CIE3109

Structural Mechanics 4

Hans Welleman

Module : Unsymmetrical and/or

inhomogeneous cross section

v2021

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 1 | CIE3109

Question
What is the stress (and strain) distribution in a cross
section due to extension and bending (shear) in case of a
unsymmetrical and/or non-homogeneous cross section’ ?
concrete E1
y

y
steel y
E2

E1
new smart z
materials in z
composite (a) (b) (c)
z
structures
(MSc) unsymmetrical inhomogeneous both

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 2 | CIE3109

(c) 2021 : Hans Welleman 1

 CIE3109 : Structural Mechanics 4
Lectures
• 1-2 Inhomogeneous and/or unsymmetrical cross sections
• Introduction
• General theory for extension and bending, beam theory
• Unsymmetrical cross sections
• Example curvature and loading

• Example normalstress distribution

• Deformations
•3 Inhomogeneous cross sections
• Refinement of the theory
• Examples
• 4-5 Stresses and the core of the cross section
• Normal stress in unsymmetrical cross section and the core
• Shear stresses in unsymmetrical cross sections
• Shear centre

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 3 | CIE3109

BENDING and AXIAL LOADING

Vy
ϕz Fz
y
F
ϕy Fx Vz
ϕx Fy
ux
uy x
z uz

global definitions sectional definitions

RELATION BETWEEN EXTERNAL LOADS AND DISPLACEMENTS (deformations)
• Structural level
• Cross sectional level
• Micro level (material science)
Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 4 | CIE3109

(c) 2021 : Hans Welleman 2

 Couples T and bending moments M
• Formal approach, positive bending
moment M in a cross section acting in
plane from positive side towards negative
side.
• Formal approach external couple T,
following right-hand-rule or corkscrew rule
around an axis.

• Engineering practise with bending around

an axis similar to definition of T on positive
planes.

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 5 | CIE3109

ASSUMPTIONS cross sections

axis of symmetry
beam axis

• FIBRE MODEL
fibres

• SMALL ROTATIONS
OF THE CROSS SECTION

• UNIAXIAL STRESS SITUATION

IN THE FIBRES

• LINEAR ELASTIC MATERIAL

BEHAVIOUR
fibre

Hooke’s law : σ = E ×ε cross section

fibre in cross section x at position y,z

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 6 | CIE3109

(c) 2021 : Hans Welleman 3

 SOLUTION PATH
• Determine the strain distribution due to the displacements of
the cross section?
• Determine the stress distribution caused by these strains?
• Determine the resulting forces in the cross section?

Load Sectional forces Stress Strain Deformations Displacements

(F en q) (N, V, M) (fibre) (fibre) (ε,κ) (u,ϕ)

Equilibrium Static Constitutive Compatibility Kinematische

relations relations relations relaties relaties

Constitutive relation (cross section)

• Use the constitutive relation on structural level (slide 28)

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 7 | CIE3109

KINEMATIC RELATIONS

Relation between
deformations and
displacements
fibre

cross section

ϕy ux ux
x-axis x-axis
z y
uz ϕz
uy
ϕy
z
y ϕz
du z du y
z-axis ϕy = − y-axis ϕz =
dx dx
Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 8 | CIE3109

(c) 2021 : Hans Welleman 4

 FIBRE MODEL ux x-axis
ϕ y ux
ϕz y x-axis
z uy
• Horizontal displacement uz

ϕ y = −
du z
ϕz =
du y y ϕy ϕz
dx dx
y-axis z

z-axis

u ( x, y , z ) = u x + z × ϕ y − y × ϕ z
or
u ( x, y, z ) = ux − z × uz′ − y × u ′y
Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 9 | CIE3109

RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT-STRAIN
u ( x, y , z ) = ux − y × ϕ z + z × ϕ y
or
u ( x, y, z ) = ux − y × uy′ − z × uz′

∂u ( x, y, z )
ε ( y, z ) =
∂x

ε ( y, z ) = ux′ − y × uy′′ − z × uz′′

du x d 2u y d 2u z
ε ( y, z ) = ε + y × κ y + z × κ z with ε= ; κy =− ; κ z = −
dx dx 2 dx 2

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 10 | CIE3109

(c) 2021 : Hans Welleman 5

 STRAIN DISTRIBUTION
strain

x-axis
Conclusion: z κz
Strain distribution is fully z-axis
described with three strain
deformation parameters x-axis
y κy

y-axis

ε ( y, z ) = ε + y × κ y + z × κ z

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 11 | CIE3109

STRAIN FIELD
neutral axis

Three parameters
• strain in fibre which coincides with
the x-axis
• slope of strain diagram in y-direction
• slope of strain diagram in z-direction

