K-SAAT

Breakthrough Solid Acid Alkylation Technology

Proud history, bright future.

Proud history, bright future.
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 The worldwide gasoline market is changing.

2 | K-SAAT Solid Acid

Presentation Text Alkylation Technology
| Additional Text Proud history, bright future.
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Gasoline Market Overview
Demand
• Gasoline demand is steady or
increasing across the globe
• More cars in emerging markets
• Stricter environmental standards
• Stringent blend requirements
• High premium on low RVP
3 | K-SAAT Solid Acid Alkylation Technology
Sulfur Octane
• Global environmental regulations • High-octane gasoline demand is
require lower sulfur gasoline rising
• Hydrotreating lowers sulfur and • North America and Western
octane Europe are considering replacing
legacy alkylate production units
• Gasoline blending pool
components to increase octane • Availability of cheaper feedstock is
– Alkylate driving new applications
– Isomerizate
– Ethanol
– Reformate • Developing countries are
– Etc. demanding higher octane
Proud history, bright future.
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 Alkylate is the preferred premium gasoline blendstock.

4 | K-SAAT Solid Acid

Presentation Text Alkylation Technology
| Additional Text Proud history, bright future.
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Alkylate – Liquid Gold
• High octane
• Low RVP
• Low sulfur
• No aromatics
• No olefins

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Gasoline Blend Components
Poly FCC Light FCC Heavy
C4 LSR Isomerate Gasoline Naphtha Naphtha Alkylate Reformate Ethers Ethanol

RON - -- -- + + - ++ ++ ++ ++
MON + -- -- - - -- ++ ++ ++ ++
RVP -- -- -- ++ -- ++ ++ ++ ++ --
E70 -- -- -- ++ -- ++ ++ ++ + --
Olefins + ++ ++ -- -- - ++ ++ ++ ++
Aromatics ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ -- ++ ++
Benzene ++ ? ++ ++ - ++ ++ ? ++ ++
Oxygen ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ -- --

Alkylate is the preferred premium gasoline blendstock.

6 | K-SAAT Solid Acid Alkylation Technology Proud history, bright future.

©2019 KBR Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 Current alkylate technologies have significant challenges.

7 | K-SAAT Solid Acid

Presentation Text Alkylation Technology
| Additional Text Proud history, bright future.
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Alkylate Production Challenges
• Liquid-Acid Catalyst Processes
• Handling
• Corrosion
• HSE
• Permitting
• Maintenance expense
• Conventional Solid-Acid Catalyst
Processes
• Poor stability
• Expensive processes
• Large inventories
• Limited feed stock flexibility

8 | K-SAAT Solid Acid Alkylation Technology Proud history, bright future.

©2019 KBR Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 New technology overcomes these old challenges.

9 | K-SAAT Solid Acid

Presentation Text Alkylation Technology
| Additional Text Proud history, bright future.
©2019 KBR Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 K-SAAT™
Solid Acid Alkylation Technology

Next generation solid acid alkylation technology.

High Alkylate Yield + High Octane Numbers

High Feed Flexibility
Safer, Simpler, More Reliable
ExSact™ Solid Catalyst
Low CAPEX/OPEX

10 | K-SAAT Solid Acid

Presentation Text Alkylation Technology
| Additional Text Proud history, bright future.
©2019 KBR Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 High Alkylate Yield + High Octane Numbers

11 | K-SAAT Solid Acid

Presentation Text Alkylation Technology
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Technology Comparison: Typical MTBE Raffinate Feed

K-SAAT Sulfuric Acid HF Acid

Alkylate RON 99+ 98 95 - 96

Alkylate Yield (vol/vol

1.88 1.77 1.78
Olefin)
Eliminates Acid Soluble
Yes No No
Oils?
Eliminates Liquid
Yes No No
Effluents?

CAPEX 1.0 1.6 -

OPEX 1.0 1.6 -

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K-SAAT Product Quality
• Typically >1 point higher octane than liquid acids
• Typical values for potential olefinic feeds:

Propylene MTBE Butenes

Feed Ethylene* Amylenes
( 70% C3=) Raffinate (30% i-C4=)
RON 99 92 99 97 91
MON 94.5 90 95 93 89
*Liquid acid catalyst will not alkylate ethylene

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 High Feed Flexibility

14 | K-SAAT Solid Acid

Presentation Text Alkylation Technology
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Feed Flexibility
• Simpler reactor design
• No refrigeration or acid handling
• Lower power consumption
• Inexpensive regeneration
• High tolerance for impurities

