DOI: 10.1784/insi.2022.64.6.

334
MAGNETIC METHODS

Experimental analysis of the piezomagnetic

properties of ferromagnetic steels subjected to
cyclic tensile stress
Sheng Bao, Yan Li, Zhengye Zhao, Tao Jiang and Huangjie Lou

The objective of this research is to investigate the evolution of the piezomagnetic field of 30CrNiMo8 steel under cyclic
tensile stress with variable amplitudes and asymmetrical cyclic tensile stress. The piezomagnetic field signal of an initially
undemagnetised 30CrNiMo8 steel specimen was recorded simultaneously during the whole loading process. It was found
that the magnetic field variation is in contrast to the variation of the applied stress during the elastic stage. However, the
magnetic field variation started to be consistent with the variation of the applied stress when approaching and entering
the plastic stage. A reasonable explanation was given for understanding this phenomenon. The Villari reversal point and
the tail reversal point occurred during the plastic stage, which can be used to characterise the transition state from the
elastic to plastic stage. The variations of the Villari reversal point and the tail reversal point under cyclic tensile stress with
variable amplitudes were slightly different from those under asymmetrical cyclic tensile stress.
Keywords: piezomagnetic field, cyclic tensile stress, Villari reversal, tail reversal, 30CrNiMo8 steel.

1. Introduction
It is well known that the magnetic properties of a ferromagnetic
material will be altered due to the applied mechanical stress, which
is called the piezomagnetic effect. This was first investigated by
Villari[1] in 1865. Since then, many studies have been carried out
to explore the relationship between the piezomagnetic field and
mechanical stress with an external applied magnetic field. Brown[2]
successfully predicted the magnetisation-stress curve by replacing
the applied stress with an equivalent field, which exerts the same
effect on the domain walls as the applied stress. Bozorth et al[3,4]
indicated that the effect of unidirectional stress on magnetisation
depends on the magneto-striction of the material. Craik and Wood[5]
investigated the magnetisation variations induced by uniaxial
elastic stress in a constant applied magnetic field and found that
the magnetisation variations under tensile stress are asymmetrical
to those under compressive stress in various ferromagnetic
materials. Jiles and Atherton[6] indicated that the application of
stress, whether compressive or tensile, causes the magnetisation to
approach the anhysteretic curve at a given constant field strength.
Later, a physical model was developed by Sablik and Jiles[7] for the
coupling between magnetic and magnetostrictive hysteresis and for
the effect of mechanical stress on both types of hysteresis. Based
on the law of approach, Jiles[8] proposed an improved model theory
of the magnetomechanical effect considering the stress-dependent
magnetostriction and the anhysteretic magnetisation curve.
This model theory was successively verified by experimental
results[9-13]. Further work was carried out to modify and
improve the model theory of the magnetomechanical effect.
Schneider et al[14] proposed a model based on the measured
differential susceptibility of the normal magnetisation curve and
the saturate hysteresis curve. The stress effective field from energy
considerations and stress demagnetisation derived from measured
data where stress demagnetisation is a major consideration.
Li and Jiles[15,16] developed a new and improved equation for
modelling the magnetomechanical effect based on an extension
of the previous law of approach equation to include terms that are
analogous to those in the Rayleigh Law.
Previous work mostly focused on the effects of stress on magnetic
properties under an applied magnetic field, such as susceptibility,
permeability, remanence and coercivity, as well as the hysteresis
loop[17-19]. However, the variations of spontaneous magnetic signals
of ferromagnetic materials without demagnetisation under a wide
range of stress in the geomagnetic field have not been investigated
thoroughly. Recently, the piezomagnetic effect has attracted
increased attention as a supplement of magnetic measurements for
the evaluation of the stress state in ferromagnetic materials[20-22].
It has been demonstrated that measuring spontaneous magnetic
field signals provides a promising tool with which to estimate
the stress state in ferromagnetic materials. However, the strong
coupling of stress and microstructure with magnetic properties in
ferromagnetic materials makes it difficult to completely understand
the complex effects of stress on magnetisation behaviours.
This paper continues and supplements the research into the
evolution of the piezomagnetic field of Q345 and U75V steels
subjected to cyclic tensile stress with variable amplitudes[23]. It was
found that the magnetic field reversal points vary drastically during
the initial loading cycles, especially before and after entering the
yield stage, and then change gradually during the plastic stage.
The initial drastic variations of the magnetic field reversal points
may be utilised to characterise the transition state from elastic to
plastic deformation. In this paper, cyclic tensile stress with variable
amplitudes and asymmetrical cyclic tensile stress were exerted on
30CrNiMo8 steel, respectively. The corresponding piezomagnetic
l Submitted 01.03.22 / Accepted 13.04.22
Sheng Bao, Yan Li, Zhengye Zhao, Tao Jiang* and Huangjie Lou are
with the College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
*Corresponding author. Email: cetjiang@zju.edu.cn

