STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY

GRADE 11

Mr. Rudito M. Corton

Subject Teacher
UNIT 13 The Null and
Lesson 1 Alternative Hypotheses
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learner
should be able to:
● properly define hypothesis testing;
● properly define a right-tailed, left-
tailed, and two-tailed test;
● correctly determine whether a right-
tailed, left-tailed, or two-tailed test is
to be used for a certain situation; and
● appropriately state null and alternative
hypotheses in words and symbols.
Essential Questions
• Why do we need to test claims?

• How does stating the null and alternative

hypotheses help us in hypothesis testing?
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis Testing is a statistical method
of using sample data to determine the
probability that a given hypothesis about
the population is true.
Hypothesis Testing
Steps in Hypothesis Testing:
1. Formulate the null and alternative
hypotheses.
2. Determine the level of significance.
3. Calculate the test statistic and identify
the rejection region.
4. Make a decision.
5. Draw a conclusion.
The Null and Alternative Hypotheses

A statistical hypothesis is a prediction

regarding the possible outcome of a study.
It can be shown to be supported or not
supported.

There are two types of statistical

hypotheses: the null hypothesis and the
alternative hypothesis.
The Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis is the hypothesis that is

assumed to be true. It uses a relation symbol
with a statement of equality, such as ≥, ≤, and =,
and is denoted by 𝑯𝟎 .

Example:
The average life expectancy (𝝁𝟏 ) of females is
the same as the average life expectancy (𝝁𝟐 ) of
males. (𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁𝟏 = 𝝁𝟐 )
The Alternative Hypothesis

The alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis that

is contrary to the null hypothesis. It uses a
relation symbol with no statement of equality,
such as >, <, and ≠, and is denoted by 𝑯𝑨 .

Example:
The average life expectancy (𝝁𝟏 ) of females is
different from the average life expectancy (𝝁𝟐 )
of males. (𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁𝟏 ≠ 𝝁𝟐 )
The Null and Alternative Hypothesis

In formulating the null and alternative

hypotheses, you should first define your
research problem.

Example:

Do Filipinos spend a daily average time of 4

hours on social media?
The Null and Alternative Hypothesis

Since the null hypothesis always shows equality,

it can be expressed that there is no difference
between the two means being compared.

The null hypothesis should be stated as:

𝑯𝟎 : The daily average time spent by Filipinos on

social media is 4 hours a day.

𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟒
The Null and Alternative Hypothesis

The alternative hypothesis is the opposite of the

null hypothesis, meaning, there should be a
difference between the two means being
compared.
The alternative hypothesis should be stated as:
𝑯𝑨 : The daily average time spent by Filipinos on
social media is not equal to 4 hours a day.
(𝑯𝑨 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟒)
The Null and Alternative Hypothesis

Any claim can be classified under either the null

hypothesis or the alternative hypothesis. Each
hypothesis is the complement of the other.

• If the null hypothesis is rejected, the

alternative hypothesis is accepted.
• If the null hypothesis is not rejected, it
follows that the alternative hypothesis is not
accepted.
Practice Exercise
A researcher wants to test whether there is a
significant difference between the mean frequency
of exercise between young and old people. State
the null and alternative hypotheses.

Let 𝝁𝟏 and 𝝁𝟐 be the population mean frequency of

exercise of young and old people, respectively. The
hypotheses can be stated as:
Solution:
A researcher wants to test whether there is a
significant difference between the mean frequency
of exercise between young and old people. State
the null and alternative hypotheses.

Null Hypothesis:

𝑯𝟎 : There is no significant difference between the

mean frequency of exercise of young and old people.
(𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁𝟏 = 𝝁𝟐 )
Solution:
A researcher wants to test whether there is a
significant difference between the mean frequency
of exercise between young and old people. State
the null and alternative hypotheses.

Alternative Hypothesis:

𝑯𝑨 : There is a significant difference between the

mean frequency of exercise of young and old people.
(𝑯𝑨 : 𝝁𝟏 ≠ 𝝁𝟐 )
Types of Hypothesis Testing Procedure

There are two basic types of hypothesis testing

procedures depending on the alternative
hypothesis.
Directional Test of Hypothesis or One-tailed
Test

This is a type of hypothesis test that makes use

of only one side or tail of the distribution. It
can either be a right-tailed or left-tailed test.
Types of Hypothesis Testing Procedure

Right-tailed Test
This is a type of directional test of hypothesis
or one-tailed test that is used when an assertion
is made that the parameter falls within the
positive end of the distribution. In a right-tailed
test, the alternative hypothesis uses
comparatives such as greater than, higher than,
better than, superior to, exceeds, above,
increased, etc.
Types of Hypothesis Testing Procedure

Right-tailed Test

Image Source:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/z-test/
Types of Hypothesis Testing Procedure

Right-tailed Test
Example:

𝑯𝟎 : The mean number of hours students spend studying

after school is at most 2.5 hours. (𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 ≤ 𝟐. 𝟓)

