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Q1> Explain uses of Excel in business?

Ans- The number 1 use of MS Excel in the workplace is to

do business analysis. Business analysis is essentially using
collected data to inform decision making. Businesses naturally
gather data in their day-to-day activities, which may be data on
product sales, website traffic, spending on supplies, insurance
claims, etc.

#MS Excel is used for a range of purposes in a

business including accounting, stock management, sales
reporting, product information management and
automation.

1.Business analysis is the activity of converting data into

something useful to the people who run the business. For
example, you could run a profitability report by the day of the
week. If the business always loses money on a Sunday, then
that’s information management could use to make a decision
(such as closing on Sundays).

2. Using Excel, personal information can be stored and

retrieved efficiently. A spreadsheet row or column can be used
for an individual record that may include information like name,
email address, employee start date, items purchased,
subscription status, and last contact.

3. Business activities can often involve quite complicated

logistics. Inventory flows need to be controlled so that you can
keep operations running smoothly – and without overstocking
on particular items. That means keeping track of supplier and
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client transactions, listing critical dates, and managing times and

schedules.

4. Performance monitoring and reporting is a specialised type of business

analysis that can be done effectively using MS Excel. For example, many
accountants still use Excel (partly because it’s compatible with cloud-based
accounting software).

A common way to convert data into a performance report in Excel is to create

a pivot table. By inserting a pivot table and linking it to data, you can extra useful
information from the dataset quickly. Pivot tables have numerous in-built
functions that allow for tasks such as counting and summing certain types of data
within the dataset.

Job examples: financial accountant, forecast analyst / sales support,

performance analyst, performance analyst – procurement, professional services
operations analyst, reporting analyst, reporting development analyst, sales
coordinator, sales operations analyst.

5. Excel is a good platform for managing programs. It can be adapted to handle

the specific characteristics of a given program. And, because MS Excel is widely
known, program records can easily be managed by multiple people and, when
the time comes, handed over to a new manager.

A program is like a project, but may be ongoing and can depend on participation
by users. MS Excel helps managers allocate resources, keep track of progress,
and maintain participant records.

Job examples: event coordinator, learning and development officer, learning

and development coordinator, manager – internships, programs and office
coordinator, records and results coordinator, training administrator.
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Q2>Define data and information , discuss importance of data

processing in business.

Ans- #DATA- Data are individual facts, statistics, or items of

information, often numeric. In a more technical sense, data are
a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables about
one or more persons or objects, while a datum is a single
value of a single variable.

#INFORMATION- Information is processed, organized and

structured data. It provides context for data and enables
decision making processes. For example, a single customer’s
sale at a restaurant is data – this becomes information when
the business is able to identify the most popular or least
popular dish. 

#Importance of data processing includes increased

productivity and profits, better decisions, more accurate and
reliable. Further cost reduction, ease in storage, distributing
and report making followed by better analysis and presentation
are other advantages. The need to process data is now widely
realized and reflected in every field of work. Let the work be
done in a business atmosphere or for educational research
purpose, data management systems are used by every
business. It is a multidimensional process which is involved in
almost every field of human life. Generally speaking, the term
“Data Processing” is used where you have to collect
innumerable data files from different sources. You have to
arrange them in a way that can be practically beneficial for the
purpose you have gathered all that material. It is a task of
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synchronizing collected data from different sources and convert it to an

organized form . This makes it easy to understand and retrieve the
specific information anytime. There are various data processing
methods which include manual data processing, mechanical data
processing and electronic data processing. Data processing is one of
the most important daily tasks especially when dealing with big data and
performing data mining. All those fields where we can expect a huge
data available to settle down like education, banking or transportation
now realises the importance of data processing. With the emergence of
fields like data science, data analysis, big data etc. the need to process
data and to understand the importance of processing the data is crucial.

Nowadays more and more data is collected for academic, scientific

research, private & personal use, institutional use, commercial use. This
collected info needs to be stored, sorted, filtered, analyse and
presented and even require data transfer for it to be of any use. This
process can be simple or complex depending on the scale at which
collection is done and the complexity of the results which are required to
be obtained. The time consumed in obtaining the desired result
depends on the operations which need to be performed on the collected
data and on the nature of the output file required to be obtained. This
problem becomes starker when dealing with the very large volume of
data.

