SOLID WASTE AS A RESOURCE IN PATNA

NAME - RISHIKESH ANAND

ROLL NO. -2230005
SUBJECT- SEMINAR
MURP, SEM - II
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
AND PLANNING NIT PATNA
Contents:

PATNA – PROFILE OF THE CITY 3-7

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PATNA: 8-15

CURRENT PROCESS AND ISSUES

SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS 16-24

CASE STUDY OF INDORE MW- MANAGEMENT 25-34

INTRODUCTION:

❖ Rapid urbanization with insufficient planning has led to problems of solid

waste management in several Indian cities. Solid waste management (SWM)
is a major challenge for any urban space, and especially for a city .

❖ A lot of change has taken place. Previously, people used to throw garbage on
the street. Now, people wait for the garbage pickup truck to throw their trash
and hence, garbage on the streets has reduced.

❖ Municipal solid waste management is a part of public health and sanitation,

and is entrusted to the municipal government for execution.

3
PATNA – PROFILE OF THE CITY

❖ Patna, the capital of Bihar, is among the fastest-growing Indian cities in terms
of population density and urbanization. Patna is the largest city in Bihar, which
continues to be one of the least urbanized states in the country. Patna’s
growth has been largely unplanned despite a four-fold increase in the city’s
population from 473,000 in 1971 to 1.68 million in 2011.

❖ The daily waste generation for the city of Patna – including both organic and
inorganic waste – is around 1,200 tones and is expected to double by 2036.

❖ The Patna Municipal Corporation (PMC) is one of the oldest civic bodies
(originally formed over 150 years ago) in the country, however, waste
management initiatives were added to its guidelines just few years back.

4
 Patna city 2nd largest city
BLOCK MAP - PATNA in Eastern India
after Kolkata

Area 136 kmSq

Population 37,41,652
(2011)

Literacy 70.68 %

Municipal 2 Nov 1864

Established

PMC WARD MAP

Total No. of Wards : 75

Total No. Of Circles : 6

5
ADMINISTRATIVE CIRCLES OF PMC

The Patna Municipal Corporation has six ● New Capital Circle

● Patliputra Circle
administrative circles each separately
● Kankarbagh Circle
administered by one Executive Officer and ● Bankipur Circle
managed by one City Manager: ● Azimabad Circle
● Patna City Circle

● New Capital Division

The corporation also has engineering divisions
● Patliputra Division
for the execution of various infrastructure works ● Kankarbagh Division
each separately headed by one Executive ● Bankipur Division
● Azimabad Division
Engineer:
● Patna City Division
● Water Supply Division
● Ganga Division

6
Existing land use

7
Solid waste management in Patna: Current process and issues

● The PMC is the civic body responsible for SWM in the city, as per the Bihar
Municipal Act, 2007 and Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling)
Rules, 2000.

● Until 2018, the standard practice of SWM in Patna was to dump household
trash/garbage in the street’s community dumping poinopen pit, or at cots.
There was no segregation of organic and inorganic waste.

● As of 2016, there were as many as 860 secondary and community dumping

points in the city .

● On 2 October 2018, under the Swachh Bharat Mission (a Centre-led

initiative for clean India), the PMC initiated an extensive door-to-door
segregated (organic and inorganic) waste collection movement. This step is
considered to be a game-changer and much-needed policy change for the
country’s the most unclean state capital.

8
Solid waste management in Patna: Current process and issues

The door-to-door waste collection occurs every day from 6 am until 2 pm. The waste
collection vehicles go around the neighborhood/locality with a catchy song “gadi wala
aaya jara ghar ka katchara nikaal”

Preliminary analysis shows that even in the cases where study participants are doing
their part by segregating most of their household waste at source, all the waste is
thrown together at the secondary dumping point and is transported to the main
landfill in one big truck.

This happens mostly due to the lack of management, awareness, and guidelines at the
secondary collection points, and defeats the whole purpose of this massive initiative.

Each ward office comprises a ward councilor, a sanitation inspector, and five
supervisors, all of whom are elected representatives. However, the ward officers
complain that the system is too centralized and the PMC controls every aspect of the
operation, from staffing to funding.

9
MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

The activities associated with the management of municipal solid waste from
the point of generation to final disposal can be grouped into the six
functional elements.

WASTE GENERATION

STORAGE

COLLECTION

TRANSPORTATION

SEGREGATION & PROCESSING

DISPOSAL

10
WASTE GENERATION:

At present 1000-1200 TPD waste generated every day ,per capita generation is
approx.450 gm to 600 gm per day. It was 1010 TPD in 2011 . It has been
estimated that in coming years this generation quantity bound to increase.