334 Insight • Vol 64 • No 6 • June 2022


field variations during the whole loading process were analysed and
the differences from those of Q345 and U75V steels were discussed.
2. Experimental details
The material used in this research is 30CrNiMo8 steel, which is
a low-alloy quenched and tempered steel mainly used in high-
pressure vessels and characterised with high strength and excellent
fatigue resistance. The chemical composition and mechanical
properties of the steel are listed in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The
stress-strain curve of the 30CrNiMo8 steel is shown in Figure 1. It
can be observed that the 30CrNiMo8 steel exhibits an elastic stage,
a plastic stage with a 0.2% offset yield strength of about 800 MPa
and a necking stage. Tensile specimens were machined into smooth
plates with a thickness of 4 mm according to the Chinese standard
GB/T228-2002. The dimensions of the specimen are shown in
Figure 2.
Table 1. Chemical composition (wt%) of the 30CrNiMo8 steel
C Si Mn P S Cr
0.26-0.34 ≤0.4 0.5-0.8 ≤0.025 ≤0.035 1.8-2.2
Table 2. Mechanical properties of the 30CrNiMo8 steel
Elastic modulus E Yield strength σy Ultimate tensile strength σu
(GPa) (MPa) (MPa)
201 800 950
Figure 1. Stress-strain curve of the 30CrNiMo8 steel
Figure 2. Dimensions of the specimen (unit: mm)
The cyclic stress-controlled uniaxial tensile tests were conducted
on a universal testing machine with a peak capacity of 200 kN at
room temperature. A standard electronic extensometer with a
50 mm gauge length was used to measure strain. To reduce the
magnetic field interference, rubber bands were used instead of steel
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MAGNETIC METHODS
springs to install the electronic extensometer. The magnetic signals
(B-field) were detected using an APS 428D fluxgate magnetometer
with an accuracy of 0.1 nT. The selected range of the magnetometer
was ±10,000 nT. The installation of the test apparatus is shown
in Figure 3. Each specimen was vertically mounted between the
upper and lower grips of the testing machine when being loaded.
The magnetic probe was installed on the upper grip of the testing
machine with a rigid non-magnetic support and aimed at the
middle-upper part of a specimen with an angle of 45°. The distance
between the tip of the magnetic sensor and the surface of the
specimen was about 10 mm. A relatively large variation in both
the horizontal and normal components of the magnetic field could
be monitored by positioning the probe closely and at a slant with
respect to the sample, which can be found in prior publications[24,25].
Shielded by a cylindrical Mu-metal tube, the magnetic probe only
recorded the magnetic field component parallel to the cylindrical
axis of the probe. To determine the magnetic field interference
from the external environment, such as
the grips of the testing machine and the
electronic control system, experiments on
Ni Mo non-magnetic specimens made of aluminium
1.8-2.2 0.3-0.5 and copper have been carried out in prior
publications[20-22]. The results showed that the
background field does not significantly disturb the piezomagnetic
field originating from the specimen.
Figure 3. Installation of the test apparatus
In this research, a series of cyclic tensile tests were conducted
on identical specimens. The experimental procedures for
specimens 1 and 2 are as follows: the specimen was first loaded to
a predetermined stress and then unloaded to 0 MPa; the specimen
was further loaded to the next predetermined stress and once
again unloaded to 0 MPa. These procedures were repeated until
all cycles were completed. The B-field was
recorded throughout the loading process
with a sampling rate of 30 points per second.
The tensile tests were controlled by stress and
the loading speed was 10 MPa/s. The detailed
loading programmes of specimens 1 and 2 are
listed in Table 3. It can be observed that the
maximum stress of each cycle of specimen 1
gradually increases from 100 MPa to
900 MPa at increments of 100 MPa for
cycles 1-6 and 50 MPa for cycles 7-12.
However, the maximum stress of each cycle of specimen 2 first
decreases from 880 MPa to 720 MPa and then increases to 980 MPa.
It should be noted that the maximum stress of cycle 1 (ie 880 MPa)
has already exceeded the yield strength and the maximum stress of
cycles 4-7 are less than the yield strength.
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MAGNETIC METHODS
Table 3. Loading programmes of specimens 1 and 2
Specimen
Maximum stress (MPa) of each cycle
number
100 → 200 → 300 → 400 → 500 →
1 Cycles 1-12 600 → 650 → 700 → 750 → 800 →
850 → 900
880 → 880 → 840 → 800 → 760 →
2 Cycles 1-13 720 → 780 → 840 → 900 → 920 →
940 → 960 → 980
An asymmetrical cyclic stress was applied to specimen 3. The
detailed loading programmes of specimen 3 are shown in Table 4.
The loading speed of the asymmetrical cyclic stress-controlled
tensile tests was 30 MPa/s and a sampling rate of 30 points per
second was used. The stress waveform was triangular and the fixed
stress amplitude of each step was 300 MPa. The mean stress of each
step first increases from 400 MPa to 550 MPa and decreases to
475 MPa at step 7. Then, the mean stress of steps 8 and 9 increases
to 500 MPa and 550 MPa, respectively. It should be noted that the
maximum stress of steps 5, 6 and 9 is larger than the yield strength
and the maximum stress of rest steps is less than the yield strength.