The need for processing becomes more and more critical in such cases. In such
cases, data mining and data management come into play without which optimal
results cannot be obtained. Each stage starting from collection to presentation
has a direct effect on the output and usefulness of the processed data. Sharing
the dataset with third party must be done carefully and as per written agreement
& service agreement. This prevents data theft, misuse and loss of data.
Processed data makes it easy to arrange it by type and information, it saves a lot
of space. This also helps in making sure that all staff and workers can learn and
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understand it easily. They can implement it in the work, which can otherwise take
up more time and end up in providing a decreased output. This can harm the
interests of the business or organization.
Most businesses and fields require data for providing a good quality of service.
Collecting data and it’s implications are very important aspects of managing and
ensuring statistical authenticity. It is particularly essential for services concerned
with financial technologies. This is so because transactions and payment details
need to be properly stored for easy access by customers as well as the company
officials upon need. Processing is not limited to computers and can be done
manually as well.

Q3> Explain environment of windows 10?

Ans- Windows 10 is designed to adapt its user interface based on the type of
device being used and available input methods. It offers two separate user
interface modes: a user interface optimized for mouse and keyboard, and a
"Tablet mode" designed for touchscreens.
Windows 10 is a major release of Microsoft's Windows NT operating system. It
is the direct successor to Windows 8.1, which was released nearly two years
earlier. It was released to manufacturing on July 15, 2015, and later to retail on
July 29, 2015.[18] Windows 10 was made available for download
via MSDN and TechNet, as a free upgrade for retail copies of Windows
8 and Windows 8.1 users via the Windows Store, and to Windows 7 users
via Windows Update. Windows 10 receives new builds on an ongoing basis,
which are available at no additional cost to users, in addition to additional test
builds of Windows 10, which are available to Windows Insiders. Devices in
enterprise environments can receive these updates at a slower pace, or
use long-term support milestones that only receive critical updates, such as
security patches, over their ten-year lifespan of extended support. [19][20] Microsoft
announced that support for Windows 10 editions which are not in the Long-Term
Servicing Channel (LTSC) will end on October 14, 2025.[16]
Windows 10 received generally positive reviews upon its original release. Critics
praised Microsoft's decision to provide the desktop-oriented interface in line with
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previous versions of Windows, contrasting the tablet-oriented approach of

Windows 8, although Windows 10's touch-oriented user interface mode was
criticized for containing regressions upon the touch-oriented interface of its
predecessor. Critics also praised the improvements to Windows 10's bundled
software over Windows 8.1, Xbox Live integration, as well as the functionality
and capabilities of the Cortana personal assistant and the replacement
of Internet Explorer with Microsoft Edge. However, media outlets have been
critical of the changes to operating system behaviors, including
mandatory update installation, privacy concerns over data collection performed
by the OS for Microsoft and its partners, and adware-like tactics used to promote
the operating system on its release.[21]
Microsoft initially aimed to have Windows 10 installed on over one billion devices
within three years of its release;[19] that goal was ultimately reached almost five
years after release on March 16, 2020.[22] By January 2018, Windows 10
surpassed Windows 7 as the most popular version of Windows worldwide. [23] As
of April 2022, Windows 10 is estimated to have a 75% share of Windows PCs.
[23]
 The share has been declining since a January 2022 peak of 82%, [24] because
of introduction of its successor Windows 11, which is now the second most
popular Windows edition in many countries, or 57% of all PCs (the rest being
other Windows editions and other operating systems such as macOS and Linux),
and 23% of all devices (including mobile, tablet and console) [25] are running
Windows 10. On June 24, 2021, Microsoft announced Windows 10's
successor, Windows 11, which was released on October 5, 2021.[26]
Windows 10 is the final version of Windows which supports 32-bit processors (IA-
32 and ARMv7-based) and devices with BIOS firmware. Its successor, Windows
11, requires a device that uses UEFI firmware and a 64-bit processor in any
supported architecture (x86-64 for x86 and ARMv8 for ARM).

Q4> what is Ms Excel, give examples of five formulas/ functions use in

Ms Excel?

Ans- Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for

Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation or
computation capabilities, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro
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programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. Excel forms part of
the Microsoft Office suite of software. Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program
used to record and analyze numerical and statistical data. Microsoft Excel
provides multiple features to perform various operations like calculations, pivot
tables, graph tools, macro programming, etc. It is compatible with multiple OS
like Windows, macOS, Android and iOS.
A Excel spreadsheet can be understood as a collection of columns and rows that
form a table. Alphabetical letters are usually assigned to columns, and numbers
are usually assigned to rows. The point where a column and a row meet is called
a cell. The address of a cell is given by the letter representing the column and the
number representing a row.

Microsoft Excel is the go-to tool for working with data. There are
probably a handful of people who haven’t used Excel, given its
immense popularity. Excel is a widely used software application in
industries today, built to generate reports and business insights. Excel
supports several in-built applications that make it easier to use. 

Excel Formulas and Functions

There are plenty of Excel formulas and functions depending on what kind of
operation you want to perform on the dataset. We will look into the formulas and
functions on mathematical operations, character-text functions, data and time,
sumif-countif, and few lookup functions. 

