UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

ASSESSMENT BRIEF

COURSE DETAILS
INSTITUTE UniKL BRITISH MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE
COURSE NAME SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
COURSE CODE BPB26103
COURSE LEADER DR. MOHAMMAD MEHDI SALEHI DEZFOULI
LECTURER ROHAIDA HUSSAIN, DR. MOHAMMAD MEHDI SALEHI DEZFOULI
SEMESTER & YEAR SEPTEMBER 2022

ASSESSMENT
DETAILS
TITLE/NAME MINI PROJECT
WEIGHTING 20%
DATE/DEADLINE 23/12/2022, 5.00PM
COURSE LEARNING CLO2 : Constructs the renewable energy laboratory or mini project with
OUTCOME(S) appropriates procedures, tools and techniques. (P5, PLO4)

INSTRUCTIONS Perform the following tasks:

1. Complete task as required
2. Submit the report in group or individual as instructed by Course Lecturer.
3. The group consists of 4-5 persons.
4. All answers must be in English language only.

Student Name: ID: Group:

MUHAMMAD YUSRI BIN HARIZAN 51220122076
MUHAMAD SHAHMI AFIF BIN SHAHRON 51220122077 L01-B02
MUHAMMAD EIMAN SYAHMI BIN SHAHRI 51220122078
MOHAMAD AKMAL ANWAR BIN MOHAMAD 51220122150
ZIN
Assessor’s Comment: Marks:

Verified by: Course Leader [MMSD] QSC PC/HOS

Prepared by: [RHH] format content
verificatio validation
I hereby declare that all my team members have agreed n
with this assessment. All team members are certain that
this assessment complies with the Course Syllabus.

Signature: o/b
8/12/2022
Date : _8/12/22
TASK CL MARKING SCHEME MARK
NO O S
1 2 The Practical /Simulation /Field Work /Lab
/Case Study Mini Project
• Clear description 20
• Presentation /Demonstration 20

The Report
2 2 • Abstract & Format 15
• Introduction, Theory & Methodology 10
• Results 20
• Analysis & Conclusion 10
• References & Necessary Attachment 5
TOTAL 100
INFORMATION ON SK_SP_TA FOR COURSE

Course Code & Name : BPB26103 Sustainable Energy

PLOs : 4

Please tick (X) in the box provided

Knowledge Profiles (SK) A programme that builds this type of knowledge and develops the attributes listed
below is typically achieved in 4 years of study
SK1 A systematic, theory-based understanding of the natural sciences applicable to the sub-discipline X
SK2
Conceptually-based mathematics, numerical analysis, statistics and aspects of computer and information X
science to support analysis and use of models applicable to the sub-discipline

SK3
A systematic , theory-based formulation of engineering fundamentals required in an accepted sub- X
discipline

SK4
Engineering specialist knowledge that provides theoretical frameworks and bodies of X
knowledge for an accepted sub-discipline
SK5 Knowledge that supports engineering design using the technologies of a practice area
SK6 Knowledge of engineering technologies applicable in the sub-discipline
Comprehension of the role of technology in society and identified issues in applying
SK7 engineering technology: ethics and impacts: economic, social, environmental and X
sustainability
SK8 Engagement with the technological literature of the discipline X

Definition of Broadly-Defined Problem Solving (SP)

Broadly-defined Engineering Problems have characteristic SP1 and some or all of
No. Attribute
SP2 to SP7:

Depth of Knowledge
Cannot be resolved without engineering knowledge at the level of one or X
SP1 more of SK 4, SK5, and SK6 supported by SK3 with a strong emphasis on the
Required application of developed technology

SP2
Range of conflicting
Involve a variety of factors which may impose conflicting constraints. X
requirements
SP3 Depth of analysis required Can be solved by application of well-proven analysis techniques X
SP4 Familiarity of issues
Belong to families of familiar problems which are solved in well-accepted X
ways
May be partially outside those encompassed by standards or codes of
SP5 Extent of applicable codes
practice
Extent of stakeholder
Involve several groups of stakeholders with differing and occasionally X
SP6 involvement and level of
conflicting needs
conflicting requirements
SP7 Interdependence Are parts of, or systems within complex engineering problems

Range of Engineering Activities (TA)