𝑯𝑨 : The mean number of hours students spend studying

after school is greater than 2.5 hours. (𝑯𝑨 : 𝝁 > 𝟐. 𝟓)
Types of Hypothesis Testing Procedure

Left-tailed Test
This is a type of directional test of hypothesis
or one-tailed test that is used when an assertion
is made that the parameter falls within the
negative end of the distribution. In a left-tailed
test, the alternative hypothesis uses
comparatives such as less than, smaller than,
inferior to, lower than, below, decreased, etc.
Types of Hypothesis Testing Procedure

Left-tailed Test

Image Source:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/z-test/
Types of Hypothesis Testing Procedure

Left-tailed Test
Example:

𝑯𝟎 : The mean number of hours students spend studying

after school is at least 2.5 hours. (𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 ≥ 𝟐. 𝟓)

𝑯𝑨 : The mean number of hours students spend studying

after school is less than 2.5 hours. (𝑯𝑨 : 𝝁 < 𝟐. 𝟓)
Types of Hypothesis Testing Procedure

There are two basic types of hypothesis testing

procedures depending on the alternative
hypothesis.

Non-directional Test of Hypothesis or Two-tailed Test

This is a type of hypothesis test that makes use of two

opposite sides or tails of the distribution. It is used
when no assertion is made on whether the parameter
falls within the positive or negative end of the
distribution.
Types of Hypothesis Testing Procedure

Two-tailed Test
In a two-tailed test, the alternative hypothesis
uses comparatives such as not equal to, different
from, not the same as, etc.
Types of Hypothesis Testing Procedure

Two-tailed Test

Image Source:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/z-test/

Two-tailed Test
Types of Hypothesis Testing Procedure

Two-tailed Test
Example:

𝑯𝟎 : The mean number of hours students spend studying

after school is equal to 2.5 hours. (𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟐. 𝟓)

𝑯𝑨 : The mean number of hours students spend studying

after school is not 2.5 hours. (𝑯𝑨 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟐. 𝟓)
Level of Significance
The level of significance is the probability of
rejecting the null hypothesis in favor of the
alternative hypothesis when it is really true,
denoted by 𝜶.
In hypothesis testing, the researcher decides what
level of significance to use at the beginning of the
test. Conventional significance levels such as 0.05
and 0.01 are frequently used in hypothesis testing
because of the desire to maintain a low probability
of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually
true.
Level of Significance
The level of significance is the probability of
rejecting the null hypothesis in favor of the
alternative hypothesis when it is really true,
denoted by 𝜶.
Example:

A significance level of 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 means that there is

a 5% chance of rejecting a true null hypothesis. In
other words, we are 95% confident that the right
decision is made.
Rejection Region
The rejection region pertains to the set of all
values for which the null hypothesis will be
rejected. The following table shows the types of
the hypothesis test and their corresponding
rejection regions.
Practice Exercise
A store owner wants to know if the daily average
number of customers in the clothing shop is greater
than 246. State the null and alternative hypotheses.

Null Hypothesis
𝑯𝟎 : The daily mean number of customers in the
clothing shop is less than or equal to 246.

(𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 ≤ 𝟐𝟒𝟔)
Practice Exercise
A store owner wants to know if the daily average
number of customers in the clothing shop is greater
than 246. State the null and alternative hypotheses.

Alternative Hypothesis
𝑯𝑨 : The daily mean number of customers in the
clothing shop is greater than 246.

(𝑯𝑨 : 𝝁 > 𝟐𝟒𝟔)

Practice Exercise
Researcher A claims that an average professional
typist has a mean typing speed of 75 words per
minute. Researcher B wants to test whether this
claim is true. State the null and alternative
hypotheses.
𝑯𝟎 : The population mean typing speed of an average
professional typist is 75 words per minute.
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟕𝟓
𝑯𝑨 : The population mean typing speed of an average
professional typist is not 75 words per minute.
𝑯𝑨 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟕𝟓
Practice Exercise
A teacher wants to test the claim that female
students have less absences compared to male
students. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
𝑯𝟎 : The mean number of absences of female
students is greater than or equal to the mean
number of absences of male students.
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁𝟏 ≥ 𝝁𝟐
𝑯𝑨 : The mean number of absences of female
students is less than the mean number of
absences of male students.
𝑯𝑨 : 𝝁𝟏 < 𝝁𝟐
Practice Exercise
A social worker wants to test whether the average
body mass index (BMI) of the pupils under the
feeding program is higher than 8.2 kg. What is the
null and the alternative hypothesis?

𝑯𝟎 : The average body mass index of the pupils

under the feeding program is at most 8.2 kg.
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 ≤ 𝟖. 𝟐 𝒌𝒈
𝑯𝑨 : The average body mass index of the pupils under
the feeding program is higher than 8.2 kg.
𝑯𝑨 : 𝝁 > 𝟖. 𝟐 𝒌𝒈
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