Let’s now look at the top 25 Excel formulas you must know. In this article, we
have categorized 25 Excel formulas based on their operations. Let’s start with
the first Excel formula on our list.
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1. SUM

The SUM() function, as the name suggests, gives the total of the selected range
of cell values. It performs the mathematical operation which is addition. Here’s an
example of it below:

Fig: Sum function in Excel

As you can see above, to find the total amount of sales for every unit, we had to
simply type in the function “=SUM(C2:C4)”. This automatically adds up 300, 385,
and 480. The result is stored in C5. 

2. AVERAGE - The AVERAGE() function focuses on calculating the average of

the selected range of cell values. As seen from the below example, to find the
avg of the total sales, you have to simply type in “AVERAGE(C2, C3, C4)”. 
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Fig: Average function in Excel

It automatically calculates the average, and you can store the result in your
desired location.

3. COUNT

The function COUNT() counts the total number of cells in a range that contains a

number. It does not include the cell, which is blank, and the ones that hold data
in any other format apart from numeric. 
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Fig: Microsoft Excel Function - Count

As seen above, here, we are counting from C1 to C4, ideally four cells. But since
the COUNT function takes only the cells with numerical values into consideration,
the answer is 3 as the cell containing “Total Sales” is omitted here. 

If you are required to count all the cells with numerical values, text, and any other
data format, you must use the function ‘COUNTA()’. However, COUNTA() does
not count any blank cells.

To count the number of blank cells present in a range of cells, COUNTBLANK()

is used.  

4. SUBTOTAL

Moving ahead, let’s now understand how the subtotal function works. The
SUBTOTAL() function returns the subtotal in a database. Depending on what you
want, you can select either average, count, sum, min, max, min, and others. Let’s
have a look at two such examples.
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Fig: Subtotal function in Excel

In the example above, we have performed the subtotal calculation on cells

ranging from A2 to A4. As you can see, the function used is “=SUBTOTAL(1, A2:
A4), in the subtotal list “1” refers to average. Hence, the above function will give
the average of A2: A4 and the answer to it is 11, which is stored in C5.

Similarly, “=SUBTOTAL(4, A2: A4)” selects the cell with the maximum value from
A2 to A4, which is 12. Incorporating “4” in the function provides the maximum
result. 
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Fig: Count function in Excel

5. MODULUS

The MOD() function works on returning the remainder when a particular number
is divided by a divisor. Let’s now have a look at the examples below for better
understanding.

 In the first example, we have divided 10 by 3. The remainder is calculated

using the function “=MOD(A2,3)”. The result is stored in B2. We can also
directly type “=MOD(10,3)” as it will give the same answer. 

Fig: Modulus function in Excel

 Similarly, here, we have divided 12 by 4. The remainder is 0 is, which is

stored in B3. 

Q5> How computer is useful in the field of business & commerce ,give
examples.

Ans- Computers Are Used for Storage

With computers and servers, businesses are able to store and sort millions of

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files, to enable the business to access at any time. Computers also enable a
business to store its data in different ways.

THESE ARE THE BEST EXAMPLES FOR UNDERSTANDING OF THE

REQUIREMENTS OF COMPUTER IN BUSINESS:-

BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
Now business organizations  use various methods of communication through
computers.Now companies use email,live chat tools,video conferencing
systems,smartphones,social networking,web conferencing for communicating
between employees,suppliers and customers.As sometimes it is essential in
business to communicate with employees or other members in business in a very
few time,so we can communicate with anyone in few seconds using computers.

 
MARKETING
Computers play a vital role in marketing .Now most of marketing is done
online.Social  media marketing,website development,blogging,advertising,e-
newsletters are main forms of online marketing.The main advantages of online
marketing are reduced cost,brand engagement,demographic targeting,real time
results,less intrusive etc.

 
RESEARCH
Internet provides  the information which is very useful for the business
operations.Businesses can know about the public opinion regarding any product
or service by doing online surveys.They can also get the knowledge about other
companies products and services through internet.When they launch any product
they can know the public reaction by viewing customer reviews on different sites.

 
BUDGETING AND FORECASTING
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Computer is very helpful for budgeting and forecasting.There are many special
software available for budgeting and forecasting.These software are helpful for
estimating future sales and business expansions.Spreadsheet programs such as
excel are helpful for budgeting and forecasting.

 
STORAGE
Now businesses can store huge amount of data using computers and
internet.They don't need huge cabinets for storing data now.Data can be stored
centrally for easy access from multiple computers or stored locally for individual
use.Computerized storage saves space and provides a security of data.

 
DESIGN AND PRESENTATION
In past years businesses had to made business documents by hand.Now with
the help of digital photography,printing technology and graphic design
businesses don't have to make documents by hand and they can make the
documents more artistically and clearly.