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Feed Flexibility
C2 - C5 Olefins + Iso-Butane  Alkylate
C2, C2=

C3, C3=
iC4 C2

C4, iC4, C3
C4=, iC4=
FCC MTBE / ETBE K-SAAT LPG
C4, iC4, C4
C4=

C5, C5=
Alkylate
FCC Ethers
Gasoline

Gasoline

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K-SAAT Flexibility
• K-SAAT can alkylate ethylene up to 100% purity
• Dimerization and alkylation steps in one reactor
Dimerization
Ethylene Ethylene Butenes

Alkylation

Butenes
Isobutane Trimethylpentanes

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 The key is ExSact™ Solid Acid Catalyst.

18 | K-SAAT Solid Acid

Presentation Text Alkylation Technology
| Additional Text Proud history, bright future.
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ExSact™ Catalyst
• Zeolite-based catalyst
• Selective to high-octane TMPs
• Eliminates acid-soluble oils
• Guaranteed 5-year life
• >24-hour cycle length

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Advantages of the ExSact™ Catalyst
Engineered Catalyst Optimized Reactions Superior Yield & Octane
• Optimized particle size and • Improved mass transfer to • Higher catalyst activity
shape prevent pore blockage • Longer cycle length (24 hr)
• Optimized Pore Structure • Promotes alkylation over • Longer catalyst life (5 yr)
on a micro and macro scale polymerization reactions • Higher alkylate octane
• Optimized Acid Site • Highly selective to 2,3,3- • Simplified process design
Strength & Distribution and 2,3,4-
trimethylpentane*
• Minimal isomerization of
trimethylpentanes to
dimethylhexanes

* 2,3,3- and 2,3,4-trimethylpentane research octane >100

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 K-SAAT Process – Safer, Simpler, More Reliable.

21 | K-SAAT Solid Acid

Presentation Text Alkylation Technology
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K-SAAT Process Scheme

Simple Process Isobutane Recycle

Low CAPEX

LPG Feed K-SAAT

Distillation
(Olefin + Feed Reactors
Isobutane) Treatment A+B
Alkylation

K-SAAT
Hydrogen
Reactor C
Regeneration Alkylate
Product

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K-SAAT Reaction
• Typically 3 fixed-bed reactors
K-SAAT
• 24-hour cycle length Reactors
A+B
• Isobutane/olefin ratio ~10 Alkylation

• 20 barg & 50°C (290 psig & 120°F)

• Moderate temperature favors
alkylation K-SAAT
over polymerization reactions Reactor C
Regeneration
• No refrigeration required
• No liquid effluents or ASOs
• Reactor material: low alloy steel

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Process Scheme

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K-SAAT Regeneration
• 12 hour regeneration cycle
K-SAAT
• Hot hydrogen regeneration: Reactors
A+B
• 20 barg & 275°C (290 psig & 525°F) Alkylation

• Hydrogen requirement: 0.87 kg/MT

alkylate (0.2 lb/BBL alkylate)
• Reformer grade hydrogen K-SAAT
(~80% purity) Reactor C
Regeneration
• Fired or MV Electric Heater

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Process Scheme – Regeneration
Reformer Grade Hydrogen (~80% purity)

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 Commercial References

27 | K-SAAT Solid Acid

Presentation Text Alkylation Technology
| Additional Text Proud history, bright future.
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References

2016
Haike Ruilin Chemical Co. Ltd.
2018 K-SAAT unit started 2018
Contract signed with CVR
K-SAAT Unit Start-up 2021
Shandong,
Wynnewood, OK, Henan,
China
USA China
2019
Contract signed with
confidential US client License signed with Luoyang
Aiyou Chemical Co.

2017

28 | K-SAAT Solid Acid Alkylation Technology Proud history, bright future.

©2019 KBR Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 K-SAAT™
Solid Acid Alkylation Technology

Next generation solid acid alkylation technology.

High Alkylate Yield + High Octane Numbers

High Feed Flexibility
Safer, Simpler, More Reliable
ExSact™ Solid Catalyst
Low CAPEX/OPEX

29 | K-SAAT Solid Acid

Presentation Text Alkylation Technology
| Additional Text Proud history, bright future.
©2019 KBR Inc. All Rights Reserved.
31 | K-SAAT Solid Acid
Presentation Text Alkylation Technology
| Additional Text Proud history, bright future.
©2019 KBR Inc. All Rights Reserved.