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Purposive Communication - The Nature of Communication

and Cultural Sensitivity in Communication ( Prelims
Summary)
Purposive Communication (Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

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Purposive Communication
The Communication Process
The Nature of Communication
- We, humans, are naturally social being, we feel an intense need to
express our thoughts, feelings, aspirations, doubts, questions, and fears.
It is our ability to communicate that makes us different from all other
living things. This is our instrument for human interaction.
Communication
- is derived from the Latin word “common,” which means, “belonging to
many” and “communico”-to confer with others.
- It is the mutual exchange of information, ideas and understanding by any
effective means.
- a process by which people send messages or exchange ideas or
thoughts with one another in a verbal or non-verbal manner.
Communication is important to everyone - on how we can give and
receive information and convey our ideas and opinions with those around
us.
- Communication is a two-way street.
- Communication is the interaction of words from a society and thus gives
pleasure and an increased understanding of life. We belong to the era
where opportunities for communication is rampant. We can reach people
from different places through cellular phones, videos, computers and fax
machines. Apparently, communication is extremely important so we have
to use it effectively.
Elements of Communication
1. SENDER/ENCODER
The sender, also known as the encoder, decides on the message to be sent
and the best/most effective way that it can be sent. All of these are done
bearing the receiver in mind. In a word, it is the sender’s job to
conceptualize. The sender may want to ask him/herself questions like:
What words will I use? Do I need signs or pictures?
2. MEDIUM
The medium is the immediate form which a message takes. For example,
a message may be communicated in the form of a letter or an email or
face to face in the form of a speech.
3. CHANNEL
The channel is responsible for the delivery of the chosen message form.
For example: post office, internet, television and radio.
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4. RECEIVER
The receiver or the decoder is responsible for extracting/decoding
meaning from the message. The receiver is also responsible for
providing feedback to the sender. In a word, it is his/her job to
INTERPRET.
5. FEEDBACK
Feedback is important as it determines whether or not the decoder
grasped the intended meaning and whether communication was
successful.
6. CONTEXT
Communication does not take place in a vacuum. The context of any
communication act is the environment surrounding it. This includes,
among other things, place, time, event, setting, and attitudes of sender
and receiver.
7. NOISE (also called interference)
Noise is any factor that inhibits the transmission of a message. It is
anything that gets in the way of the message being accurately received,
interpreted and responded to. Noise may be internal or external.
A student worrying about an incomplete assignment may not be attentive
in class (internal noise) or the sounds of heavy rain on a galvanized roof
may inhibit the reading of a storybook to second graders (external
noise).
The communication process is dynamic, continuous, irreversible, and
contextual. It is not possible to participate in any element of the process
without acknowledging the existence and functioning of the other
elements.
2 Types of Noise:
Internal Noise = physiological & psychological
External Noise
Principles and Characteristics of Communication
1. Communication is a Schemata-driven
Communication begins within yourself; you begin with what you have
already stocked in your brain or with what you have already known or
understood about the subject matter of the communicative act.
Transmitted messages become understandable or meaningful because
of your innate or old knowledge about the messages.
The theory states that all knowledge/data is organized into units. Each
unit is a schema. Within each schema information is stored – this
information can pertain to anything.
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Purposive Communication
2. Communication is an interpretative act.
- The only person who knows the exact or full meaning of the message
transmitted is the sender or speaker. Being the creator or source of the
ideas, he/she has the absolute knowledge about his message. It is called
interpretative act because the role of the receiver or listener is just to
interpret, infer, or guess the meaning of things appealing to his sense of
hearing.
The sender has the absolute knowledge about his/her message therefore
the role of the receiver is just to interpret, infer, or guess the meaning of
things appealing to his sense of hearing.
3. Communication does not guarantee a direct or automatic link
between two minds.
These forms of knowledge become meaningful only to others when you
initiate communication with them.
4. Communication is active, powerful, or forceful
- Communication is generally taken as an active message, because it has
varied effects on all participants in any communicative event. It engages
speakers and listeners in action of giving and receiving information.
- Communication is powerful and forceful for it elicits different meanings
or reactions, these messages are prone to changes. Subjected to the
changeable and continued existence of the world, communication is
dynamic (A process or system characterized by constant change) as life
that goes on and on like a river. Nothing remains permanent or fixed in
the world of communication.
• It is active because it engages speakers and listeners in action of giving
and receiving information.
• It is powerful and forceful for it elicits different meanings or reactions
5. Communication is symbolic.
- Symbols, signs, or marks like letters, words, sentences, graphs, pictures
and other concrete objects represent or stand for ideas that you intend
to convey verbally.
For non-verbal communication, you resort to bodily actions (gestures, eye
movements, posture, facial expressions) voice quality, space and time
elements to stand for the ideas you want to express.
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6. Communication always results in something.
It refers to two or more persons participate in any communicative act.
The first, expresses or sends a message; the second, responds or reacts
to the message.
It is impossible for any person communicating not to get any response
or reaction at all from his listeners
7. Communication is irreversible.
You are free to talk about anything under the sun. But once you utter
something, the things you have said remains as it is susceptible to
different interpretations or meanings.
8. Communication is contextual.
An exchange of views, ideas, or feelings doesn’t only involve the sender
and the receiver, but also other aspects of the communication setting
like time, place, topic, occasion, purpose, and manner of communication.
Communication also takes into consideration the time, place, topic,
occasion, purpose and manner of communication.
9. Communication is developmental or progressive.
To communicate ideas is to go through the different stages of language
learning that begins from birth to elementary, high school, and college
levels.
It is not a one-time learning towards communicative competence.
10. Communication is a process.
Several stages of communication take place when people exchange or
share ideas with one another. Each stage involves elements with
different functions.
11. Communication is ethical.
Any communication event is expected to apply rules, moral values, and
beliefs agreed upon by societal members. Guided by these standards
determined by the cultural group you belong to, your communication
becomes ethical, good or desirable.
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Purposive Communication