Additionally, each step contains ten cycles and the total cyclic
number is 90.
Table 4. Loading programmes of specimen 3
Specimen
Mean stress and stress amplitude (MPa) of each step
number
400 ± 300 → 450 ± 300 → 475 ± 300 →
3 Steps 1-9 500 ± 300 → 525 ± 300 → 550 ± 300 →
475 ± 300 → 500 ± 300 → 550 ± 300
3. Results and discussions
Figure 4 shows the variations of the applied stress and the
corresponding magnetic field response during the whole loading
process of specimen 1. During the elastic stage, the B-field increases
drastically from cycle 1 to cycle 6 and then increases gradually from
cycle 7 to cycle 9. The maximum B-field (denoted as Bmax) increases
significantly from 99 nT in cycle 1 to 2850 nT in cycle 9 as the
maximum applied stress (denoted as σmax) increases from 100 MPa
in cycle 1 to 750 MPa in cycle 9. However, the B-field amplitude
decreases slowly from 833 nT in cycle 2 to 278 nT in cycle 8.
During the plastic stage, Bmax increases continually from 3163 nT in
cycle 10 to 3654 nT in cycle 12 as σmax increases from 800 MPa in
cycle 10 to 900 MPa in cycle 12. When approaching and entering
the plastic stage, the B-field amplitude reverses the variation trend,
which increases from 406 nT in cycle 9 to 1604 nT in cycle 12. It
can be seen from cycles 1-8 that the B-field first decreases as the
applied stress increases and the minimum B-field (denoted as Bmin)
occurs during the loading process. Subsequently, the B-field starts
to increase during the rest of the loading and unloading process
and reaches a maximum when the applied stress is unloaded to
0 MPa. The increasing rate of the B-field during the rest of the
loading process is larger than during the unloading process, which
changes at the dividing point between the loading and unloading
processes. As the number of the loading cycle increases, the point
where Bmin occurs gradually approaches the point where the applied
stress is the largest. For example, Bmin is 36 nT in cycle 2 and the
corresponding stress is 87 MPa, which is much smaller than σmax
of cycle 2 (ie 200 MPa), while Bmin is 2444 nT in cycle 8 and the
336 Insight • Vol 64 • No 6 • June 2022
corresponding stress is 656 MPa, which is close to σmax of cycle 8
(700 MPa). It is very interesting that the B-field variations during
the elastic stage of 30CrNiMo8 steel are significantly different
from those of Q345 and U75V steels. Experimental results in[23]
showed that the B-fields of Q345 and U75V steels first increase in
the loading process and then decrease in the unloading process
during the elastic stage. The maximum B-field roughly corresponds
to the maximum applied stress and the minimum B-field exactly
corresponds to the minimum stress. By contrast, the B-field of
30CrNiMo8 steel seems to be of antisymmetrical variation with
respect to the applied stress. The most striking phenomenon is that
a transition of the variation trend of the B-field occurs between
cycles 8 and 9. Interestingly, when approaching and entering the
plastic stage, the B-field variations of 30CrNiMo8 steel start to be
consistent with those of the Q345 and U75V steels described in[23].
It can be seen from cycles 9-12 that the B-field first increases and
then decreases as the applied stress increases during the loading
process, while the B-field also first increases and then decreases as
the applied stress decreases during the unloading process. Hence,
there are two extreme points of the B-field during the loading and
unloading processes, respectively. The extreme point of the B-field
during the loading process is referred to as Villari reversal[1] and
the extreme point of the B-field during the unloading process is
denoted as tail reversal[25]. When approaching the plastic stage,
the B-field of the Villari reversal point (denoted as BV) in cycle 9
is 2818 nT, which is slightly less than that of the tail reversal point
(denoted as BT) of 2855 nT. When entering the plastic stage, it can
be observed from cycles 10-12 that the B-field of the Villari reversal
point is larger than that of the tail reversal point.
Figure 4. Variations of stress and the B-field during the whole
loading process of specimen 1
Figure 5 shows the variations of the applied stress and the
corresponding magnetic field response during the entire loading
process of specimen 2. Due to the fact that the maximum applied
stress of cycle 1 has already exceeded the yield strength, the Villari
reversal point and the tail reversal point occur conspicuously
during the loading and unloading processes, respectively. As the
number of loading cycles increases, the maximum applied stress
first gradually decreases from cycle 1 to cycle 6 and then increases
from cycle 7 to cycle 13. It can be observed from cycles 1-3 that
the difference between the B-field of the Villari reversal point and
the tail reversal point gradually reduces as the maximum applied
stress decreases. In the first loading cycle, the B-field of the Villari
reversal point is 1227 nT, which is significantly larger than that of
the tail reversal point by 239 nT. In the second loading cycle, BV is
1129 nT, which is slightly larger than BT by 49 nT, while the difference
between BV and BT decreases to 10 nT in the third loading cycle. It
is interesting that once the maximum applied stress is less than the
yield strength, the Villari reversal point and the tail reversal point
 MAGNETIC METHODS

