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Geochemical investigation of stream sediments from the nlonako area;

littoral, Cameroon: implications for Au, Ag, Cu, Pb and Zn mineralization
potentials

Article · November 2016

DOI: 10.14419/ijag.v4i2.6771

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 International Journal of Advanced Geosciences, 4 (2) (2016) 104-112

International Journal of Advanced Geosciences

Website: www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJAG
doi: 10.14419/ijag.v4i2.6771
Research paper

Geochemical investigation of stream sediments from the

nlonako area; littoral, Cameroon: implications for
Au, Ag, Cu, Pb and Zn mineralization potentials
Afahnwie Ngambu Aloysius 1, 2, Kouankap Nono Gus Djibril 1 *, Kouske Patrice Arnaud 3, Pierre Wotchoko 1,
Takodjou Wambo Jonas Didero 4, Agyingi Christopher Mbaringong 2, Amie Rene Anzah 1, Cheo Emmanuel Suh. 2
1 Higher teachersꞌ Training College, University of Bamenda, Cameroon
2 Economic Geology Unit, University of Buea, Cameroon
3 Institute of technology University of Douala, P.O. Box 8698,Douala Cameroon
4 Laboratory of Petrology and Structural Geology, University of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon

*Corresponding author E-mail: kouankap@yahoo.fr

Abstract

Nlonako area belongs to Cameroon Volcanic Line. To determine the mineralization potentials of the area, stream sediment survey and
geochemistry were carried out. The results show weak anomalies in Gold and Silver with threshold values of 0.001 and 0.073 respectively.
Copper, Lead and Zinc have some relatively high values which are 690ppm, 182ppm and 378ppm with mean values statistically calculated
to be 73.90, 46.51 and 198.58 respectively. The data analyzed using multivariate statistical methods yielded 5 factors from Principal Com-
ponent Analysis (PCA). These five factors are; Factor 1 (Ce, La, Nb, Y), Factor 2 (W, Mo, Sr, As, Cd, Ni), Factor 3 (Pb, Sn, Zn, Sb),
Factor 4 (Au, Ag, Cu) and Factor 5 (Cr, Co, Bi). These factors point mostly to a possible sulphide mineralization. Gold shows high corre-
lation with Ag and Cu while Y correlates more highly and positively with Ce and La. There is a relatively high input of the light rare-earth
elements which form the highest factor (34.363%) of the total PCA variance and possibly points to a granitic source rock. The existence
of mafic–ultramafic igneous rocks in the study area underlies high correlations between Cr and Co and other factors gotten from PCA.

Keywords: Anomalies; Geochemistry; Mineralization; Nlonako Area; Stream Sediments.

However, the history of exploitation in the Nlonako area and envi-

1. Introduction
Sampling and analysis of stream sediments is a well-known method
of mineral exploration especially at the reconnaissance and detailed
scales in many areas (e.g. Ottesen & Theobald 1994). Active sedi-
ments in the channels of streams and rivers can contain high con-
centrations of metals derived from the weathering of mineralized
rocks within the upstream catchment. When geochemical data of
stream sediments are spatially displayed as well as statistically
treated using appropriate procedures, they can unravel element as-
sociations that are relevant to primary exploration in a region (Atsu-
yuki et al, 2005).
These associations can also be useful in deciphering the source re-
gion lithology and the nature of the primary mineralization, (e.g.
Levinson, 1974, Plant and Hale, 1994, Key et al., 2004). Generally,
the chemical composition of stream sediments can be dependent on
many factors. Some of these factors are the rock type, morphology
and structural setting of the catchment, and the effect of climate.
The use of stream sediments in mineral exploration in Cameroon
has so far received little attention. However some examples include
Embui et al, (2013), Soh et al, (2014), Mumbfu et al, (2014) and
Omang et al, (2014). These works have investigated the concentra-
tions of gold and associated elements in stream sediment in some
areas of Cameroon with some giving clues on future exploration
guides (e.g. Embui et al., 2013). More so, the areas have had a his-
tory of at least some legal artisanal mining and somehow explored.
rons is not quite clear because it is not published, although some
indications of such an activity exist in the area but information on
exploration here is virtually absent. The available outcrops in this
area consist petrographically of some volcanic and plutonic rocks.
To search for mineral potentials in Nlonako, a preliminary stream
sediment survey was designed targeting some of the accessible
stream beds in the area. The objective of this paper is to present and
analyse preliminary baseline geochemical data which brings some
information on the geochemical distribution of some elements
within the heavy mineral fraction of the stream sediments of Nlo-
nako and environs which will provide a useful guide for future ex-
ploration strategies.
2. Geological setting
The study area is located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL)
which is an extensive range of volcanoes (Kamgang et al, 2008).
The volcanoes of the CVL (Fig.1 B) are Tertiary to Recent in age
and extend within oceanic and continental domains measuring
about 1700km in length. It is made up of prominent features like
the the Mounts Fako, Bamboutos, Bamenda, Oku, Manengouba,
Nlonako, Koupe etc. Nlonako area (Fig. 1C) is made up of both
volcanic and plutonic rocks both related to the CVL (Abolo et al,
2014). Most of the volcanic rocks are basaltic while the plutonic
rocks include gabbros and granites mostly related to the Nlonako