12. Communication is influenced by media and technology This verbal or spoken language becomes a written language once you
You are in the era of knowledge explosion or modern technology. This put on paper or any surface the marks or prints symbolizing or
period is characterized by an instant global exchange of knowledge, representing the ideas you intend to convey or have spoken to others.
services and technology.
Verbal symbols
- use with great deal of caution refer to the use of speaker language (Antonio, et.al., p. 30).
Using modern electronic communication devices, an exchange of ideas
occurs just in seconds or minutes regardless of the distance between or Non-verbal Language
among the participants. norms for non-verbal communication vary from country to country and
also among cultures within a particular country.
With the speedy turn out of varied modern media and devices of Some nonverbal communication behaviors appear to be somewhat
communication like the e-mail, cellphone, web cam, internet and other innate because they are universally recognized.
computer-run gadgets, you now find interaction with anyone in any corner
of the world easily and quickly. Two such universal signals are the “eyebrow flash” of recognition when
we see someone we know and the open hand and the palm up gesture
that signals a person would like something or needs help (Martin &
Flow of Communication Nakayama, 2010).
Downward • Eyebrow flash
- An example of downward communication is a board of directors • Open hand/palm up
instructing management to take a specific action. • Smile
- higher level to lower one
Smiling is also a universal nonverbal behavior, but the triggers that lead
Upward a person to smile vary from culture to culture. The expansion of media,
- process of info from lower to higher level particularly from the United States and other Western countries around
- we can get feedback the world, is leading to more nonverbal similarities among cultures, but
- managers get feedback from employers the biggest cultural differences in nonverbal communication occur
= collating feedback = survey within the categories of eye contact, touch, and personal space (Pease
& Pease, 2004). Nonverbal communication like other forms of
communication is influenced by context and varies among individuals
Lateral within a particular cultural group as well.
- Involves the flow of messages between individuals and groups on the
same level of an organization.
- also called horizontal communication. Nonverbal Language Symbols:
- occurs formally The idea you want to convey through this non-verbal communication are
- student to student = efficient symbolized or represented, not by words, but by the following Non-
verbal language symbols:
Grapevine 1. Body Movements
- an informal channel of business communication.
Big and small movements of your body like gestures, facial expressions,
- stretch in all direction of authority levels
posture and eye behavior express meanings.
- learn by informally = rumors
• Gestures
Communication Cues: Verbal and Non-verbal Language • Facial expressions
• Posture
Verbal Language • Eye behavior
Verbal language consists of symbols like letters, words, and other marks
that you need to subject to language or grammar rules for a coherent or Kinesics
organized means of understanding or expressing ideas. - derived from the Greek term
- kinesis, meaning “motion” which refers to the study of body
movements.
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Finger Pointing = hostility Cultural

