Roofing Concepts and Roof

Framing
Teacher: Mr. A. Farquharson
Contents of Presentation
⚫ Defining roof
⚫ Classification of Roofs
⚫ Common Shapes of Pitched Roofs
⚫ Flat Roof
⚫ Reading roof shapes from lines on a
drawing
⚫ Explaining roof lines
⚫ Focus on gable, hip, dutch gable and valley
roofs
What is a roof?
⚫ The roof of a house refers to the
framework of timber, steel or concrete
on which a covering of thatch, corrugated
sheets, asphalt etc. is attached.
⚫ The primary function of a roof is to
protect the structure in all types of
weather with a minimum of maintenance.
Classification of Roofs
⚫  
Common Shapes of Pitched Roofs

Gable
Hip
Common Shapes of Pitched Roofs

Hip and Valley Dutch Hip

(or Dutch Gable)
Flat Roof

Flat Roof
OTHER TYPES OF
ROOF
Mansard Roof
The mansard roof is a French design and is
more difficult to construct than the hip or
gable roof.
Gambrel Roof
The gambrel roof is sometimes called a barn
roof because it has been used extensively
on barns. It provides additional headroom in
the attic.
Butterfly Roof
The butterfly roof is not widely used. It
provides plenty of light and ventilation, but
drainage is a problem.
Winged Gable
The winged gable is essentially a gable roof,
extended at the peak.
A-Frame Roof
The A-frame roof provides a roof and walls
for the structure. Is popular for cottages,
homes, churches, and other structures.
Folded Plate Roof
The folded plate roof has limited use in
single-family homes. Modular, prefabricated
roof units are available.
Curved Panel Roof
he curved panel roof is similar to the folded
plate roof in style and application. It is
available in prefabricated modules.
ROOF TERMINOLOGIES
Roof Terms
⚫ Ridge Board: The horizontal member
that connects the upper ends of the
rafters.
⚫ Tail: The portion of the rafter which
extends beyond the wall to form the
overhang or eave.
Roof Terms cont’d
⚫ Rafter: These are the sloping structural members
which act as a support for roof structures and are in
effect the main part of roof frames. The following are
types or Rafters:
⚫ Common Rafter: These extend from wall plate to
ridge board.
⚫ Hip Rafter: These extend diagonally from the
corners formed by the plate to the ridge.
Roof Terms (Cont’d)
⚫ Valley Rafter: These extend diagonally
from the plates to the ridge board along
the line where two roofs intersect.
⚫ Jack Rafters: Any rafter which does not
run the full distance from the plate to
ridge board.
Roof Terms (Cont’d)
⚫ Types Jack Rafters:
●Hip Jacks: These extend from the
wall plate to a hip rafter.
●Valley Jacks: These extend from the
ridge to a valley rafter.
●Cripple Jacks: These extend
between a hip and valley rafter or
between two valley rafters.
Roof Terms (Cont’d)
⚫  
Roof Tetms (Cont’d)
⚫ Covering: the external material that is
laid over the roof structure to protect
the inside of the building.
⚫ Eaves: the bottom end of the roof
where it meets the wall.
⚫ Fascia: a thin timber board that is fixed
to the end of rafters or roof joists to
support the gutters.
Roofing Terms (Cont’d)
⚫ Fall: the slope required on flat roofs for
water run-off.
⚫ Hip: the point where two inclined roof
surfaces meet over an external angle.
⚫ Soffit: the horizontal board that can be
fixed to finish the roof structure at the
eaves.
⚫ Valley: the point where two inclined
roof surfaces meet over an internal angle.
Roofing Terms (Cont’d)
⚫ Wall plate: the timber member fixed to
the top of a wall to secure a flat roof joist
or rafter.
⚫ Ridge tile: a tile that caps the top of the
roof.
Roof Terms (Cont’d)
⚫ Diagram showing: roof rise, run and span
Roof Terms (Cont’d)
⚫ Purlins: Horizontal timbers in a roof at
right angles to rafters carried on them to
support a lightweight roof covering
Roof Framing Overview
Class Activity 1
⚫ INSTRUCTIONS: On each of the diagrams below,
identify the following: ridge, hip, valley, eave, gable
Representing Roof Shapes on a
Drawing
⚫ In technical drawings, roof planes are
defined using lines describing the
boundaries of roof planes or lines
between them, including:
◦ Ridge Lines
◦ Gable Lines
◦ Eaves lines
◦ Hip Lines
◦ Valley Lines
Representing Roof Shapes on a
Drawing (Cont’d)
⚫ Being able to read these lines is important
because they show:
◦ Where roof shapes are positioned in the
overall roof plan
◦ The span and length of each individual roof
shape
◦ How each individual roof shape links in with
others
⚫ This information is important in roof
framing set-out.
Representing Roof Shapes on a
Drawing (Cont’d)
⚫ Types of Roof Lines:

Eaves Line

Walls
Gable line

Gable Line
Ridge Line

Ridge Line

Va
lle
yl
Hi ine
p
lin
e
Representing Roof Shapes on a
Drawing (Cont’d)
⚫ Eaves lines define how much roof
planes overhang support walls
Eaves Line

Gable line Walls

Gable Line
Ridge Line

Ridge Line

Va
lle
y lin
e
Hi
p
lin
e
Representing Roof Shapes on a
Drawing (Cont’d)
⚫ Ridge Lines define where two opposing roof planes
meet at the highest point.
Eaves Line

Gable line Walls

Ridge Line

Gable Line
Ridge Line

Va
lle
yl
ine
Hi
p
lin
e
Representing Roof Shapes on a
Drawing (Cont’d)
⚫ Gable Lines occur where the ends of roof planes
run at 900 to the ridge line. They may be flush with
end walls or form an overhang.
Eaves Line

Walls
Gable line

Gable Line
Ridge Line

Ridge Line

Va
lle
yl
ine
Hi
p
lin
e
Representing Roof Shapes on a
Drawing (Cont’d)
⚫  
Representing Roof Shapes on a
Drawing (Cont’d)
⚫ Hip Lines (Cont’d)
Eaves Line

Walls
Gable line

Ridge Line

Gable Line
Ridge Line

Va
lle
yl
ine
Hi
p
lin
e
Representing Roof Shapes on a
Drawing (Cont’d)
⚫ Valley Lines often run parallel to hip
lines but always occur at internal corners
not external corners.
⚫ In addition, roof planes fall into valleys
rather than falling away from hips.
⚫ Valleys connect to the ridge line but
always at the inner end.
Representing Roof Shapes on a
Drawing (Cont’d)
⚫ Valley Lines (cont’d)
Eaves Line

Walls
Gable line

Gable Line
Ridge Line

Ridge Line

Va
lle
y
lin
e
Hi
p
lin
e
Roof Framing Plan
Roof Framing
⚫ See Pages 71-76 in text book.
 Roof Plan and Their Related
Elevations
⚫ Gable Roof
eline
Gabl
en
Op
Boxed Gable
Line
Side End
Elevation Elevation
Eave Line

Wall
s

Ridge Line

Flush Gable Open or boxed

Line Gable Line

Plan
View
 Roof Plan and Their Related
Elevations (Cont’d)
⚫ Hip Roof

Side End
Elevation Elevation
Eave
Line
Wall
s

Ridge
Line
Hip Hip
Line Line

Plan
View
Roof Plan and Their Related
Elevations (Cont’d)
⚫ Dutch Hip

Side End
Elevation Elevation
Eave
Line
Wal
ls
Gable Gable
Line Line
Ridge
Line
Hip Hip
Line Line
Plan
View
Roof Plan and Their Related
Elevations (Cont’d)
⚫ Hip and Valley