Copyright © 2016 Afahnwie Ngambu Aloysius et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 International Journal of Advanced Geosciences
anorogenic complex. Gneisses and other rocks types are also found
in the area (Fig. 2).
3. Method of study
3.1. Field methods
Heavy mineral fractions of stream sediments were collected along
stream beds of the study area by panning. They were sampled
mostly at depths of 30-45 cm and panned on site in order to con-
centrate the heavy fraction that was stored in clean polyethylene
bags and transported to the laboratory. During the sampling pro-
cess, simultaneous site surveys were carried out in order to provide
specific information in relation to the geology of the catchment.
3.2. Laboratory methods
Laboratory works were carried out by the commercial analytical la-
boratory (www.alsglobal.com) Australia Laboratory Services
(ALS). There, the samples were first dried at 600C, crushed and
milled to fine powder. Five grams of each sample were then decom-
posed by aqua regia digestion in a graphite heating block. After
cooling, the resulting solution was diluted with deionizer water,
mixed and analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emis-
sion Spectrometry (ICP-AES) followed by Inductively Coupled
Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The analytical results were
corrected for interelement spectral interferences.
4. Results
The concentrations of various elements in the stream sediment sam-
ples are presented on Table 1. For base metals; concentrations are
Fig. 1: Geologic Map of Cameroon (Nzenti Et Al. 2010) Showing the Location of Nlonako Area and the Main Lithotectonic Domains: (1) Southern Domain;
(2) Central Domain; (3) Northern Domain; CCSZ: Central Cameroon Shear Zone; SF: Sanaga Fault; TBF: Tibati-Banyo Fault; NT:Ntem Complex; DS: Dja
Series; NS: Nyong Series; AF: Adamawa Fault (C) Numeric Model of the Area of Study.
105
characterized by high values and wide ranges e.g. Cu (4.28-
690ppm), Pb (3.84-182ppm), Zn (53.6-373ppm) with mean concen-
trations of 73.902ppm, 46.508ppm and198.58ppm respectively
(Fig. 3 and 4). Precious metals like Silver (Ag) values are all above
detection limit with the maximum being 1.15ppm. Gold (Au) was
not detected in all samples but the highest values of concentration
were found in sample ARSS12 (0.102ppm). However, the ranges of
concentration of precious metals are 0.0001 - 0.102ppm for gold
and 0.004-1.15ppm for silver (Fig. 3) and the means of Ag and Au
are 0.11 and 0.08 respectively (Table 1). Some of the transition met-
als include Cr, Ni and Co with concentration ranges between 39.1-
311ppm, 14.15-349ppm and 16.3-81.6ppm respectively with their
concentrations in all stream sediment samples above detection
limit. Some Platinum Group Elements (PGE) were also found in the
stream sediment samples like Palladium and platinum but Pd was
found only in sample ARSS08 and ARSS13 while platinum was
found in all other samples except in samples ARSS03, ARSS04,
ARSS05, ARS06 and ARSS13. Values of PGEs found range from
0.06-0.001ppm and0.004-0.002ppm respectively for Pd and Pt re-
spectively.
From Table1 Cerium (Ce) is the most abundant light REE with
mean concentration values of 143.96, with maximum and minimum
values in ARSS12 and ARSS09 respectively, followed by La and
Y. Thorium (Th) is the most abundant Radioactive Element with
mean concentration values of 74.30ppm, with maximum and mini-
mum values in ARSS01 and ARSS09 respectively followed by Pb,
Sr, U and Rb.
106 International Journal of Advanced Geosciences

