius is 6. We
𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝑨
are searching for Isolate and solve for 𝒅𝒕 .
𝒅𝒕
-Since this problem involves volume of a 𝒅𝑨
= 𝟐𝟐
sphere, we can use the formula for the 𝒅𝒕
𝟒
volume of a sphere. 𝑽 = 𝟑 𝝅𝒓𝟑
Thus, the area of the circle is increasing at a
rate of 𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒎^𝟐/𝒔 when the length is 5 and
Let’s differentiate that formula with respect to the width is 6
t using implicit differentiation.
𝟒
𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓𝟑 Practice Problems
𝟑
𝒅𝑽 𝒅𝒓 Worksheet on Limits
= 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 https://k12workbook.com/worksheet-
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
concept/limits-calculus
𝒅𝑽 (only pages 1-4)
Since we have a value for and r, we will
𝒅𝒕
use substitution Worksheet on Derivatives
𝒅𝒓
𝟐
𝟖𝝅 = 𝟒𝝅(𝟔) https://ic.arc.losrios.edu/~mirzaam/math400/
𝒅𝒕 DIFFPRACT.pdf
𝒅𝒓
𝟖𝝅 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝝅
𝒅𝒕 Problems on Optimization
𝒅𝒓 https://apps.dso.iastate.edu/si/documentdb/
Isolate and solve for . spring_2016/MATH_165__09-14__Castillo-
𝒅𝒕
𝟖𝝅 𝒅𝒓 Gil_anghoog_MATH_165__09-
=
𝟏𝟒𝟒𝝅 𝒅𝒕 14__Demeo_anghoog_MATH_165__20-
𝒅𝒓 𝟏 25_35-
=
𝒅𝒕 𝟏𝟖 41__Jenkins_shawnkim_Practice_Optimizat
ion_Problems.pdf
Thus, the radius of the sphere is increasing
𝟏
at a rate of 𝟏𝟖 𝒄𝒎/𝒔 when the radius is 6 Related Rates Worksheet
http://tajimasolis.weebly.com/uploads/3/7/3/
Last Example 4/37346235/calculus_related_rates_practice
The width of a rectangle is increasing at a .pdf
rate of 𝟐 𝒄𝒎/𝒔, while the length increases at
𝟑 𝒄𝒎/𝒔. At what rate is the area increasing
when w = 4 cm and l = 5 cm

wow

-We are given both the rate which the width

and length are increasing, which is 𝟐 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
and 𝟑 𝒄𝒎/𝒔, respectively. We can represent
𝒅𝒘 𝒅𝒍
both of these as 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐 and 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟑
-We are asked to find the rate of change of
𝒅𝑨
the rectangle’s area. We are searching for 𝒅𝒕
-Since this problems involves area of
rectangle, we use the formula for the area of
a rectangle. 𝑨 = 𝒍𝒘

Let’s differentiate that formula with respect to

t using implicit differentiation.
𝑨 = 𝒍𝒘
𝒅𝑨 𝒅𝒍 𝒅𝒘 Kung gusto niyo ishare ung reviewer sa iba, go lang
= 𝒘 + 𝒍 GOOD LUCK SA EXAMS!!!! -Eisen
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

-We also applied product rule here