ε ( y, z ) = ε + y × κ y + z × κ z

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 12 | CIE3109

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 CURVATURE

• First order tensor

• Curvature in x-y-plane
• Curvature in x-z-plane
• Plane of curvature k

2 2
κ = κ +κ y z

κz k
tan α k =
κy

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 13 | CIE3109

NEUTRAL AXIS

k is perpendicular
to neutral axis k

neutral axis

ε ( y, z ) = ε + y ×κ y+ z × κ z = 0
Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 14 | CIE3109

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 FROM STRAIN TO STRESS

• Constitutive relation : link between deformations and stresses

σ ( y, z ) = E ( y, z ) × ε ( y, z )

σ ( y , z ) = E ( y , z ) × ε + y × κ y + z × κ z 

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 15 | CIE3109

STRESS AND SECTIONAL FORCES

• Static relations : link between stresses and
sectional forces
N =  σ ( y, z ) dA
A

M y =  yσ ( y, z ) dA
A

M z =  zσ ( y, z ) dA
A

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 16 | CIE3109

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 Elaborate …
N =  σ ( y, z )dA =  E ( y, z ) × (ε + yκ y + zκ z ) dA
A A

M y =  yσ ( y, z )dA =  E ( y, z ) × (ε + yκ y + zκ z ) ydA
A A

M z =  zσ ( y, z )dA =  E ( y, z ) × (ε + yκ y + zκ z ) zdA
A A

N= ε  E ( y, z )dA + κ y  E ( y, z ) ydA + κ z  E ( y, z ) zdA = EAε + ES yκ y + ES zκ z

A A A
M y = ε  E ( y, z ) ydA + κ y  E ( y, z ) y 2 dA + κ z  E ( y, z ) yzdA = ES y ε + EI yyκ y + EI yzκ z
A A A
Mz = ε  E ( y, z ) zdA + κ y  E ( y, z ) yzdA + κ z  E ( y, z ) z 2 dA = ES zε + EI yzκ y + EI zzκ z
A A A

approach with “double-letter” symbols

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 17 | CIE3109

CONSTITUTIVE RELATION
on cross sectional level

 N   EA ES y ES z  ε
 M  =  ES EI yy EI yz 
 κ 
 y  y  y
 M z   ES z EI zy EI zz   κ z 

INDEPENDENT OF THE
ORIGIN OF THE
COORDINATE SYSTEM

SPECIAL LOCATION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE COORDINATE

SYSTEM TO UNCOUPLE BENDING AND AXIAL LOADING

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 18 | CIE3109

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 NORMAL FORCE CENTRE

• Bending and axial loading are uncoupled:

 N   EA 0 0  ε Axial loading

 M  =  0 EI EI yz 
 κ 
 y  yy  y Bending
 M z   0 EI zy EI zz   κ z 

if N = 0 then zero strain

definition NC : ES y = ES z = 0 ε at the NC and the n.a.
runs through the NC

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 19 | CIE3109

y
LOCATION NC z NC
y NC y NC
y = y + y NC z = z + z NC

E ( y, z ) dA

z
ES y =  E ( y, z ) × ydA = z
A
ES y
 E ( y, z ) × ydA + y  E ( y, z )dA = ES
NC y + EA × y NC y NC =
A A EA
ES z =  E ( y, z ) × zdA =
A
ES z
 E ( y, z ) × zdA + z  E ( y, z )dA = ES
A
NC
A
z + EA × z NC z NC =
EA

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 20 | CIE3109

(c) 2021 : Hans Welleman 10

 RESULT

• Bending and axial loading are

uncoupled
• Moment is first order tensor

M = M y2 + M z2
Mz
tan α m =
My
Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 21 | CIE3109

SUMMARY of formulas
MOMENT
COMPRESSION M
n.a.
COMPRESSION N.C.
My
N.C.
κy n.a. x-axis
TENSION
αm
TENSION
αk x-axis y-axis
MOMENT Mz
y-axis M
CURVATURE κz
κ m
ε ( y, z ) = ε + κ y × y + κ z × z
z-axis
k σ ( y, z ) = E ( y , z ) × ε ( y, z )
z-axis  N   EA  ε 
M  =  EI yy

EI yz  × κ y 
 y 

 M z   EI yz EI zz  κ z 
Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 22 | CIE3109

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 PLANE OF LOADING SAME
AS PLANE OF CURVATURE ?
M = λκ

M y  κ y 
 M  = λ κ  ⇔
 z  z
 EI yy EI yz  κ y  κ 
 EI  ×  = λ  y ⇔
 zy EI zz  κ z  κ z 

 EI yy − λ EI yz 
 EI = 0 eigenvalue problem
 zy EI zz − λ 

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 23 | CIE3109

PRINCIPAL
DIRECTIONS

 M y   EI yy 0  κ y 
M  =  0 EI zz  κ z 
 z 
2
EI yy , zz = 1
2 ( EI yy + EI zz ) ± ( 1
2 ( EI yy − EI zz ) ) + EI yz2
EI yz
tan 2α y , z = 1
2 ( EI yy − EI zz )