disappear immediately in cycle 4. Identically, as the maximum
applied stresses in cycles 5-7 are all less than the yield strength, the
Villari reversal point and the tail reversal point do not occur during
the loading and unloading processes. It can be seen from cycle 8
that the Villari reversal point and the tail reversal point appear
again due to the maximum applied stress of cycle 8 (840 MPa) being
larger than the yield strength. The difference between the B-field
of the Villari reversal point and the tail reversal point is 8 nT in
cycle 8, which greatly increases to 115 nT in cycle 10 as the maximum
applied stress increases from 840 MPa in cycle 8 to 920 MPa in
cycle 10. Then, the difference between BV and BT reduces to a
relatively steady level of about 80 nT in cycles 11-13, though the
maximum applied stress continually increases from 940 MPa in
cycle 11 to 980 MPa in cycle 13. It can be observed that the B-field
amplitude has a dramatic increase in the second plastic stage,
increasing from 800 nT in cycle 8 to 1760 nT in cycle 13.
the maximum B-field starts to appear during the unloading process.
During the unloading process, the B-field first increases and then
decreases leading to the occurrence of Bmax. The point where Bmax
occurs is slightly away from the point where the applied stress is the
smallest as the number of the loading cycle increases. For example,
Bmax is 1475 nT in cycle 24 and the corresponding stress is 190 MPa,
which is quite close to the minimum stress (175 MPa), while Bmax
is 1481 nT in cycle 30 and the corresponding stress is 262 MPa,
which is greatly larger than the minimum stress. During the loading
process, there is a change in the decreasing rate of the B-field and
the minimum B-field occurs at the point where the applied stress is
the largest. Though the variation of the B-field of step 3 is slightly
different from that of steps 1 and 2, it is still in contrast to the
variation of the applied stress.