Invasion of personal space
• Polychronic flexible schedule
Arm Cross – I’m close off to your ideas • Monochronic have the time table/ do just one thing at a time.
Open Arms – open to conversation (openness/willingness)
4. Proxemics
Fidling pen/cup – not interested/ pre-occupied not fully present A space or distance symbolizes or represents your thoughts or feelings
about your world.
2. Paralanguage
These are extra sounds that go with your spoken words For instance, surrounding your property with steel fence or leaving it
unfenced gives people clues about your preferences or priorities or
deciding to arrange your pieces of furniture too closely or so far from
Paralinguistic
one another indicates the kind of interaction you would like to have wth
study of special sounds accompanying words
people.
Examples of Paralanguage are the following:
Likewise, your body contacts, physical closeness with people, acts of
touching or patting them, or maintaining a wide or narrow gap between
a) Speaking voice produced by your voice’s
you and the other party, expresses meanings on the extent of intimacy
• Pitch highness and lowness or personal relationship you can establish with others.

• Volume loudness or softness Public Space

- away from body (12’)
• Duration speediness and slowness - public speaking/ at a lecture
• Intonation rising and falling
Social Space
• Quality shrillness, huskiness, breathiness, mellowness, etc. - professional/ casual/ colleauge/ customer
- 4’- 12’
b) Vocalization or voice’s special usage like crying, giggling, moaning,
growling, yawning, sighing and groaning. Personal Space
- Physical body (1.5’ – 4’)
c) Vocal pauses or boosters like ahh!...uhg…umm…oh…shh.oops…many - friends and family
others.
Intimate Space
- Bff/ close friend
3. Time (Chronemics) - romantic partner
Your willingness, hesitance, or hatred to wait for a long time speaks of - 0 – 1.5’
your trait of patience or impatience.
Haptics is the term used to refer to your acts of studying the effects
Likewise, this reflects your manner of valuing your relationship with the of your touch on people.
object of your waiting. Your trait of optimism is also proven by your
fondness of talking about your goals, dreams, or plans for the future. 5. Physical Appearance and Object Language
Meanings in this kind of non-verbal language, are symbolized or
Chronemics is the term that refers to your act of studying the represented by dressing styles, body types, body appearance like size
impact or effect of time on your behavior. or shape, architectural designs or structures, art objects graphic
materials, lightning effects, aromatic or smelly objects, and other
Biological – rhythm of living things environmental factors that influence or affect any communicative event.
Personal – ways of individual experience - social markers = dress embodies personal wealth and taste
Physical – Year/ season; it affects mood
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Purposive Communication

• Dressing styles
• Body types ▪ Arabs on the other hand, maintain direct eye contact with those they
• Body appearance etc. interact with for prolonged periods.

“The culturally confused pay a high price”

Culture and Cultural Globalization
Cultural misunderstandings
- often lead to lost opportunities and increased levels of tension between Culture
people - originates from a French term, which in turn derives from the Latin
"colere," which means to tend to the earth and grow, or cultivation and
In Muslim cultures, showing the sole of a shoe is observed as insulting. nurture (Zimmermann, 2017).
Korea, crossing your legs in is a social faux pass In other words; culture encompasses religion, food, what we wear, how
we wear it, our language, marriage, music, what we believe is right or
McDonald’s fast-food chain unintentionally offended thousands of
wrong, how we sit at the table, how we greet visitors, how we behave
Muslims when it printed an excerpt from the Koran on its throwaway
with loved ones, and a million other things (De Rossi, 2017).
hamburger bags. Muslims saw this is sacrilegious.
The Center for Advance Research on Language Acquisition goes a step
The mistake could have been avoided if McDonald’s had displayed greater further, defining culture as shared patterns of behaviors and
sensitivity and awareness. interactions, cognitive constructs and understanding that are learned
by socialization. Thus, it can be seen as the growth of a group identity
Belo Advertisement = body shame fostered by social patterns unique to the group.