Fig. 2: Geologic Map of the Studied Area (Modified from Gazel Et Al., 1954).
International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 107

1000

ARSS01
100
ARSS02

ARSS03
10
ARSS04
Concentration (ppm)

ARSS05

1
ARSS06

ARSS07

0.1
ARSS08

ARSS09

0.01 ARSS10

ARSS11

0.001 ARSS12

ARSS13

0.0001
Zn

Sn

Mo

Tl

Ta
Sb

Te

Nb
Au

Pt

Pd
Ag

Ni
Hg
Ga
Ge

In

Co

V
Cu

As

Cd

Se

Re

W
Bi

Li

Ba
Be

Cr

Hf

Cs
Trace Elements
Fig. 3: Plots of Some Trace Elementsꞌ Concentrations Gotten from the Heavy Mineral Fractions.

1000 ARSS01
ARSS02
ARSS03
Concentration (ppm)

ARSS04

100 ARSS05
ARSS06
ARSS07
ARSS08
ARSS09
10
ARSS10
ARSS11
ARSS12
ARSS13
1
Ce La Sc Y U Zr Th Pb Sr Rb
Rare earth and Radioactive elements
Fig. 4: Plots of Concentrations of Rees and Radioactive Elements in Stream Sediments (Ppm).
 108
Table 1: Full Element Geochemical Data from Stream Sediments Sampling in Nlonako Area
N.B: The values below detection limit are considered as half of the values of detection limit
The highest concentration of Cu (690ppm) was found in ARSS13
sampled around locality 12 which yields the highest gold concen-
tration. The same location (locality 13) which is made up of granitic
and gabbroic rocks yields the highest concentration of Cr (389ppm)
and the values of Pb, Co, Zn, Ni are amongst the highest values in
the whole study area. The highest Zn concentration (373ppm)
amongst all samples is found in ARSS10 and the lowest concentra-
tion of Zn (53.6ppm) was found in ARSS12. La and Ce have con-
centration ranges of 9.56-186ppm and 31.3-389ppm respectively.
For the presentation and interpretation of the data to be enhanced,
graduated point symbol maps for some elements that make up the
factors 3 and 4 were generated (Fig. 5). These plots show that most
of the gold greater than 0.0009ppm occurs to the North eastern part
of the study area as well as one sample in the south western part
(Fig. 5). Cu and Pb (Fig. 5) concentrations above 52ppm are found
both in the south western and north eastern parts of the study area
while concentrations of Zn greater than 250ppm are found both in
the north eastern and south eastern parts of the region (Fig. 5). Some
high values of Zn (>250ppm) and Au (0.0009ppm) are found in the
same sample found to the north eastern part of the study area. More
so, it can be observed that some of the very high concentrations of
Au, Ag, Cu, Pb and Zn are found in the same samples except for a
sample around the central area which is not very high in Zn concen-
tration compared relatively.
5. Discussion and interpretation
Threshold values from which background and anomalous concen-
trations can be gotten are given by 2standard deviation × mean
(2S*M, Table 1). However, from the data in this work it is evident
that only two elements Au and Ag show very weak anomalies com-
pared to geological standards. The threshold value of 0.001 for dis-
criminating background from anomaly is lower than one Au con-
centration (0.102ppm in ARSS12) in the stream sediments of the
studied area suggesting a weak Au anomaly.
International Journal of Advanced Geosciences
It is also shown that the threshold value of 0.07343 for discriminat-
ing background from anomaly is lower than the Ag value in one
sample (1.15ppm in ARSS13). Worth mentioning is the fact that the
average concentration of Cu (73.902) is very far lower than certain
Cu concentrations (690ppm in ARSS13 and 100.5 in ARSS08) in
the stream sediments of the studied area. This occurs in Essel vil-
lage in the North eastern part of the study area. Furthermore there
was comparison of the values gotten in this work with stream sedi-
ments geochemical data from where world stream sediment geo-
chemical baselines for certain elements including Cu, Pb, Zn As
and Cd are gotten (Callender, 2004) and have equally been used to
establish geochemical anomalies elsewhere gotten from both
lognormalised and raw geochemical data (e.g. Carpenter 1971, Adi-
otomre 2014, Yilmaz, 2007, Cocker, 1996, Stanislav, 2008). Most
of these anomalies are accounted for in stream sediments from
streams draining over areas of indicated mines and known mineral-
ization at points in various areas clearly described in their literature.
As such, a value of Cu (50.1ppm) below average in this study is a