Figure 5. Variations of stress and the B-field during the whole

loading process of specimen 2

Figure 6 displays the variations of the applied stress and the

corresponding magnetic field response during the elastic stage
of specimen 3. In the first loading cycle, the B-field is 271 nT at
the beginning of the loading process, which drastically increases
to 1303 nT at the end of the unloading process. The B-field first
increases and then decreases as the applied stress increases during
the loading process. A minimal value of the B-field appears at
the dividing point between the loading and unloading processes. Figure 6. Variations of stress and the B-field during the elastic
Subsequently, the B-field starts to vary steadily and regularly with stage of specimen 3: (a) step 1; and (b) step 2
the applied stress from cycle 2 to cycle 20. The B-field decreases as
the applied stress increases during the loading process and increases
as the applied stress decreases during the unloading process. The
maximum B-field corresponds to the minimum applied stress and
the minimum B-field corresponds to the maximum applied stress.
Although the loading programmes of specimen 3 are different
from that of specimen 1, the B-field of specimen 3 is also of
antisymmetrical variation with the applied stress during the elastic
stage. Except for cycle 1, the B-field amplitude is almost constant
with the number of the loading cycle increasing in steps 1 and 2.
The average B-field amplitude of step 1 (276 MPa) is larger than that
of step 2 (198 MPa), despite the maximum stress of step 1 being less
than that of step 2.
Figure 7. Variations of stress and the B-field of specimen 3 at step 3
The variations of the applied stress and the corresponding
magnetic field response at step 3 of specimen 3 are exhibited in
Figure 7. The maximum stress of step 3 is 775 MPa, which is close Figure 8 shows the variations of the applied stress and the
to the yield strength of 800 MPa. It can be seen from cycles 21-23 corresponding magnetic field response at step 4 of specimen 3. As
that the B-field decreases as the stress increases during the loading the maximum stress of step 4 is 800 MPa, which is equal to the
process and increases as the stress decreases during the unloading yield strength, it can be observed that the variation of the B-field
process. The maximum B-field corresponds to the minimum applied is extremely volatile and intricate. It can be seen from cycles 31-40
stress and the minimum B-field corresponds to the maximum that the B-field first increases and then decreases as the applied
applied stress. However, it can be observed from cycles 24-30 that stress increases during the loading process, while the B-field also