11
SOURCES OF WASTE :

Households domestic, hotels, commercial establishment, agricultural market ,

slaughter houses, medical/nursing clinic waste, building construction /demolition
waste ,industrial waste

Storage at Source: Normally done in polythene bags, plastic buckets, papers,

cartoons, carry packets.

12
COLLECTION OF MSW

Door to door collection

Community bins

Community Bean collection (carried out once in 24 hours) requires manual

and multiple handling of waste to dump into transportation vehicles.

Transportation sites Disposal sites

Disposal sites

13
DISPOSAL :

As of now PMC does not have a facility / infrastructure for treatment and safe
disposal of the collected waste. Waste collected from across the 72 wards, as
well as part of the waste collected from the three ULBs of Danapur, Phulwari and
Khagaul is presently reaching the designated dump site at village Bairia on the
Gaya road where it is disposed of openly.

The site at Bairia has an area of 80 acres approx. which is in the possession of
PMC and has been in use for open dumping for last 2-4 years.

Presently most of the city wastes are dumped without any treatment. This
practice may lead to air and water pollution, releases foul smell and this situation
may cause major threat to public health. The site is also characterized by lack of
necessary infrastructure .

14
DUMPING SITES :

IGIMS CWTF

15
SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION:

Environmentally SUSTAINABILITY Economically

effective affordable

Socially acceptable

● A balance between the needs of the Environment, the Economy and Society

Integrated waste
management includes

16
RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE PROCESSING & DISPOSAL

I.WEALTH FROM WASTE (PROCESSING OF ORGANIC WASTE)

(A) Waste to Compost

(i) Aerobic/Anaerobic Composting

(ii) Vermi-composting

(B) Waste to Energy

(i) Refuse Derived Fuel

(ii) Bio-methanation

II. Recycling of Waste

III. Sanitary Landfilling

IV. Treatment of Bio-medical waste separately

17
WASTE TREATMENT

Type of waste determines the available treatments.

● Mixed (MSW)
- Incineration, Anaerobic digestion

● Separated
- Biological: Anaerobic digestion, Composting
- Wood residue: Gasification, Incineration
- Gray waste: Incineration
- Recycling!

18
INCINERATION

Materials are burnt, producing heat which is used to generate electricity. Toxic gasses have to be
cleaned with various units and the solid residue is often mixed with asphalt.

• Most applied technique

• Pro's: • Con's:
- Large capacity - Requires advanced gas cleaning (especially gray waste)
- Produces electricity - Potential dioxins
- Gas plume

19
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

Biological degradation process which converts hydrocarbons into methane gas

• Biomass and MSW can be used.

• Produces electricity
• Effluent from biomass digesters used as fertilizer.
• Effluent from MSW digesters is mostly incinerated.

Relatively slow process, requiring large installations

20
COMPOSTING

Composting is an established process which decomposes

organic matter in biomass (only plant) via micro-organisms.

• Product often used as fertilizer

• Composting produces heat that can be utilized

• Also evaporates water

• Requires gas cleaning (often biological)

21
GASIFICATION

Gasification is used for woody biomass. Materials

are indirectly heated producing syngas and
woodcoal.

• Biomass is transferred to electricity more efficiënt

and cleaner than incineration
• Closed carbon cycle, less pollution
• Safety! CO, explosion.

22
PYROLYSIS

Plastics, rubbers, fat ,oil and other materials are indirectly heated in absence of air
so combustion wont take place.

Gaseous hydrocarbons are then separated and condensed into various fractions.

• Requires high quality products to prove cost efficiënt

• Requires advanced gas cleaning
• Safety! Explosion, harmful gasses

23
SEPARATION

This is the key to effective waste management.

In Austria 8 different waste bins are collected;

Separated Plastic Types,
Biological Waste,
Plant Material,
Paper And
Glass.

Materials can be effectively recycled or processed, reducing landfill size and raw
material consumption.

Mechanical separation techniques are also well established, however still function
less effective than source separation

24
CASE STUDY OF INDORE
MW- MANAGEMENT

25
CASE STUDY OF INDORE (MADHYA PRADESH)

❖ The city had a robust communications strategy to bring about behavioural

change at the mass level.

❖ The aim was to motivate citizens to embrace segregation. This was followed
by a robust monitoring system and enforcement through a series of by-laws.

❖ Once segregation was achieved, the city undertook a study to ascertain the
population and the amount of waste generated in each ward, based on which
a route plan was developed.