No. Attribute Broadly-defined activities
Involve a variety of resources (and for this purposes resources includes
TA1 Range of resources people, money, equipment, materials, information and technologies)
Require resolution of occasional interactions between technical, engineering
TA2 Level of interactions
and other issues, of which few are conflicting
Involve the use of new materials, techniques or processes in non-standard
TA3 Innovation
ways
Consequences to
Have reasonably predictable consequences that are most important locally,
TA4 society and the
but may extend more widely
environment
TA5 Familiarity Require a knowledge of normal operating procedures and processes
 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR
BRITISH MALAYSIAN INSTITUE

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
BPB26103

SEPTEMBER 2022

MINI PROJECT

PREPARED BY:

NAME ID

MOHAMAD AKMAL ANWAR BIN MOHAMAD ZIN 51220122150

MUHAMMAD EIMAN SYAHMI BIN SHAHRI 51220122078

MUHAMMAD YUSRI BIN HARIZAN 51220122076

MUHAMAD SHAHMI AFIF BIN SHAHRON 51220122077

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 1

2.0 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................... 2
3.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT .......................................................................................... 3
4.0 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 4
4.1 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Technology........................................................................ 6
4.2 Site Selection .............................................................................................................. 6
4.3 Customer Profile ....................................................................................................... 8
5.0 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 9
5.1 The Design Block Chain Diagram of PV System ................................................... 9
5.2 Design of PV System ................................................................................................. 9
5.3 Photovoltaic Module ............................................................................................... 11
5.4 Costing ...................................................................................................................... 11
6.0 RESULT....................................................................................................................... 15
6.1 Explanation of PV Design Drawing ....................................................................... 15
6.2 Calculation ............................................................................................................... 16
7.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................... 18
7.1 List of Equipment and Power Consumption ........................................................ 18
7.2 Calculation of Electricity Bill for Month .............................................................. 18
7.3 Calculation of Return of Investment ..................................................................... 19
7.4 Return of Investment Estimate Profit ................................................................... 19
8.0 PROBLEM ENCOUNTER DURING THIS TASK ................................................ 20
9.0 FUTURE RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................ 21
10.0 CONLUSION .............................................................................................................. 22
11.0 REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 23
12.0 ATTACHMENT/DOCUMENTATION ................................................................... 24
1.0 ABSTRACT

Renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly popular due to their numerous
advantages. The shift to renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems,
hydroelectricity, and wind energy is helping to reduce the climate damage caused by fossil
fuels. Solar energy is both affordable and abundant. Solar energy storage and utilization
developments have made life easier for mountainous countries like Nepal, where extending a
national electrical infrastructure to every single residence is prohibitively expensive. Solar
energy collection plants are one of the greenest ways to increase electricity supply. Essentially,
this article will go over the design and implementation of photovoltaic for rural petroleum
service stations or as a backup for industrial service stations that are powered by the national
grid. The design procedure and correct installation are two major issues in finishing this project.
The architecture of the system, component selection, and economic implications of such a
conceptualized system are all examined.

The goal of this meeting is to find a good place for establishing a solar energy gathering
plant based on a few factors. Renewable energy sources increase the productivity of stand-
alone systems while reducing the requirement for energy storage. Finally, maps of urgent solar
energy system sites are created and identified as suitable sun energy system locations. In this
study, the photovoltaic system can reduce the cost of spending on energy consumption and also
can reduce pollution to the environment compared to using fuel and coal generators. This
system can also produce renewable sources such as green hydrogen and green ammonia was
addressed in terms of the production, transport, storage, and utilization in Malaysia’s thermal
system.

1
2.0 OBJECTIVES

The objective of this project is to produce a renewable system capable of supplying

electricity to Petronas Petrol Station Klang Gate, Selangor. In turn, it can also support the
government's efforts in the National Technology Policy and public awareness is a key factor
influencing the success of green technology development.

Here are some objectives involved:

1. To design a system generation that uses solar energy that can be a source of energy to
the gas station.
2. To reduce electricity expenditure at Petronas Klang Gate, Selangor petrol stations by
using solar energy.
3. To raise awareness about the dangers of pollution to the environment and at the same
time raise awareness about the development of technology.
4. To develop the most efficient and practical photovoltaic power generation system for
gas stations.

2
3.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The development and deployment of alternative/renewable energy sources such as solar

energy, wind turbines, and hydropower are gaining popularity and activity. Furthermore, the
global solar photovoltaic installation/demand has risen steadily over the last two decades. There
is a challenge in making decisions about the power system's design. The type of energy used
must be considered before developing a power producing plant. For example, while designing
photovoltaic power to supply electricity to Petronas Klang Gate, the designer must ensure that
the solar panel chosen is suitable for supplying electricity based on the yearly power demand.

