English

What is a verb?
Verb
 The English Tense System
Present Simple
The Present Simple tense is the most basic tense in English and uses the base form of the verb (except for the verb be). The only
change from the base is the addition of s for third person singular.
From the table, notice the following points...

• There is no auxiliary verb, even for questions and

negatives.

• The main verb (be) is conjugated in the Present Simple: am,

are, is

• For negative sentences, we insert not after the main verb.

• For question sentences, we exchange the subject and the
main verb.

We use the Present Simple tense when:

• the action is general
• the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
• the action is not only happening now
• the statement is always true

 Present Continuous
(also called Present Progressive)
We often use the Present Continuous tense in English. It is very different from the Present Simple tense, both in structure and in use.

 Present Perfect tense

The Present Perfect tense is a rather important tense in English, but it gives speakers of some languages a difficult time. That is
because it uses concepts or ideas that do not exist in those languages. In fact, the structure of the Present Perfect is very simple. The
problems come with the use of the tense.
Present Perfect for experience
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about experience from the past.

 Present Perfect for change

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about a change, or new information:

Present Perfect for continuing situation

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about a continuing situation. This is a state that started in the past and continues in
the present (and will probably continue into the future).

Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous uses two auxiliary verbs together with a main verb. In this lesson we look at the structure and use of the
Present Perfect Continuous tense, as well as the use of for and since.
Present Perfect Continuous for past action just stopped

Present Perfect Continuous for past action continuing now

 Types of Sentences
What is a sentence?
A sentence may be defined as a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought.

 Sentences are classified in two ways:

*According to use; and
*According to form.

 What is a declarative sentence?

A declarative sentence is one which states or declares something or one that states a fact.
Let’s look at some more examples
•The sun rises in the east
•John is a doctor
•Amy ran to her mom
•Delhi is the capital of India
•They shout
•Ayman’s pet is unwell
•Ahmad loves pizza
•They are brothers
•Students study their lessons
•I am a teacher
.

 What is an imperative sentence?

An imperative sentence is one which expresses a request, command or an order.
An imperative sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a period. Generally, the subject is not mentioned
and only the predicate is expressed.
 What is an interrogative sentence?
An interrogative sentence is one that asks a question.

An interrogative sentence usually begins with an asking word with the first letter in capital, and always ends
with a question mark (?).

Do you know how to write a poem?

Did the child eat his dinner?
Why did you come late?
Have you received my gift?
Where do you live?

 What is an exclamatory sentence?

An exclamatory sentence is one which expresses a sudden or strong

emotion or feeling such as happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear or
excitement.

Help! Our house is on fire!

An exclamatory sentence cannot be a single word. It usually begins with a capital letter and ends with an
exclamation mark (!). Sometimes, a period is used to lessen the force of the exclamation.

What a good dinner that was!

Oh! My God.
Run for your life, Jose!
Forgive me, Mother!
Ah! Here comes his wife.

Past Simple tense

Here are some short events with the Past Simple

Here are some long events with the Past Simple tense
 Past Continuous tense
The Past Continuous tense is an important tense in English. We use it to say what we were in the middle of doing at a particular moment in the
past.
How do we use the Past Continuous tense?
The Past Continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the past. The action started before that moment but has not finished at that moment.
Simple and compound sentence
Compound and complex sentence
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)
A dependent clause cannot act as a complete sentence because it begins with a subordinating word, such as when, because, if, whoever, etc.
Past Perfect tense
The Past Perfect Tense is for talking about something that happened before something else.

It can also be used to show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

1. She had undergone heart surgery in her childhood.

2. I had lost my camera.
3. He had earned a lot of money.
4. My Father had brought a new car.
5. My Mother had cooked some food.

How do we use the Past Perfect tense?

The Past Perfect tense expresses action in the past before another action in the past. This is the past in the past. For example:
• The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9:15am. When we arrived, the train had left.

 Past Perfect Continuous tense

The Past Perfect Continuous is another tense that expresses the "past in the past".

How do we use the Past Perfect Continuous tense?

The Past Perfect Continuous tense is like the Past Perfect tense, but it expresses longer actions in the past before another action in
the past. For example:
• Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am. When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours.

• We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past.
"For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous.
Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before
something else in the past.

• You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
• Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?
• You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.

 Future Simple
The Future Simple tense is often called the "will tense" because we make the Future Simple with the modal auxiliary will.
 How do we use the Future Simple tense?
No Plan
We use the Future Simple tense when there is no plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of
speaking. Look at these examples:
• Hold on. I'll get a pen.
• We will see what we can do to help you.
Prediction
We often use the Future Simple tense to make a prediction about the future. Again, there is no firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen
Here are some examples:
• It will rain tomorrow.
• People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.

Be
When the main verb is be, we can use the Future Simple tense even if we have a firm plan or decision before speaking. Examples:
• I'll be in London tomorrow.
• I'm going shopping. I won't be very long.

Future Continuous
The Future Continuous tense is often used in English as a way to talk about something happening at a given point in the future.

How do we use the Future Continuous tense?

The Future Continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the future. The action will have started before that moment but it will not have
finished at that moment. For example, tomorrow I will start work at 2pm and stop work at 6pm:

Compound prepositions are made up of two or more words. They may be written as one word (They look like regular
prepositions) or as two or more separate words (They look like an adverb and a preposition or another prepositional
phrase).