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 24 | CIE3109

(c) 2021 : Hans Welleman 12

 ROTATE TO PRINCIPAL
DIRECTIONS
z = direction (1)
y = direction (2)

 M y   EI yy 0  κ y  M y = EI yyκ y
=
M   0 ⇔
 z  EI zz  κ z  M z = EI zz κ z
M EI κ EI
tan(α m ) = z = zz z = zz tan(α k ) α m = α k ??
M y EI yyκ y EI yy
1) α m = α k = 0 = principal direction
2) α m = α k = π / 2 = other principal direction
3) EI yy = EI zz
Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 25 | CIE3109

EXAMPLE 1

Determine the position of the plane loading m-m for the

specified position of the neutral line which makes an angle of
30o degrees with the y-axis. The rectangular cross section is
homogeneous.

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 26 | CIE3109

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 EXAMPLE 2
A triangular cross section is
loaded by pure bending
only. The cross section is
homogeneous and the
Youngs modulus is E. The
normal stress in point A and
C is equal to 10 N/mm2.

a) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the

resulting bending moment
b) Compute the stress in point B

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 27 | CIE3109

F1 = HELP

I zz = 1
36
bh3

1 3 bh3
1
36
I yy = 48
b h+
(tan α ) 2
1 bh3
I yz = 36
tan α
Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 28 | CIE3109

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 EXAMPLE 3

a) Find the location of the NC

b) Compute all cross sectional properties
c) Find the location of the centre of gravity

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 29 | CIE3109

STRUCTURAL LEVEL
Equillibrium
conditions

dN dN
+ qx = 0  = − qx
dx dx
dV y dM y d2M y
+ q y = 0 and − Vy = 0  = −q y
dx dx dx 2
dVz dM z d2 M z
+ qz = 0 and − Vz = 0  = − qz
dx dx dx 2
Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 30 | CIE3109

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 STRUCTURAL LEVEL
Differential Equations
Kinematics:
du x d 2u y d 2uz
ε= = ux ' κy = − = −u y " κz = − = −u z "
dx dx 2 dx 2

Constitutive relations:
− EAu
 Nx " = qx axial loading

substitute
 EA 0 0 ε
 M  =  0 EI''''   ''''
 y   EI yy u yyy + EI
EI yz   κu
yz z
y = qy
 M z   0 EI''''zy EI zz   κ z ''''
EI yz u y + EI zz u z = qz bending
Equilibrium relations:
dN d2M y d2M z
= − qx = −qy = − qz
dx dx 2 dx 2

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 31 | CIE3109

Result

qx
ux " = − EAu x " = −qx
EA
q yyy−qEI
EIzzzzEI
EI y −yzEI
qzyz EI yy qz
EI u
u EI
"''
"'' zz EI yy q y − EI yz EI yy q z
=
= EI yy u y "'' = Qy
Q yyy= yy EI yyEI −yz2EI
−−zzEI 2
EI EIyyzzEI
EI
yy zz EI 2 yz
yz
EI qzzz−qzEI− yzEIq yyz EI zz q y
EIyyyyEI EI zz uz "'' = Qz
EI zz uuzz−
"''"''EI
== yz EI zz q y + EI yy EI zz q z
Qz = EI EI − 2 2
EI
EI yy EIyyzz −zzEI yz 2 yz
EI yy EI zz − EI yz
modify the load in all forget-me-not’s
OR solve differential equation
Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 32 | CIE3109

(c) 2021 : Hans Welleman 16

 EXAMPLE (see lecture notes)
4 2
EI i , j = 19 Ea 4  
2 4

x = 0 : (u y = 0; u z = 0; ϕ y = 0; ϕ z = 0)
x = l : (u y = 0; u z = 0; M y = 0; M z = 0)
EI zz q y − EI yz qz 2 − EI yz q3z qz−x34qz
uuyy"''== C1 + C2 x + 2C= x + C x − = 44
EI yy EI zz − EI yz 3 EI yy EI zz4 − EI yz2 16 Ea
2 Ea
EI yy qz − EI yz q y EI yy qz q 3xq4z
u z "'' = = 2 3 = z
uz = D EI1 yy+EID x +2D x + D x +2 Ea 44
zz 2− EI yz 3 EI yy EI zz4− EI yz
8Ea
Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 33 | CIE3109

Result

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 34 | CIE3109

(c) 2021 : Hans Welleman 17

 SUMMARY displacements
Original y-z coordinate system
• solve differential equations
• Use “pseudo” load for y - and z -direction and use this load in
standard engineering equations
• Use curvature distribution in combination with moment area
theoremes to obtain displacements and rotations (see notes)

Principal 1-2 coordinate system

• Use principal directions, decompose load in (1) and (2) direction,
and compute displacements in (1) and (2) direction with standard
engineering equations. Finally transformate the displacements
back to y - and z -direction

Unsymmetrical and/or inhomogeneous cross sections 35 | CIE3109

(c) 2021 : Hans Welleman 18