Aside from that, the designer must select an inverter that is compatible with the solar
panels to be employed. To choose the right solar panel and inverter, the designer must first
gather data on the annual power usage of the location. The designer will need to do a manual
calculation based on this information to select the appropriate solar panel module and inverter.
This research will investigate a new piece of software that can help with calculations.

3
4.0 INTRODUCTION

The more important is the use of renewable energy resources for a cleaner world, the
more important it is to generate energy where it is consumed. In addition to producing energy
where it is needed, it also lowers the high installation costs of energy transmission and
distribution lines, reduces energy losses during transmission, and lowers costs associated with
control, maintenance, and troubleshooting requirements.

Solar power systems are efficient in the environment and used as sources of
environmentally friendly energy. Simulating the sun and the sky are two examples of natural
light sources that are emulated in the process of solar design. It is used in many artistic and
scientific disciplines to evaluate surfaces and spaces qualitatively and quantitatively with
varying levels of spatial and temporal resolution and accuracy. Using solar design tools,
architects can produce photorealistic visual representations that highlight design, item
geometry, or textures while achieving accurate light effects and ambience.

In Malaysia, the application of green technology is seen as one of the sensible solutions
adopted by many countries in overcoming issues pertaining to shortage in energy supply and
also the environment. It was reported that among all the renewable energy sources, solar energy
would be the most prospective one in Malaysia. The government has promoted a variety of
energy related policies and tried to sustain the energy demand. In the Eight Malaysia Plan
Malaysian Government fixed a target of generating power from renewable energy at 5% of the
total energy mix in 2001- 2005, although the achievement was only around 1 %. In 2006, the
target was maintained at 5% in a newer government plan, but the response was not positive
probably due to to the fact that energy has been highly subsidized in the country. In one of the
government's latest efforts, the public (individuals or companies) can sell produced electrical
power from renewable energy sources to Distribution Licensees (DL) like Tenaga National
Berhad under the Feed-in Tariff (FiT) scheme that is governed by an appointed agency. Of
those, solar power has been the most popular system of choice for various reasons.

Photovoltaic Installation on building integration provides a chance to scale back energy

consumption, improve energy efficiency, and increased the usage of renewable energy sources.

4
Photovoltaics is often incorporated into the casing of the building because it is easy to use for
traditional building materials and replaced by the Solar Photovoltaic Technology (PV).
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) is a term used to describe the integration of
photovoltaics (PV) into the building envelope. BIPV improves the looks of buildings. This
BIPV offers an attractive solution for efficient and sustainable adaptation of building casings,
saving materials and consuming traditional electricity at an equivalent time, and improving
energy efficiency in buildings.

Figure 4.1: Petronas Klang Gate

The Petronas showing in figure 4.1 can be a net product of electricity to reduce the
consumption of generated electricity by fossil fuels and provide sufficient energy to the
Petronas operation. The first objective is to determine energy consumption at Petronas Klang
Gate. The second objective is to assess the Solar Photovoltaic power potential in the Petronas
chose Klang Gate.

5
4.1 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Technology

PV technology has multiple features, some of which produce energy by using

clean and countless sunlight energy, working over several years with slight
problems after installation. They do not demand continuous maintenance, and they
are resistant to different weather circumstances. In addition, PV is a module system;
therefore, it can be expanded and extended according to the increase in energy
needs. PV cells are manufactured from sensitive semiconductor materials that use
photons to free electrons to drive an electric current.

Solar energy is captured and converted into electrical energy using photovoltaic
(PV) cells. The solar cell transforms energy into photons of sunlight, to use the
technical term. It uses a photoelectric process to generate electricity, which was first
used by some types of semiconductor materials like silicon and selenium.
Photovoltaic cells primarily transform solar energy into electrical energy.

4.2 Site Selection

We chose Petronas Klang Gate as our site selection as an electrical energy

engineer and consultant. We chose this location because it is in the iron industry
sector and because the site is in open area.

Figure 4.2 : Petronas Klang Gate

6
 Figure 4.3 : Site View From Google Map
The geographic information surrounding the site is shown on this map scenario.
We found this map to be very helpful for our research before we installed solar in the
area.