The bird \in the tree \outside my window is singing loudly. (one word compound)
The bird \on top of the tree \outside of my window is singing loudly. (multiword compounds)

Future Perfect tense

The Future Perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and use. The Future Perfect talks about the past in the future.
 How do we use the Future Perfect tense?
The Future Perfect tense expresses action in the future before another action in the future. This is the past in the future. For example:
• The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive, the train will have left.

Future Perfect Continuous tense

The Future Perfect Continuous tense looks at the past from the future.

How do we use the Future Perfect Continuous Tense?

The Future Perfect Continuous tense is like the Future Perfect tense, but it expresses longer actions or states extending up to some specific event
or time in the future. For example:
• Ram starts waiting at 9am. I am late and cannot arrive before 10am. Ram will have been waiting for an hour by the time I meet him.

  A good paragraph includes a topic sentence, supporting sentences and a concluding sentence

1- Science in our Daily Lives

2-Laser Technology in Medicine
3-Diabetes

What is a topic sentence?

A topic or sometimes referred to as focus sentence is the most important sentence in your paragraph. The topic
sentence explains what the rest of the paragraph is about. In short, it is a complete sentence with a verb and a
subject


.

 Furthermore, a topic sentence is  not  to speci c or general

and has no unrelated controlling ideas. The controlling idea
reports what direction the paragraph will take. For example

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After you start your paragraph with a topic sentence the rest are supporting sentences that discuss one idea

Furthermore, a paragraph is usually ended with a concluding sentence. A nal or concluding sentence signals
the end of the paragraph by repeating the topic sentence in different word or it summarizes the main idea of the
paragraph.

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In sum, start a paragraph with a topic sentence, add supporting sentences of that topic and end with a concluding
sentence.
A Few Common Errors to Avoid

Below are a few additional tips that often present problems for students:

1-Verb tense: Papers should maintain the same verb tense throughout. Past tense is generally preferred, but occasionally present tense is appropriate

2-Subject/verb agreement: Both the subject and the verb of a sentence should either be singular (“the amide was reactive”) or plural (“the amide and amine

were reactive”). A subject that describes a collection is a common pitfall (“the mixture of amides and amines was reactive”; “mixture” is a singular noun).

3-Verb usage: Use of “to be” as the main verb in a sentence is generally thought of as weak, since no active verbs are required. Sentences starting with

“There is” should be avoided. For example:

Incorrect Example: There is no analysis of the antioxidant potential of basil extracts.

Correct Example: Basil extracts have not been analyzed for their antioxidant potential.

4) Extraneous words: Common modi ers such as “surprisingly” and “interestingly” add very little to text. Additionally, the adverb “very” should be

avoided.

5) Quali cations: Qualitative words such as “excellent,” “moderate,” and “poor” are descriptive but subjective. They are better replaced with more precise

quantitative descriptors.

6) Colloquial expressions: Expressions that might be completely acceptable while communicating verbally should be replaced with more formal language.

One common example is the use of the word “reacted” as a verb: “The alkene was reacted with bromine.” The word “treated” can often be substituted for

“reacted” to make writing in chemistry more formal

In certain situations sentence structure can be overused, so it is useful to have an arsenal of active verbs to employ when writing a formal report. It is also

important to note that operations are not performed on a reaction. Instead, “reaction mixtures” are “concentrated,” “heated,” “ ltered,” etc
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.

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7- Contractions: They are never appropriate in formal writing. LOL laughing out lou

8- Imprecise sentence subjects: “This” should not be used as the subject of the sentence. Instead, specify what “this” is: “this reaction,” “this result,” and “this

compound” are all acceptable sentence subjects.

9- Numbers: Numbers less than or equal to twelve are usually written out (13 is not)

 Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing means changing the wording of a text so that it is significantly different from the original
.source, without changing the meaning

The elements of effective paraphrasing

Paraphrasing and summarising are normally used together in essay writing, but while summarising aims
to reduce information to a suitable length, paraphrasing attempts to restate the relevant information.

There has been much debate about the reasons for the industrial revolution happening in eighteenth-century
Britain, rather than in France or Germany.
could be paraphrased:
Why the industrial revolution occurred in Britain in the eighteenth century, instead of on the continent, has
been the subject of considerable discussion.

 Why is Paraphrasing Important?

There are four reasons why you should paraphrase:

1. To demonstrate your understanding of the source
2. To better incorporate the information into your discussion
3. To ensure you avoid plagiarism
4. To emphasise a particular point from a piece information found in a source

 Change the Word Form (Nouns / Adjectives / Verbs)

You can change the form by using some of the same words, but in a different form

Example

ORIGINAL:

The rate of manufacturing increased in line with an expansion in the mobile industry

(Hendon, 2002).

NEW:

Hendon (2002) described how an increase in the rate of manufacturing occurred in line

with the mobile industry expanding

 Guide To Paraphrasing (5C Rules) Rule

1: Comprehend- understand the text (the sentence)

2: Change- change the words and the structure of the sentence
3: Combine: combine ideas (different paraphrasing styles).
4: Check: check if the meaning has not changed
5: Cite: cite the reference/source of the information.

 Steps For Effective Paraphrasing

Step 1 Read the original passage (sentence) Reread the

original passage until you understand its full meaning.
Step 2 Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a
note card or paper.
Step 3 Check your version with the original to make sure
that your version accurately expresses all the essential
information in a new form.
Step 4 Record the source on your note card so that you can
cite and reference it in your assignment