❖ Vehicle and staff demand was arrived at to meet the waste collection demand
of each ward. Through source segregation, participation of all stakeholders
and good governance, Indore has become a champion and number one city
in the waste management sector in India.

26
Indore, an education hub and the commercial capital of Madhya Pradesh, is
situated on the Malwa Plateau. It generates about 1,029 tonne of waste daily
(392.4 g per person per day). The city, which was already famous for its food and
bangles, has now earned the 5-star garbage-free city tag. Indore has been
ranked the cleanest city of India in Swacch Survekshan surveys since 2017.
The city is not only Open Defecation Free but has also earned the first Water Plus
Certification in the country.

* Others includes domestic hazardous waste, sanitary waste, C&D waste and inerts.
27
Source: Indore Municipal Corporation
THE TRANSFORMATION

❖ There were over a thousand garbage vulnerable points in the city.

Segregation of waste at source was almost nil. Mixed waste was dumped
in ground and public land.

❖ The river Kahn, which flows through Indore, had become a sewer.

❖ Although Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC) had hired a concessionaire for

transportation, processing, and disposal of garbage, but was extremely
inefficient .
❖ Finally, in 2015, IMC started door-to-door collection as a pilot project in two
Wards.
❖ IMC adopted the cheaper auto-tippers for door-to-door collection in city-wide.

❖ In February 2016, door-to-door collection was extended to entire city,

along with a campaign to promote source segregation.

28
THE TRANSFORMATION

❖ Initially, a two-bin system was used for segregation as per the guidelines of
Swacch Bharat Mission – green bins for biodegradable waste and blue bins for
non biodegradable waste.

❖ In 2017, Indore adopted the use of separate bins for sanitary and hazardous
waste, as per the new Swacch Survekshan toolkit.

❖ Presently, the city is segregating its waste into six categories:

1. Biodegradable,
2. Non-biodegradable (excluding plastic),
3. Plastic,
4. Sanitary,
5. Domestic hazardous and 6. Electronic.
29
HOW THE SYSTEM WORK
❖ IMC collects waste from different sources,and treat them in two way-

❖ Those generating less than 50 kg of garbage daily are covered under

door-to-door collection
❖ whereas bulk waste generators (BWGs) are served by a separate dedicated
mechanism.

❖ BWGs have to manage their biodegradable waste on-site or they can hire
private concessionaires to manage it on their behalf.

❖ A detailed route plan was prepared to cover all wards. Based on the route
plan, an extensive vehicle and staff deployment plan was implemented.

❖ There are six separate spaces for biodegradable, non-biodegradable, plastic,

sanitary, domestic hazardous and electronic waste in each tipper. These
tippers carry waste from households to transfer stations.
30
HOW THE SYSTEM WORK

❖ GPS has been installed in all waste collection and transportation vehicles. A
special cell monitors the GPS. Penalties are imposed on drivers for route
deviations a

❖ Indore is running a successful material recovery facility where waste is

segregated according to its recyclability value.

❖ The city segregates non-recyclable fractions according to their calorific value

so that only waste with high calorific value gets used as refuse-derived fuel
(RDF).
❖ Source segregation and scientific treatment of biodegradable waste through
aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion has helped Indore prevent as
much as 630 tonne of biodegradable waste from reaching the dumpsite every
day, where it would have been responsible for emitting greenhouse gases into
the atmosphere.

31
 Biodegradable waste

Non-Biodegradable
waste

Hazardous waste

Domestic waste

E- waste

Compartmentalized vehicle for collection of wastes

32
The money flow

The money flow The total expenditure made by IMC to run the waste management
system is about Rs 879 crore per year.

The city collects about Rs 27 crore per year as user charges, and the remaining
expenses are met with property taxes.

Households pay up to Rs 60 and shops pay up to Rs 150 a month for waste

collection. Businesses, offices, etc. pay Rs 3 for every kg of waste collected from
them.

Ÿ Composting, Devguradiya – 600 TPD

Ÿ Biomethanation, Choithram Mandi – 20 TPD
Ÿ Biomethanation, Kabitkhedi – 15 TPD

33
IMPACTS

❖ Indore has been named the cleanest city of India in every Swachh
Survekshan survey since 2017.
❖ Indore has earned the 5-star garbage-free city tag along with five other cities.
❖ Indore is the first city in the country to earn the Water Plus Certification.
❖ More than 8,000 women from marginalised communities have been given
gainful employment.
❖ Due to efficient segregation and subsequent processing of waste, almost no
waste ends up being dumped in the landfill.
❖ Illegal collection and dumping activities have been reduced almost to nil.
❖ Indore has become Open Defecation Free.

34
THANK YOU

35