SITE SELECTION
COMPANY PETRONAS SDN BHD
OWNER SJ TRADE
ADDRESS 5162, PETRONAS,KG GENTING KELANG BARU
SETAPAK 53100 WP KUALA LUMPUR.
LONGITUDE LATITUDE 3.212068440982704, 101.74422185313736

7
4.3 Customer Profile

Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) established in 1974, is Malaysia’s

fully integrated oil and gas multinational ranked among the largest corporations on
FORTUNE Global 500®. As the custodian for Malaysia’s national oil and gas
resources, we explore, produce, and deliver energy to meet society’s growing needs.

The growing demand for energy inspires and strengthens our purpose to steadily
drive for new solutions and push boundaries towards a sustainable energy future. We
apply innovative approaches to technology which helps us unlock and maximize energy
sources from even the most remote and difficult environments. Our fully integrated
value chain spans from exploration to marketing, logistics to technological
infrastructures, with operations in over 50 countries around the world.

Throughout our rapidly expanding network and steady growth trajectory,

PETRONAS has consistently and successfully implemented various social,
environmental and community programmers, guided by its larger Corporate
Sustainability Framework, in carrying out business in a socially responsible and holistic
manner for the benefit of both the present and future generations.

The most common fuels sold today are petrol, diesel fuel and kerosene. The
filling station has underground storage tanks for the storing of the different types of
fuels sold. Fuel is usually offloaded from a tanker truck into the storage tanks through
a valve, located on the filling stations perimeter. Fuel from the tanks flows to the
dispenser pumps through underground pipes.

8
5.0 METHODOLOGY

5.1 The Design Block Chain Diagram of PV System

Figure 5.1: Block Chain Diagram of The PV System

The figure 5.1 show of the block diagram which started with PV Array that
produce electricity from the sunlight.

5.2 Design of PV System

9
 Figure 5.2: Process of Flow Design of PV System

Solar energy is the result of the conversion of solar radiation into useful energy,
like electricity. Photovoltaic systems, also referred to as solar cells, are technology that
convert sunlight directly into electricity. Depending on their wavelength, photons that
make up sunlight have varying energies. A photon can be reflected, passed through, or
absorbed when it collides with the surface of a solar cell. Only the absorbed photon has
the capacity to produce electricity. When photons are absorbed, their energy causes an
electron to be ejected from the solar cell.

The front and back surfaces of the solar cell are out of balance because of
negatively charged electrons moving to the surface of the solar cell. Electrons move
between two surfaces connected by a load, producing a current. Currently, electricity is
produced using solar energy.

Figure 5.3: Design of PV Module on Rooftop of Petronas Station

10
5.3 Photovoltaic Module

Figure 5.4: PV Module

The photovoltaic effect allows photovoltaic modules, which are made up of
numerous solar cells, to produce electricity from the sun's light energy (photons). Thin-
film or wafer-based crystalline silicon cells are used in the majority of modules. The
top layer or the back layer of a module may serve as the structural (load-bearing)
member. Cells need to be shielded from moisture and mechanical harm. Although thin-
film cell-based semi-flexible modules are also available, most modules are rigid.
Electrical connections between the cells are typically made in series to achieve the
desired voltage and then parallel to increase current.

5.4 Costing

This part will explain more about budget and costing of the material that will need to
be install at Petronas Station.

NO ITEM QUANTITY PRICE PER TOTAL

UNIT
1 PV Solar Panel / 425 W 38 RM 496 RM 18,848
2 Solar Charge 1 RM 1,600 RM 1,600
Controller/80 Amp
3 Battery 200Ah 48V 15 RM 2,927 RM 43,905
4 Inverter 4 RM 2,215 RM 8,860
5 Generator 1 RM 65,000 RM 65,000
6 Manpower 4 RM 2,000 RM 8,000
TOTAL RM 146,213

11
 Figure 5.5: PV Panels

Figure 5.6: Solar Charger Controller

12
 Figure 5.7: Solar Inverter

Figure 5.8: Battery 48V 200Ah

13
Figure 5.9: Generator

14
6.0 RESULT

6.1 Explanation of PV Design Drawing

Monocrystalline Solar Charger

Solar Panel Controller Battery Bank

Inverter

AC Distributor
DC Distributor

Generator

Figure 6.1: Drawing of PV System

The monocrystalline solar panel is connected to a solar controller in the PV

system design displayed in the above figure. It is then joined to an inverter and a battery
bank. The inverter's purpose is to convert DC power to AC. Additionally, a backup
generator is connected to the inverter. To create DC loads, the solar charge controller
is also directly powered by a DC distributer.