Both: Lack of sensitivity & lack of research

Blinking
• Blinking while another person talks is considered normal to North
Americans,
• Taiwanese it is considered impolite.
Business Card
▪ The Japanese view business card as an extension of a person,
▪ Japanese handle business cards with great care and making certain
to put them in safe places
▪ Americans view it as a business formality and a convenience.
▪ Americans are quick to put them away and thus often end up
insulting the Japanese.
Eye contact preferences also differ across cultures.
▪ Americans place a high value on eye-to-eye communication and
tend to distrust those who fail to look at them directly.
Furthermore, as stated by Cristina De Rossi, Live Science Coordinator;
culture appears to become a key in our interconnected world which is
made up of so many ethnically diverse societies but also riddled by
conflicts associated with religion, ethnicity, ethical beliefs, and the
elements which make up culture.
If cultures provide diverse ways of interpreting the environment and the
world, as well as the relationship to other people; it is important to
acknowledge that effective communicators have the ability to select and
perform communication appropriate to various settings (Fred, 2013).
Culture is the lifeblood of a vibrant society, expressed in many ways
we tell our stories, celebrate, remember the past, entertain ourselves,
and imagine the future. Our creative expression helps define who we are,
and helps us see the world through the eyes of others.
Culture has 3 Divergent Meaning:
As a process of individula enrichment
As a group of particular way of life
As an activity = fiesta, ,museum, practices, custom

▪ Japanese believe that eye contact over a sustained period of time

shows disrespect.

▪ Among Asian cultures, too much eye contact is deemed intrusive.

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Purposive Communication
Cultural globalization
- involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge with which people
associate their individual and collective cultural identities.
Globalization
- brings increasing interconnectedness among different populations and
cultures. This has been successful through the use of Internet, popular
culturemedia, and international travel
IMPORTANCE OF HAVING ONE’S CULTURE
A. Individual and social benefits of culture
1. Intrinsic benefits
Cultural experiences are opportunities for leisure, entertainment,
learning, and sharing experiences with others. From museums to theatres
to dance studios to public libraries, culture brings people together.
2. Improved learning and valuable skills for the future
Cultural heritage broadens opportunities for education and lifelong
learning, including a better understanding of history.
Many jurisdictions make strong linkages between culture and literacy and
enhanced learning outcomes, in both public education and in the
development of valuable workforce skills.
3. Better health and well-being
Participation in culture contributes to healthy populations in several ways.
Creativity and cultural engagement have been shown to improve both
mental and physical health.
Participation in the arts can relieve isolation and promote identity
formation and intercultural understanding.
4. Vibrant communities
The benefits of culture for individuals can spill over to society as a whole.
Culture helps build social capital, the glue that holds communities
together. By bringing people together, cultural activities such as festivals,
fairs, or classes create social solidarity and cohesion, fostering social
inclusion, community empowerment, and capacity-building, and enhancing
confidence, civic pride, and tolerance.
- glue that holds community together
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B. Economic benefits of culture
1. Contribution to job creation
Economic opportunities created by culture have taken on greater
importance as economies transition from the industrial model, and work
based on physical labour, to a new model in which knowledge and
creativity drive productivity and growth. = employment
2. Contribution to tourism
Culture makes a significant contribution to the tourism industry, further
supporting job creation and encouraging infrastructure development.
The many festivals and events hosted each year coupled with the
province’s museums, art galleries, and historic sites, are magnets for
cultural tourists. = uniqu culture = create distinctiveness
Festivals, province’s museums, art galleries and historic sites are
magnets for cultural tourists.
3. Cultural planning
Increasingly, municipalities are recognizing the contribution of culture
to sense of place, quality of life, and community and economic prosperity
through a process called “cultural planning.”
Cultural planning is led by local governments and involves broad
community engagement to identify and leverage a community's cultural
resources, strengthen the management of those resources, and
integrate them in all facets of local planning and decisionmaking.
Inclusive process = participation
Cultural Differences
Cultural awareness
-is important in creating cross-cultural understanding and acceptance.
Cultural awareness can give us a better understanding of our own
culture and how it is perceived by outsiders
Examples Of Cultural Differences
(Expressions)
Arrive Half an Hour Late
In Mediterranean European countries, Latin America and Sub Saharan
Africa, it is normal or at least widely tolerated to arrive half an hour late
for a dinner invitation,
whereas; in most northern European countries this would be considered
extremely rude.
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O (thumb and forefinger) • Preservative