Side End
Elevation Elevation

Wall
s
Ridge
Line
Va e
Line
Ridge

lle
lin alley

lin

y
V
e

Plan
Roof Plan and Details
⚫ Typical Eave Detail
Roof Plan and Details
⚫ Typical Ridge Detail
Calculating Roof Height
Calculating Roofs Height Cont’d
Types of Roof Coverings
⚫ Solar tiles
⚫ Advanced solar collectors integrate
seamlessly into existing shingles,
generating up to 1 kilowatt of energy per
100 square feet. They’re particularly good
for sunny roofs in homeowners’
associations that forbid typical solar
panels. While they may help offset energy
costs with solar power, they also cost
more than traditional solar options.
⚫ Asphalt shingles
⚫ Asphalt shingles are the most common roofing
materials in America because they’re effective in
all environmental conditions. Quality varies
widely, so ask whether they pass the ASTM
D3161, Class F (110 mph) or ASTM D7158,
Class H (150 mph) wind tests and the AC438
durability test. Upfront costs are low, but you
should expect to replace the shingles after about
20 years. If you live in a hail prone area, consider
impact resistant shingles which have a UL 2218
Class 4 rating. Impact resistant shingles may
qualify for a discount on your homeowner’s
premium.
⚫ Metal roofing
⚫ Metal roofing comes in vertical panels or shingles
resembling slate, tile and shake – and lasts about
60 years. Metal excels at sloughing off heavy
snow and rain, won’t burn and resists high winds.
It is lightweight and can be installed over existing
roofs. However, metal can be noisy during
rainstorms, and may dent from hail. Average
costs range between $5 and $12 per square foot,
depending on type and style of metal – which is
more than asphalt but less than concrete tiles.
Corrosion also varies by material.
⚫ Stone-coated steel
⚫ Interlocking panels mimic slate, clay or
shingles and resist damage caused by heavy
rains (up to 8.8 inches per hour), winds of
120 miles per hour, uplifting, hail and
freeze-thaw cycles. Consequently, they’re an
economical, effective choice for wet, windy
regions or areas prone to wildfires. Some
stone-coated steel roofs are warranted for
the lifetime of the house.
⚫ Slate
⚫ Slate roofing lasts more than 100 years. It
won’t burn, is waterproof and resists
mold and fungus. Slate is effective in wet
climates but is expensive, heavy and may
be easily broken when stepped on. Keep
this in mind if you live in an area that
experiences hail.
⚫ Rubber slate
⚫ Rubber slate looks natural and can be cut
with a knife to fit intricate roofs like
those found on Victorian homes. Rubber
slate roofs can last 100 years but can be
damaged by satellite dishes and walking –
so may also be susceptible to damage by
hail, similar to slate. Roofing professionals
that are trained to install rubber slate
may be hard to find.
⚫ Clay and concrete tiles 
⚫ Clay and concrete roof tiles can withstand
damage from tornadoes, hurricanes or winds
up to 125 miles per hour and even
earthquakes, according to "A Summary of
Experimental Studies on Seismic
Performance of Concrete and Clay Roofing
Tiles" by the University of Southern
California for the Tile Roofing Institute. They
are good in warm, dry climates. They may
require extra support to bear their weight,
and they are likely to break when walked on.
⚫ Green roofs
⚫ Green roofs are covered with plants and
can improve air quality, reduce water
runoff and insulate homes to reduce
urban heat islands. However, they need
extra structural support, a vapor barrier,
thermal insulation, waterproofing,
drainage, water filtration, soil, compost
and plants. Their estimated lifespan is 40
years.
⚫ Built-up roofing
⚫ This heavy roofing consists of layers of
asphalt, tar or adhesive topped with an
aggregate and is only for flat roofs. Tar and
gravel roofs, also for flat roofs, are best for
roof-top decks with heavy foot traffic. These
roofs may become sticky in summer, and it is
harder to shovel snow off of these roofs
when compared to smooth surfaces. They
can last 20 to 25 years.
Samples of Some Roofing Materials