L A B

OR ET
W
R THE
THE FUTURE

TE
FO

E
KE TH
W

R P
R

LACE
TE

OR

MA
BET
Currently, manufacturers, along with a

LD
number of government officials perceive
such an objective as not being

WHAT
achievable to its desired potential.

According to research that has been

conducted by Accenture, several

established and emerging

manufacturers have lied down the lofty

objective of producing a completely

““IF YOU RECOGNIZE

ARE
driver-free vehicle by 2015. However,
THAT SELF-DRIVING

with the exception of technology that

has the ability of mimicking man’s

CARS ARE GOING TO

reason and judgement, this appears to

PREVENT CAR

be improbable. (10) ACCIDENTS, AI WILL

BE RESPONSIBLE

FOR REDUCING ONE

TOMATED
OF THE LEADING

CAUSES OF DEATH IN
AU
THE WORLD.” –

MARK

CARS
ZUCKERBERG(9)

WHAT
ARE
Automa
ted
are
cars
Vehicles that have the ability to navigate
themselves and perform without a driver
are referred to as “ Autonomous cars”.
With the support of pioneering sensors,
along with artificial intelligence, these
vehicles possess the ability to sense and
analyze vicinities such as patterns of traffic,
road signs, and additional barriers. In
addition to having the capacity of travelling
on all routes that a conventional vehicle
can, autonomous vehicles have the
intelligence to execute every responsibility
that a driver can. (3).
fe?
y sa
Are the OW DO
H
AUTOMAT
CARS WO ED
How safe RK
they?
The many other features with AV cars
The detection feature can be seen
Computers, machine learning systems,
The foundation of a-priori-forecasts is formed on
sensors, and algorithms are all essential to the
theorems and inference. Accidents can be avoided
operation of autonomous vehicles. The
with the aid of driver assisting systems which
utilization of laser, radar, video, and ultrasonic
provides warnings through visual, aural, or haptic
sensors grants the detection of hurdles such
means, along with brief braking or steering
as people, vehicles within the immediate area,
intercessions that portray a warning symbol. Yet, it
traffic signals, and road confinements. Modern
is important to acknowledge that these assistive
software examines the data gathered, depicts
systems are becoming increasingly capable thanks
the environment, and commands sensors to
to progressive automation, as well as enhanced
steer, brake, and advance. The programme
computer and sensor technology. The collision
uses algorithms for defining objects, predicting
warning systems EBA, ACC with FCWS, LCA, LDW,
modelling, and avoiding obstacles in order to
NV, and intersection assistance are all examples of
adhere to traffic regulations and steer clear of
the driver assisting systems that improve safety.
impediments (3).
The dynamics of the vehicle can be altered by
other systems, like Electronic Brake Assist (EBA) or
Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB), to prevent
collisions (1).
 The main Goal
Automated

Vehicles
Advanced levels of autonomous vehicles
posses the competence to mitigate risky
and perilous driving behaviours,
illustrating a notable opportunity for the
reduction of catastrophic repercussions
associated with impaired driving, ,
unbelted vehicle occupants, speeding, and
distractions. Automated vehicles do not
The autemated car can be seen detecting

everything within its radius solely provide benefits in terms of saving

lives, but also present advantages for the
environment and the economy.(6)
safety benefits
Improving overall mobility and safety and Providing a smoother

mitigating human errors is potentially a driving experience that is

great enhancement that can be done environmentally friendly in

terms of the air pollution

through the implementation of automated

vehicles. To estimate how automated

and electricity

consumption
is something
vehicles might affect intersection and
junction safety, a study was carried out. To
that advanced
computer

autonomous vehicles can

evaluate the impact of mixed traffic at execute with very efficient

many different intersections and fuel consumption(4)

crossings, including automated vehicles

and those with a certain level of

automation, the study carried out utilizing
a simulation framework. Based on the Through reducing car

crash expenses, improving

results of the extensive research, reduced transportation efficiency

amounts of human operated vehicles and reducing healthcare

resulted in a lower sum of collision rates. burden, The autonomous

vehicles would impact the

However, a market penetration of around

society positively and save
40 percent, as well as a mix of human approximately eight

driven automated vehicles (Av) and level 5 hundred billion dollars

Avs would result in substantial safety annually (5)

gains. (14)
 The overall benefits

Automation
automation levels
spectrum
level 0 – The responsibility belongs to the human