In England, the thumb and forefinger together to form an ‘O’ means Ok, France = préservatif, means condom.
whereas; in France it means ‘nothing’ or ‘without any value’. In fact, many European languages have variations of preservative that
all mean condom.
Laughing
Laughing is considered a sign of happiness in most countries, • Lol
in Japan it is considered a sign of confusion, embarrassment or The ubiquitous piece of Internet slang lol is either an acronym or
insecurity. initialism depending on how you would pronounce it,
Dutch it means fun.
Shaking the head from side to side
In most countries, shaking the head from side to side means ‘No’, • Slut Slut
Swedish, in which it means end (and rhymes with loot). If you happen to
whereas; in India shaking the head from side to side means ‘Yes’. see Slut onscreen after watching a film, it’s the equivalent to The End.

Keep your shirt on When traveling abroad, it's easy not to think twice about behaving just
as you would at home. However, not all our gestures and customs are
"Keep your shirt on!" may be a frequently heard idiom in the U.S. But if acceptable abroad: some are considered offensive and will not only out
you're traveling in South Korea, it's a smart piece of advice for men. Yes, you as a tourist, but could even get you in a bit of trouble.
even at the beach.
In order to avoid possible problems, here are some ways on how to be
(Terms) culturally aware:
• Fart 1. Engage with other’s cultures by aksing questions.
fart means speed in Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish 2. Be Open! Don’t get into the habit of thinking your way is the only way
of doing something.
speed bump = fartbump, fartshump, and farthinder.
3. Think about what you can learn from them no matter how unusual it
is.
• Gift
In German – it means poison 4. Invite someone to share his/her culture with you.

in the Scandinavian can mean - poison and marriage. 5. Overcome stereotypes

These two meanings are related and stem from the same root word, to
give. Cultural sensitivity
begins with a recognition that there are differences between cultures.
These differences are reflected in the ways that different groups
• Crap communicate and relate to one another.
In Romanian = carp, which is a type of commonly-eaten fish.
In English has a fish called a crappie. Cultural sensitivity is more than an awareness that there are
differences in culture in order to interact effectively either through
verbal or non-verbal communication.
• Brat
brat means brother in Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, Croatian, and Serbian. People who don’t recognize differences between cultures fall on
stereotyping and discriminating minority group.
• Kiss
Kiss in Swedish – pee. Increasing your relationship and building trust to one another and how
complicated it would have been, might help one’s understanding the
people and cultures around them.