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MAGNETIC METHODS

first increases and then decreases as the applied stress decreases
during the unloading process. Thus, there are two extreme points
of the B-field in the loading and unloading processes. It should
be noted that the minimum B-field occurs at the point where the
applied stress is the largest in cycles 31-38. Therefore, the extreme
point of the B-field in the loading process may not be defined as the
Villari reversal point and the extreme point in the unloading process
may not be denoted as the tail reversal point. With the number of
the loading cycle increasing, the difference
between the minimum B-field and the B-field
at the end of the unloading process gradually Table 5. Chemical composition (wt%) of Q345 and U75V steels
decreases. In cycle 31, the minimum B-field
Material C Si
is 1410 nT, which is less than the B-field
Q345 0.12-0.20
at the end of the unloading process by
53 nT. In cycle 38, the difference between the U75V 0.70-0.78
minimum B-field and the B-field at the end
of the unloading process decreases to 3 nT. It is interesting that the
minimum B-field starts to occur at the end of the unloading process
from cycle 39. In cycle 39, the B-field at the end of the unloading
process is 1441 nT. This is less than the B-field corresponding to the
maximum stress, which is 1444 nT. The extreme point of the B-field
in the loading process can be referred to as the Villari reversal point
and the extreme point in the unloading process can be denoted
as the tail reversal point in cycles 39 and 40. In other words, a
transition of the variation trend of the B-field occurs between
cycle 38 and cycle 39. Before cycle 39, the variation of the B-field
is in contrast to the variation of the applied stress; however, the
variation of the B-field starts to be consistent with the variation of
the applied stress from cycle 39.
U75V steels. On the other hand, as well as the matrix phase, there
may be a second phase existing in 30CrNiMo8 steel with the Cr
addition. As reported in[27-28], the second-phase particle-like Cr
atom will redissolve in the matrix phase under severe plastic
deformation. That is, the second phase in 30CrNiMo8 steel may
disappear during the plastic stage, thereby eliminating the magnetic
property difference between 30CrNiMo8 steel and the Q345 and
U75V steels.
Mn P S V
0.20-0.60 1.20-1.60 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 0.02-0.15
0.50-0.80 0.70-1.05 ≤0.030 ≤0.030 0.04-0.12
Figure 9 displays the variations of the applied stress and the
corresponding magnetic field response during the plastic stage
of specimen 3. Compared with the B-field variation at step 4, the
B-field variation becomes more stable and regular when entering
the plastic stage. It can be seen from cycles 41-60 that the Villari
reversal point and the tail reversal point occur in the loading and
unloading processes, respectively. The B-field of the tail reversal
point is always larger than that of the Villari reversal point.
However, the Villari reversal points are not as conspicuous as those
in Figure 4, which shows the experimental results of specimen 1.
It can be observed that the Villari reversal point is quite close to
the point where the applied stress is the largest. The difference
between the B-field of the Villari reversal point and the B-field
corresponding to the maximum stress is rather small. For example,
BV is 1520 nT in cycle 45 and the corresponding stress is 800 MPa,
which is quite close to the maximum stress (825 MPa). The B-field
corresponding to the maximum stress is 1517 nT, which is slightly
less than BV by 3 nT.

Figure 8. Variations of stress and the B-field of specimen 3 at step 4

The phenomenon that the magnetic field variation of

30CrNiMo8 steel is in contrast to the variation of the applied
stress during the elastic stage and starts to be consistent with the
variation of the applied stress during the plastic stage has never
been investigated. Table 5 shows the chemical composition of
Q345 and U75V steels. Compared with the chemical composition
of Q345 and U75V steels, 30CrNiMo8 steel has an amount of
chromium (Cr) that does not exist in Q345 and U75V steels.
According to[24-26], the Cr addition will increase the volume fraction
of the hard magnetic phase in the Cr-containing alloys. Thus, the
volume fraction of the hard magnetic phase in 30CrNiMo8 steel is
significantly larger than that in the Q345 and U75V steels, leading
to the exchange coupling interaction between the soft and hard
magnetic phase in 30CrNiMo8 steel being stronger than that in the
Q345 and U75V steels. The irreversible displacement of domain
walls from the soft magnetic phase region to the hard magnetic
phase region needs to overcome a more powerful exchange Figure 9. Variations of stress and the B-field during the plastic
coupling pinning field in 30CrNiMo8 steel, inducing the magnetic stage of specimen 3: (a) step 5; and (b) step 6
property difference between 30CrNiMo8 steel and the Q345 and