The purpose of a monocrystalline solar panel is to collect solar energy and

convert it to electrical current.

To prevent batteries from overcharging, a charge controller or charge regulator

essentially acts as a voltage or current regulator. It controls the battery's voltage and
current as they travel from the solar panels. When there is no sunlight available to

15
 produce electricity during the night, the battery is used to do so. A parallel connection
was made to the battery. The role of the inverter is to convert DC current to AC current
so that AC loads can be powered by an AC disturber. If the inverter experiences a
problem, a backup generator is used to ensure that the electricity current continues to
flow. In contrast to AC distribution, which is used to connect the current to any
necessary AC loads, DC distribution connects the current to any necessary DC loads.

6.2 Calculation

1. Number of PV Panel Required

161590𝑊𝑊ℎ
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 =
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
10 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 × 425
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
=38.02 round off to 38 panels

Because of the system is 48 V system and each panel produces 24V, two panels
need to be connected in series to produce the required voltage. Therefore, the
number of PV panels needed to 38.

2. Number of Batteries Required

We consider that 16 hours of storage would be full.

16/24 hours = 0.7 hours

161590 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 × 0.7 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊

= 144276.79
0.98 × 0.8 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
144276.79
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
48 𝑉𝑉 𝑋𝑋 200 𝐴𝐴ℎ

=15.03 round off to 15 batteries

16
 3. Number of Inverter
𝑃𝑃𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑁𝑁𝑡𝑡 =
𝑃𝑃𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
4000
𝑁𝑁𝑡𝑡 = = 9.42
425
38
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = = 4.04
9.41
Estimated Number of Module able to use at the inverter = 4 Module Inverter.

17
7.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

7.1 List of Equipment and Power Consumption

No List of Equipment Quantity Run Time/h Power/kW Power/Day

kW
1. Pump Petrol/Diesel 20 17 4.35 kW 72.25 kW
2. Air Conditioner 5 17 3.17 kW 53.89 kW
3. Lighting 10 17 0.25 kW 4.25 kW
4. Lighting Outdoor 6 6 0.40 kW 2.4 kW
5. Refrigerator 8 24 1.2 kW 28.8 kW
Total 9.37 kW 161.59 kW
Table 7.1: List of Equipment and Total Power Consumption

This table shows the power consumption all the equipment that use PV system
in Petrol Station. Here is only equipment appliance that use power from PV System,
other than that the customer the take supply from TNB.

7.2 Calculation of Electricity Bill for Month

The estimated 168.8 kWh used by the customer for energy. 5058 kWh of electricity
were used in total during the month. The standard price of electricity in Malaysia is
used to determine the project's return on investment. We'll be making use of Malaysia's
standardized current business price rate.

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 𝑥𝑥 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
5058 kWh x 0.509
= RM 2574.52 per month

18
7.3 Calculation of Return of Investment

Consider the cost of break-even with a return of investment.

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 146,213
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 2574.52
Time taken to break even cost = + - 4 years 6 months

7.4 Return of Investment Estimate Profit

(Average solar panel lifespan (25 years)-time taken to break even cost) x Electricity
bill for a month.

(300 month – 56 month) x RM 2574.52

The total profit will be estimated = RM 628182.88

For batteries replacement, our battery 200 AH has 4000 cycles life expectancy. We
estimated 1 cycle for 1 day so the batteries will be changed every 10 years 9 month(
4000)

25 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
10 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

Total times need to change for 25 years = 2 times

Batteries cost for 25 years = RM43905 X 2 =RM 87810

Thus, the total net profit for return of investment solar panel in 25 years is

RM 629,182.88-RM 87810 = RM 541,372.88

19
8.0 PROBLEM ENCOUNTER DURING THIS TASK

There are some problems with the implementation of the Photovoltaic system as a result
of this project, but it has a solution :

The high cost of PV module maintenance is the first problem with a solar energy
system. For instance, a solar PV system's efficiency will suffer if it is not regularly cleaned.
Periodic inspection and maintenance are required to address this issue in order to prevent future
occurrences. If even one PV module becomes dirty, the output of the entire array will be
decreased.