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Purposive Communication
Sensitivity to culture is a set of skills that allows you to understand and
learn about people whose cultural background is not the same as yours.
For example; in many cultures, it is customary to call people by their last
names, especially when they are older than you.
Cultural sensitivity is an attitude and way of behaving in which you are
aware of and acknowledge cultural differences; it’s crucial for such global
goals as world peace and economic growth as well as for effective
interpersonal communication (Franklin & Mizell, 1995).
Without cultural sensitivity there can be no effective interpersonal
communication between people who are different in gender or race or
nationality or affectional orientation.
Sensitivity to Gender is being aware that there are differences between
male and female, but those differences are not universal.
Aspects of Gender:
1. Assignment. This is the gender from birth, either being male or
female, it is also the gender prescribed by the society.
2. Role. This is the set of behaviours, mannerisms and other traits that
society use to express as part of the assigned gender.
3. Identity. This is what we think the gender should be at any given time.
4. Attribution. This is the gender assigned to people when we first
meet them and is based on a set of cues that differentiate from culture to
culture.
SEX vs Gender
Sex – biologically, genetically acquired according to phyiology
reproduction
Gender – refers to economic, political, cultural attributes, sexuality
INCREASING CULTURAL SENSITIVITY
• Prepare yourself.
Read about and listen carefully for culturally influenced behaviors.
• Recognize your fears.
Recognize and face your own fears of acting inappropriately toward
members of different cultures.
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• Recognize differences.
Be mindful of the differences between yourself and those from other
cultures.
• Recognize differences within the group.
At the same time that you recognize differences between yourself and
others, recognize that there are often enormous differences within any
given cultural group.
• Recognize differences in meaning.
Be aware that words don’t always mean the same thing to members of
different cultures.
• Be rule conscious.
Think mindfully about the cultural rules and customs of others.
Cultural Appreciation vs Cultural Appropriation
Culture is important in a society, without culture; there is no identity on
a particular area. It is the quality of a person or society that arises from
a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arets, letters, manners,
scholarly pursuits, etc.
In Anthropology it is the sum total of ways of living built up by group of
human beings and transmitted from one generation to another. In
today’s quickly changing times, many different cultures are being
brought into light, but in the wrong way.
We imitate the culture without properly knowing why certain place has
that kind of practices among them. We are bound to use one’s culture in
another way and purpose.
Appropriation is the action of taking something for one's own use,
typically without the owner's permission. = outright corrupting
Appreciation on the other hand is the recognition and enjoyment
of the good qualities of someone or something.
The two are strikingly different but can easily be confused as the same
thing due to the fact that a lot of people don’t know when they are
culturally appropriating.
Cultural appreciation is when elements of a culture are used
while honoring the source they came from. It is important to note that
appreciation involves respect and value.
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Cultural appropriation is taking intellectual property, traditional
knowledge, cultural expressions, or artifacts from someone else's culture
without permission. This can include unauthorized use of another
culture's dance, dress, music, language, folklore, cuisine, traditional
medicine, religious symbols, etc.
Examples of Cultural Appropriation
• In 2013, Miley Cyrus became the pop star most associated with cultural
appropriation. During recorded and live performances, the former child
star began to twerk, a dance style with roots in the African-American
community. Writer Hadley Freeman of The Guardian particularly took
issue with Cyrus’ twerking at the MTV Video Music Awards in August 2013.
• Nike caused so much anger when they ‘borrowed’ some Samoan tattoo
designs for their Pro Tattoo Tech collection that it actually led to a petition
calling on the company to stop sales.
• More recently the high street fashion retailer, Top Shop, caused
consternation for using the Palestinian black & white scarf design for a
summer dress.
• French fashion brand Chanel was lambasted by Aboriginal groups and
social media users for selling a $1000+ Chanel branded boomerang as
part of their spring-summer 2017 collection. The boomerang is a piece of
Australian Aboriginal culture.
HOW TO AVOID CULTURAL APPROPRIATION?
When adopting from a foreign culture it is crucial to follow some basic
steps that will help you avoid being accused of cultural appropriation and
instead help create cultural awareness.
1. Research the Culture
Prior to using another culture’s intellectual property, it pays to properly
research and understand it. Taking without respect, knowledge or insight
will ultimately lead to a serious backlash and accusations of cultural theft
and cultural misrepresentation.
2. Avoid the Sacred
In the West, it can be easy to sometimes overlook the sacred. What might
seem a bit of fun, a joke or an innocent mistake to some, may cause
serious distress to others. Much of the world still holds some things
sacred, whether that be God, gods, spirits, symbols or anything else. Using
the sacred is a serious no-no unless you want to cause trouble.
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3. Don’t Stereotype
A big issue with adopting from other cultures is that it can be based on
stereotypes, often negative and incorrect. It is natural when a foreigner
peers into another culture for them to do so with their own cultural
preconceptions and baggage. They cannot have an objective opinion nor
an insider’s insights and therefore their understanding of the culture
may be based on stereotypes.
4. Promote Diversity
One area in which many fail when it comes to borrowing from other
cultures, is that more than often that culture is not represented in any
shape or form in the decision-making process. There is a dire need for
more diversity in businesses and organisations, whether media,
marketing, fashion or art. Having people with knowledge of different
cultures and who understand the psychology of minority cultures or
faiths is a sure-fire way of avoiding many of the potential pitfalls.
5. Engage, Promote & Share Benefits
Perhaps the most effective way to avoid cultural appropriation is to
engage with the culture you are adopting from. Spend time in it,
understand it, engage with it and then when it comes to using a pattern,
symbol, headdress or anything else make sure you use that platform to
promote that culture, its people and if possible share benefits with them.
“In today’s quickly changing times, many different cultures are being
brought into light, but in the wrong way. We imitate the culture without
properly knowing why certain place has that kind of practices among
them.”
REACTION PAPER
Reaction Paper
is an analysis and an evaluation of the material presented.It should be
more than a simple summary of the material that you are reacting upon.
It should include your opinion or reaction to the material.
•Compare the work with other material.
•Come up with ways on how to improve the work.
•Express what you learned
•Concur with the work or argue against the work.
•Use “I” or the first person in this type of paper
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GUIDELINES IN WRITING A REACTION PAPER