high anomaly elsewhere, where threshold was calculated by
2×standard deviation+mean (6.22ppm as anomaly for Adiotomre,
2014). Also, the average value of Zn (198ppm) for Zn is lower than
the maximum Zn content of the analyzed stream sediments. This
value is found in sample ARSS8 and compared to world baseline
values of Oyarzun et al (2006) relatively, it is a very strong anomaly
(e.g. in Adiotomre, 2014). This is the same case with some Pb con-
centration which (maximum is 144ppm) is higher than the average
of 46.51ppm.
Worth mentioning equally is the fact that the concentration of Cu,
Zn and Pb in these studied stream sediments are far higher than
those studied elsewhere in Cameroon e.g. in Gouap Nkollo (Soh et
al 2014), the maximum concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb respec-
tively in their studied stream sediments are 29ppm,210ppm and
43ppm. Also we have maximum concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb
in studied stream sediments (Embui et al 2013) of 88ppm, 99ppm
and 44ppm in Waimba Lidi respectively. These two areas men-
tioned have relatively extremely high concentrations of gold in their
 International Journal of Advanced Geosciences
studied stream sediments while on this scale, gold values in this
work in Nlonako might be indicating that the mineralization can be
of some other sulphide probably that of copper.
Other wide deviations from means exist which are in Ce (389ppm),
V (723ppm), U (19.25ppm), Th (255ppm), which are higher than
their averages which respectively are; 143.96ppm, 387.08ppm,
5.9208ppm and 74.303ppm (table 1b). The maximum concentration
of Cerium is far lower than in Gouap Nkollo (1307ppm, Soh et al
2014 ) but higher than those in the studied stream sediments of
Vaimba Lidi (163ppm, Embui et al 2013). This could be as a result
of variations of the various elemental concentrations in the weath-
ered parent rocks within their various catchments. The Pearson’s
correlation matrix computed for some elements (Table 2) reveals
some inter element relationships. From table 3, it can be seen that
Au has the highest correlation coefficient (r) of 0.566 with Cu and
0.561 with Ag. The strongest positive correlations occur between,
La-Ce, Ag-Cu, La-Y, Zn-Cr, Sr-Mo. Other element pairs with pos-
itive r values include As-Sr, As-Mo, Bi-Sb, Cd-Co, Ce-Y, Co-Zn,
Co-Cr, W-Ni, Pb-Y, Pb-Sb, Pb-Sn, Sn-Sb. Many elements have
equally very low positive r values. These are for example Ni-Co,
Pb-Cu, and Zn-Cu amongst others. To further investigate these ele-
ment associations, the data were reduced by being subjected to prin-
cipal component analysis (PCA), (Grunsky, 2002, 2010,) using the
five factor model by rotation using quartimax method with Kaiser
Normalization. Five factors or components were generated ac-
109
counting for 90.975% (Table 3) of the total variance with each rep-
resenting a cluster of interrelated elements within the data set.
These five factors are Factor 1 (Ce, La, Nb, Y) from a REE lithol-
ogy, Factor 2 (W, Mo, Sr, As, Cd, Ni) which is from sulphide –
ultramafic inputs , Factor 3 (Pb, Sn, Zn, Sb) and factor 4 (Au,
Ag,Cu), related probably to a sulpide mineralization and Factor 5
(Cr, Co, Bi) indicating an ultramafic lithology.
Factor 1 accounts for 36.477% of the total variance which is made
up of four of the Light Rare Earth Elements; Ce, La, Nb, Y which
mostly point to a felsic rock origin especially intrusive granites.
More so, the strong correlation between La and Ce (Table 2) might
be linked to accessory minerals phases e.g, flocerite (Ce,La)F3, lop-
erite (Na,Ce,La)TiO3 and Xenotime (Y,Ce) PO4 amongst other
LREE mineral phases.
This correlates well with the fact that there are good outcrops of
granites within the catchments. Factor 3 and 4 could equally point
to granitic rocks with possible sulfide mineralization of Zn, Pb, Cu,
in association with Au. Also factor 5 which has Co and Cr which
correlate highly together with factor 2 having Nickel might point to
the presence of mafic to ultramafic rock associations in the area.
Mafic rock types have been sampled to the South west of the study
area. It should be known that factors 2, 3, 4 and 5 account for
22.587%, 17.057%, 8.643%, and 6.213% respectively of the total
variance.
 110 International Journal of Advanced Geosciences