The automation of vehicles is based off a driver to maintain attentiveness while driving Platooning: a method comprising the

spectrum, which can be divided into five Level 1 - The steering and or braking/accelerating
operation of multiple electrically-

seperate levels. Each level engages the can be assisted through the advanced driver
connected unmanned vehicles in close

driver diversely: the highest level represents assistance system (ADAS) proximity at elevated speeds, ideally with

the least amount of engagement with the Level 2 - both steering and braking/accelerating
a large truck leading the pack, is vital in

driver , while the lowest level presents the are controlled simultaneously by the advanced
aknowleging the several benefits that

driver with the highest amount of driver assistance system (ADAS), although the
autonomous vehicles promise, including

engagement. The first level consists of a driver must remain focused throughout the reduction of the congestion, the

driver-only level, in which the driver is Level 3 -performing some or almost all driving

performs all the tasks and is fully consumption of fuel , and the emissions.

tasks in certain circumstances is achieved

responsible for the vehicle’s movement, Nevertheless, successfully implementing

through the - the automated driving system

including the steering. Moving along the the approach will necessitate the

(ADS), although the human driver must be alert

spectrum, one is encountered with an and ready to take control

provision of dedicated highway lanes. As

“assisted” as well as “partially automated” Level 4 - All of the driving tasks can be conducted
a sizeable percentage of power is

levels, in which the driver ought to maintain by the ADS in many certain circumstances, in
created through fossil fuels, which

supervision and remain alert when driving; which the human driver does not need to pay
generate pollution, enthusiasts frequently

for instance, hands on the steering wheel. much attention(although they are obligated to
theorize that the large sum of

The last two levels are “highly automated” stay focused no matter the cause) autonomous vehicles would be electric,

and” fully automated”: the vehicle Level 5 - All the driving tasks in all the
and thus, reducing but not entirely

conducts nearly all the tasks at hand,

circumstances are performed by the (ADS) ,
eliminating polluting emissions.(8)
allowing humans to remain outside of the
and the humans in the vehicle are

vehicle-guidance process for a portion of,

or yet, practically the full duration (1). passengers(2).

 Work Cited

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Jan-1970. [Online]. Available: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-48847-8_17. [Accessed: 01-Mar-2023].

2. Author links open overlay panelChen Wang a, a, b, c, Highlights•A comprehensive review of surrogate safety measures (SSM).•Pros and cons of

various SSM are discussed and compared.•Applications of SSM in CAV safety modeling are summarized.•Suggestions to improve CAV safety modeling

using SSM are provided.•Po, and AbstractSurrogate Safety Measures (SSM) are important for safety performance evaluation, “A review of surrogate

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driving-cars/. [Accessed: 01-Mar-2023].

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https://valientemott.com/auto-collisions/self-driving-cars-pros-and-cons/. [Accessed: 01-Mar-2023].

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among-top-priorities-autonomous-vehicles. [Accessed: 01-Mar-2023].

7. S. Singh, “Level of autonomy in self driving cars and what they mean,” Labellerr, 16-Feb-2023. [Online]. Available:

https://www.labellerr.com/blog/level-of-autonomy-in-self-driving-cars-and-what-they-mean/. [Accessed: 01-Mar-2023].

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Mar-2023].
9. Iain Salter( Founder & Editor of The Road Trip Expert )Iain founded The Road Trip Expert in 2019 and continues to manage the website to this day. The

inspiration to start the blog came during an extensive road trip around Europe with two friends that span, “30 unreal quotes about self-driving cars to

enjoy!,” The Road Trip Expert, 10-Feb-2023.[Online]. Available: https://www.theroadtripexpert.com/quotes-about-self-driving-cars/.[Accessed: 01-

Mar-2023].
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https://www.forbes.com/sites/neilwinton/2022/02/27/computer-driven-autos-still-yearsaway-despite-massive-investment/. [Accessed: 01-Mar-

2023].
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https://www.landmarkdividend.com/self-driving-car/. [Accessed: 01-Mar-2023].

12. E. Dans, “The future of Autonomous Vehicles: Product or service?,” Forbes, 29-Jun2021. [Online]. Available:

https://www.forbes.com/sites/enriquedans/2021/06/11/the-
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vectors/autonomousdriving/13. [Accessed: 01-Mar-2023].

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Available:https://trid.trb.org/view/1494288. [Accessed: 01-Mar-2023].

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https://www.drive.com.au/news/two-australian-companies-helping-drive-the-global-autonomous-revolution/. [Accessed: 01-Mar-2023].