•Pull your thoughts together on what you have just experienced.
•Come up with a thesis statement.
•Come up with what reaction you want to write down on your paper.
•Decide on your organization and format.
•Draft your reaction paper.

PARTS OF A REACTION PAPER

Introduction
Should contain all the basic information in one or two paragraphs.
Sentence 1: Title, author, publication
Sentences 2,3 & 4: Summary
Sentence 5: Thesis statement. Agree or disagree?

Body
Should contain paragraphs that provide support for your thesis.
Each paragraph should contain one idea.
•Topic sentences should support the thesis, and the final sentence of each
paragraph should lead into the next paragraph.

Conclusion
A restatement of what you said in your paper.
A comment which focuses your overall reaction.
A prediction of the effects of what you are reacting to.
•Note: Your conclusion should include no new information.

Strategies for Writing a Conclusion

•Answer the question “So what?”
•Synthesize, don’t summarize.
•Redirect your readers.
•Create a new meaning.
•Echoing the introduction.
•Challenging the reader.
•Looking to the future.
•Posing questions.
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OTHER INFO: FROM DIFFERENT PPT Aristotle model of communication is the golden rule to excel in public
speaking, seminars, lectures where the sender makes his point clear by
Purposive Communication designing an impressive content, passing on the message to the second
is about writing, speaking and presenting to different audiences and for part and they simply respond accordingly. Here the sender is the active
various purposes member and the receiver is passive one.
COMMUNICATION
- Is a process of exchanging ideas between two or more persons.
Wendel Johnson Model of Communication
- The act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to
express or exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts, 1. Wendell Johnson Wendell Johnson (April 16, 1906- August 29, 1965)
feelings, etc., to someone else was an American psychologist, actor, author and a proponent of
general semantics (GS)
- A process by which information is exchanged between individuals
through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior . 2. Wendell Johnson proposed a model in 1951
• The model is simple which explains the complex process of
Communication is: communication

• Reciprocal • The model emphasizes that various stages of communication are

- because we cannot separate communicators into sender and actually interrelated and interdependent
receiver. • The communication takes place in a context which is external to
both sender and receiver and to process of communication as well
• Process
-because it keeps on “evolving and changing”. 5 Stages of Communications
• involves creating and sharing of meaning. • Stage 1 : Communication event
- event/ source
VARIOUS MODEL OF COMMUNICATION • Stage 2: Receivers stimulated (they perceive it through their own
Aristotle Model of Communication experience)
- SENSORY STIMULATION
• Stage 3: Certain bodily changes (muscular tension)
- Pre- verbal Neurophysiological State
• Stage 4: Stage three is translated into words
- Transformation of pre-verbal into symbolic forms
- the speaker plays a key role in communication. He is the one who • Stage 5: Certain one are selected and arranged into pattern
takes complete charge of the communication.
- Verbal Formulation
- The sender first prepares a content which he does by carefully putting
his thoughts in words with an objective of influencing the listeners or the Berlo’s Model Communication
recipients, who would then respond in the sender’s desired way.
- The model says that the speaker communicates in such a way that the
listeners get influenced and respond accordingly.
the widely accepted and the most common model of communication
where the sender sends the information or a message to the receivers
to influence them and make them respond and act accordingly.