Fig. 5: Graduated Symbol Plots for (A) Au, (B) Ag, (C) Cu, (D) Pb and (E) Zn Scores (Ppm) Superimposed on the Drainage Map+ Numeric Model of the
Nlonako Area.
 International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 111

Table 2: Pearsons Correlation Matrix

Table 3: Rotated Component Matrix

Component
1 2 3 4 5
Au 0,395 -0,322 -0,12 0,785 -0,127
Ag -0,266 -0,071 0,317 0,898 0,096
As 0,275 0,734 0,148 -0,108 -0,074
Ba -0,504 0,308 -0,295 -0,191 -0,398
Bi 0,201 -0,036 0,611 0,167 0,727
Cd -0,56 0,478 -0,139 -0,545 -0,005
Ce 0,944 -0,143 0,112 -0,112 0,056
Co -0,976 -0,064 -0,005 -0,069 0,036
Cr -0,866 -0,111 0,105 -0,043 0,394
Cu -0,251 -0,095 0,331 0,896 0,072
La 0,953 -0,097 0,127 -0,119 0,084
Ni -0,659 0,69 -0,128 0,026 0,085
Pb 0,145 0,009 0,938 0,308 0,032
Sn 0,101 0,018 0,964 0,128 0,037
Sr -0,037 0,961 -0,013 -0,066 -0,091
Zn -0,922 -0,225 0,176 0,09 -0,014
Sb 0,261 -0,011 0,951 -0,021 -0,04
Nb 0,734 0,235 0,2 0,175 0,208
Mo 0,032 0,93 -0,032 -0,147 0,243
W 0,242 0,551 -0,145 -0,069 0,755
Y .870 .067 .309 -.228 .217

Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
% of Cumulative % of Cumulative % of Cumulative
Total Variance % Total Variance % Total Variance %
7,66 36,477 36,477 7,66 36,477 36,477 7,216 34,363 34,363
4,743 22,585 59,062 4,743 22,585 59,062 3,707 17,653 52,016
3,582 17,057 76,119 3,582 17,057 76,119 3,686 17,55 69,566
1,815 8,643 84,762 1,815 8,643 84,762 2,867 13,65 83,216
1,305 6,213 90,975 1,305 6,213 90,975 1,629 7,759 90,975
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Rotation Method: Quartimax with Kaiser normalisation.

From the mineralization point of view, it can be either an anthropo-
genic pollution or because of the influence of geological setting.
However, from field observation of mineralization, careful sam-
pling and the fact that neither intensive agricultural activites are tak-
ing place nor industrial pollution, there is very high probability of
geological setting influence on the input of the various elements
into stream sediments resulting to the various elements distributions
in the study area.
 112
6. Conclusions
1) The element anomalies found in this study are the results of
geological influence and not as a result of pollution.
2) The element associations defined by multivariate statistics
between Au, Cu and Ag suggests that the sulphides of Ag and
Cu depositions and gold mineralization are contemporane-
ous, thus rocks with these sulphides are the most prospective
during litho geochemical surveys in the region.
3) Since there are visible sulphide mineralizations in the field
hosted by granites and factor 1 of PCA points to that effect,
it can be thought that most of the indications of the sulfide
mineralization can be sought in the granites in this region.
More so since the gold is found in the factor with Cu we
might think that searching for this sulphide mineralization
might possibly lead to finding anomalous gold mineraliza-
tion. This equally does not preclude the idea of the search for
the presence of mafic –ultramafic rocks which can as well
host such mineralization.
4) It can be suggested that input of the various elements results
from weathering of mineralized rocks from within the catch-
ment of the study area evident from field observations of such
mineralization. The study equally points to the fact that there
is a good mineralization potential for plutonic rocks of the
Nlonako area and environs.
5) Heavy mineral geochemistry has been shown to be a suitable
starting point for exploration for gold, silver, copper, zinc and
lead amongst other elements within the Nlonako area and en-
virons as points have been identified for their high concen-
trations within the study area.
All these point to the fact that there is a good mineralization poten-
tial within the Nlonako area and environs needing further research
on.
Acknowledgment
The data used in this article is part of the PhD thesis of Afahnwie
Ngambu Aloysius under the supervision of Kouankap Nono Gus
Djibril and Cheo Emmanuel Suh. The authors also appreciate the
effort of the anonymous reviewers for their suggestions.
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