Next, due to a non-strategic solar panel installation site and overcast weather during the
testing time, there is a problem with voltage that is not highest at dawn. For the most efficient
solar power generation, solar panels must face south. On hotter days, less energy is required to
excite electrons, resulting in less energy being transmitted from the sun to the solar cells. In
summary, the most effective solar panel efficiency occurs when the weather is cooler and
sunny.

Furthermore, the amount of power generated is insufficient to fulfil the load

requirements. There are several approaches that may be used to get a solar panel to produce
the most energy. One of the easiest is to use a diode to link a battery to a solar panel. It works
by matching the panel's maximum output voltage to the battery's very limited voltage range.
This may be the best technique when available power levels are low (less than a few tens of
milliwatts).

Finally, connecting the solar system to the air conditioner system is problematic due to
the air conditioner's inverter. We're also looking for a few firms who offer both air conditioners
and solar panels so we can gather their comments and figure out how to combine the two
systems.

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9.0 FUTURE RECOMMENDATION

Solar will become even more affordable in the future years as technology advances.
This section will go through some of the recommendations that might be improved in the future
while developing or installing solar systems. Malaysia is one of the countries that recognize
that smart grid technology or solar technology will soon become the most significant source of
energy for the country's power generation. The usage of solar systems should be promoted to
prevent pollution, as stated in the National Green Technology Policies (2009). Customers
should only utilise the electricity generated by the PV system for certain equipment or electrical
appliances, according to a few suggestions made during the installation of PV power generating
systems. Other equipment or electrical appliances continue to be powered by the TNB (Tenaga
Nasional Berhad). Perhaps in the future, they will be able to completely use or enhance their
PV power generating system, allowing them to use solar electricity to power all their equipment
and electrical appliances. Next, there is a fracture in the cell, which occurs because of quality
control carelessness prior to the production of PV cells for customers. As a result, we have
already contacted the supplier to warn them of the problem, so that this does not happen again
in the future.

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10.0 CONLUSION

As a conclusion, solar energy, according to the conclusions of the investigation, offers

us with extra benefits. It has the potential to reduce dependency on non-renewable energy
sources. Solar energy can minimize our reliance on non-renewable energy sources like coal
and oil. Many of the chemicals that have a detrimental impact on our air quality are produced
by non-renewable energy sources.

Second, non-renewable resources are non-renewable because they will run out at some
point in the future. The faster and more completely we can switch to renewable energy, the
better. Both the ecology and our species gain from it. You will need less power from the utility
if you create your own. You will instantly save money on your energy bill because of this. You
may also make money by selling any extra power you create back to the grid. The groundwork
Make a green investment by taking advantage of available solar panel grants.

Even better, as you create more energy, you will use less electricity from the grid,
allowing you to become more energy self-sufficient. Solar energy may be used everywhere if
there is sunshine. It's especially handy in isolated locations when there are no other choices for
power. Many people do not have access to power across the world. In some areas, self-
contained solar systems might be employed to assist alleviate the problem.

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11.0 REFERENCES

1. P. R. Mishra, R. Panguloori, N. Udupa and D. Mitra, "Economic evaluation of

solar hybrid DC grid for petrol pump stations," 2013 Annual IEEE India
Conference (INDICON), 2013, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/INDCON.2013.6726099.

2. C. Molfese, D. Scaccabarozzi, B. Saggin, C. Popa and M. G. Naón, "Smart Solar

Panels project, the design outline," 2022 IEEE 9th International Workshop on
Metrology for AeroSpace (MetroAeroSpace), 2022, pp. 23-27, doi:
10.1109/MetroAeroSpace54187.2022.9856089.

3. G. G. Sadeq, A. N. Zafirah Sanusi and F. Abdullah, "Solar Power Assessment

for Photovoltaic Installation in Malaysia University Campus," 2021 Third
International Sustainability and Resilience Conference: Climate Change, 2021,
pp. 121-125, doi: 10.1109/IEEECONF53624.2021.9668126.

4. Solar Farms in Malaysia. (2018, September). Retrieved from solarvest:

https://solarvest.my/2018/09/21/solar-farms-malaysia/

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12.0 ATTACHMENT/DOCUMENTATION

Figure 12.1: Leader with Signboard Petronas Klang Gate

Figure 12.2: Landscape Petronas Klang Gate

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 Figure 12.3: Indoor Petronas Klang Gate

Figure 12.4: Forecourt Petronas Klang Gate

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