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Non-verbal communication is a form of sharing insights and ideas 5.Body Adornment involves form of clothing, make up, jewelry and
,information, experiences etc. without the use of words. hairstyle

Most of the time verbal communication is supported by non-verbal Ex. An applicant who is dressed appropriately might likewise be hired than
communication to better portray the meanings a speaker would like to those who are not.
share.
4. Attractiveness can get positive response than those who are
Non- verbal Communication perceived not to be attractive. Physical attributes of a person may mean
Body Movements / Body Kinetics something to the people around her.

They come in the following categories:

7. Touch- the kind of touch used in communication reflects meaning
EMBLEMS about the relationship between the sender and the receiver.
– these are body movements which have direct translation into words.
The more intense the relationship, the more frequent and more intimate
Ex . Thumbs up the touch

b. Illustrators
These are used to accent, emphasize or reinforce words.
Ex. Pointing fingers when giving direction

c. Regulators
These are signs showing control at the back and forth natures of
speaking and listening.
Ex head nods, hand gestures, shifts in posture during interaction

d. Display of feelings
A persons face or body movements may convey how intense his
emotions is.
Ex. Tight hug signify an intimate relationship

e. Adaptors
These are non- verbal ways used in adapting to the communication
situation.
Ex. A woman visited a friend’s house and when she was there, she
started picking up scattered things on the floor. She implied that her
friend could hardly clean her house.

3. Body Types can also communicate a message

Ectomorphs (thin people)
Endomorphs ( fat people)
Mesomorphs ( athletic people)

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Communication in its most basic sense is the cement that holds society (4) Communication Channel:
together. Without it, society will fall apart. = Maslog 1988
The person who is interested in communicating has to choose the
channel for sending the required information, ideas etc. This information
THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION is transmitted to the receiver through certain channels which may be
either formal or informal.
Communication represents the important role inside personal existence,
family member’s existence, cultural existence, company existence and
(5) Receiver:
many others.
Receiver is the person who receives the message or for whom the
1. Communication is related to human activity: Communication
message is meant for. It is the receiver who tries to understand the
exchanges are actually directly linked with every single ball of human
message in the best possible manner in achieving the desired objectives.
being lifetime.

(6) Decoding:
2. Communication involves two or more parties: At least, two parties
are involved in virtually any communication exchange process. The person who receives the message or symbol from the
communicator tries to convert the same in such a way so that he may
extract its meaning to his complete understanding.
3.Communication could be one-way or maybe two-way
process: Communication might take the design involving two-way or
maybe one-way process. With two-way communication, the receiver (7) Feedback:
sends his feedback to the sender after receiving the message. Feedback is the process of ensuring that the receiver has received the
message and understood in the same sense as sender meant it.
4. Success of communication depends on a proper understanding of
the parties involved: Powerful communication comes about if your
receiver feels your concept you might say your sender posts the idea. If
the receiver doesn’t deliver his or her reaction to your sender, your
Communication Process
sender is not going to fully grasp your receiver’s view.

5. Conversation in organization flows in a variety of styles: With

organization, information flows in a variety of recommendations, for
example way upward direction, down way, horizontal way and many
others.

7 Major Elements of Communication Process

(1) Sender:
The person who intends to convey the message with the intention of
passing information and ideas to others is known as sender or
communicator.
(2) Ideas:
This is the subject matter of the communication. This may be an opinion,
attitude, feelings, views, orders, or suggestions.
(3) Encoding:
Since the subject matter of communication is theoretical and intangible,
its further passing requires use of certain symbols such as words, actions
or pictures etc. Conversion of subject matter into these symbols is the
process of encoding.

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