338 Insight • Vol 64 • No 6 • June 2022


Figure 10 shows the variations of the applied stress and
the corresponding magnetic field response at steps 7 and 8 of
specimen 3. The maximum stress of step 7 is 775 MPa, which is
less than the yield strength, and the maximum stress of step 8 is
800 MPa, which is equal to the yield strength. It can be seen from
cycles 61-80 that the B-field increases as the applied stress increases
during the loading process. During the unloading process, the
B-field first increases and then decreases as the applied stress
decreases. Thus, the Villari reversal point disappears in the loading
process and the tail reversal point occurs in the unloading process.
This phenomenon is different from the result of specimen 2,
in which the Villari reversal point and the tail reversal point
disappear simultaneously once the maximum applied stress is
less than the yield strength. The variations of the applied stress
and the corresponding magnetic field response at step 9 of
specimen 3 are exhibited in Figure 11. It can be seen from cycles
81-90 that the Villari reversal point and the tail reversal point
appear simultaneously due to the maximum applied stress of
step 9 (850 MPa) being larger than the yield strength. This result is
identical to that of specimen 2, although the Villari reversal point is
not significantly obvious.
Figure 10. Variations of stress and the B-field of specimen 3 at:
(a) step 7; and (b) step 8
Figure 11. Variations of stress and the B-field of specimen 3 at step 9
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4. Conclusions
The objective of this research is to investigate the variations of the
piezomagnetic field of 30CrNiMo8 steel through a series of cyclic
tensile tests. Experimental results indicated that the magnetic field
is of antisymmetrical variation with the applied stress during the
elastic stage under cyclic tensile stress with variable amplitudes. It
is interesting that a transition of the variation trend of the magnetic
field occurs when approaching the plastic stage. Then, the variation
of the magnetic field is consistent with the variation of the applied
stress during the plastic stage. The reasonable explanation is that
with the addition of Cr the magnetic property of 30CrNiMo8 steel
is different from the Q345 and U75V steels during the elastic stage.
This variation can be used to characterise the transition state from
the elastic to the plastic stage. The Villari reversal point and the
tail reversal point occur during the plastic stage, which disappear
once the applied stress is less than the yield strength. Although the
Villari reversal point is not significantly obvious, the variation of
the magnetic field under asymmetrical cyclic tensile stress is almost
in agreement with that under cyclic tensile stress with variable
amplitudes. The only difference is that the tail reversal point does
not disappear when the applied stress is less than the yield strength.
Compliance with ethical standards
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Public Welfare Technology Research
Projects of Zhejiang Province (LGF21E090007).
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Ultrasonic Flaw Detection
for Technicians – 3rd Edition
by J C Drury
In the 25 years since the first edition of
‘Ultrasonic Flaw Detection for Technicians’
was published, there have been a number
of advances in transducer technology and
flaw detection instruments. The gradual
acceptance by industry that the sizing of
weld defects by intensity drop was not as accurate as had been
claimed led to the development of the TOFD technique. Modern
digital flaw detectors and computer technology allow far more
information to be stored by the operator. The author thus felt that
it was time to give the book a thorough review and to try to address
some of the advances. The result is this third edition.
Price for BINDT Members: £30.00; Non-Members: £32.00
Order online via the BINDT Bookstore at:
www.bindt.org/shopbindt
Available from: The British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing,
Midsummer House, Riverside Way, Bedford Road, Northampton NN1 5NX, UK.
Tel: +44 (0)1604 438300; Email: info@bindt.org
340 Insight • Vol 64 • No 6 • June 2022
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W Li and X B Liu, ‘Magnetic reversal and magnetic
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ribbons’, Journal of Rare Earths, Vol 33, No 12, pp 1303-1309,
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