 
EDUCATION
Computers are used for educating employees on software,company policies and
procedures.Instead of hiring teachers employees can be educated online.It is
help in busy schedules of businesses.

 
HOME BASED WORKERS
With the help of computers now we can do online jobs.Due to some reasons if
we are not able to go to outside for job then we can do online jobs.Now we can
do our office work by sitting anywhere.

 
ORGANIZATION
The ease with databases,spreadsheets computer has improved the efficiency
and management practices of business worldwide.Many offices now uses

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computer programs to handle scheduling,accounting,billing,inventory

management,contact management etc.

Q6> Discuss importance features of Ms power point,give examples.

Ans- Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program, created by Robert Gaskins

and Dennis Austin at a software company named Forethought, Inc. It was
released on April 20, 1987, initially for Macintosh computers only. Microsoft
acquired PowerPoint for about $14 million three months after it appeared.

 Advanced Features of MS Powerpoint

 Customize Color Schemes.
 Add Animation effects.
 Use the Slide, Notes and Handout Masters.
 Create, Edit and Import Charts.
 Create and Edit Tables.
 Manage Hyperlinks.
 Create Custom Shows.
 Export Outlines & Presentation Slides to Word.

# PowerPoint was designed to facilitate visual demonstrations for group

presentations in the business environment. Presentations are arranged as a series
of individually designed “slides” that contain images, text, or other objects.
Version 1.0 allowed users to generate text and graphics pages for black-and-white
handouts, notes, and overhead transparencies. Version 2.0, developed for both
Macintosh and Microsoft’s Windows operating system, was upgraded to output
35-mm colour slides. The 1992 release of PowerPoint 3.0 introduced the now-

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standard virtual slideshow. Subsequent versions added more features: slide

transitions, background designs, animation, graphics, movie and sound clips, and
AutoContent, which generates a presentation template based on what
information is to be conveyed. In 2003 the renamed Office PowerPoint reflected
Microsoft’s emphasis on standardizing the user interface and program functions
across their suite of Office programs, which included Word (a word processor)
and Excel (a spreadsheet program). PowerPoint is also available for mobile
devices like smartphones and tablets in the iOS and Android operating systems.

Q7>Explain the basic architecture of computer with the help of diagram!..

Ans- The different components in the Computer System Architecture are Input

Unit, Output Unit, Storage Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit, Control Unit etc. The
input data travels from input unit to ALU. Similarly, the computed data travels
from ALU to output unit. The data constantly moves from storage unit to ALU and
back again.

computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the

functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems. The
architecture of a system refers to its structure in terms of separately specified
components of that system and their interrelationships. [1]
Some definitions of architecture define it as describing the capabilities and
programming model of a computer but not a particular implementation. [2] In other
definitions computer architecture involves instruction set
architecture design, microarchitecture design, logic design, and implementation.

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Block diagram of a basic computer with uniprocessor CPU. Black lines indicate
data flow, whereas red lines indicate control flow. Arrows indicate the direction of
flow.

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Q8> What is internet ,what are the advantages & disadvantages of

internet with respect to business.

Ans-#INTERNET- a global computer network providing a variety of information

and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using
standardized communication protocols.

The Internet (or internet)[a] is the global system of interconnected computer

networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP)[b] to communicate
between networks and devices. It is a network of networks that consists of
private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global
scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical
networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information
resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents
and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony,
and file sharing.

The Advantages & Disadvantages of a Business Using the Internet for Business
Activity:-

Advantage: Potential Access to a Global Market

The internet is an excellent tool for increasing the visibility of your business. The
internet overlooks physical borders, thereby giving your products and services
heightened exposure to a global audience. This can lead to increased sales, as
your business offer reaches new markets that would otherwise be beyond your
physical reach, especially if you are a small business owner.

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Advantage: Reduced Marketing Costs

With the rise of the internet, there has been a huge increase in various social
media platforms. These platforms that are designed to connect people with one
another become powerful, relatively low-cost marketing channels that can be
utilized by both large and small enterprises. The internet means that you can
put your products and services right in front of your target market without using
the help of a formal marketing agency to do it for you, but at a much greater
cost.

Advantages: Reduced Building Overhead

Many jobs and business functions can be performed online. This means that
incorporating the internet into your business functions could open up an
opportunity to have remote staff who can work from home, thereby reducing the
cost of having an office building.

Advantage: Automated Systems and Resource Sharing

The internet has enabled a million and one ways you can make your life easier
as a business owner. You can do your bookkeeping and customer service care
online, and get bespoke solutions that automate how customers purchase your
goods and services. In short, it can streamline processes while saving valuable
work hours from performing tedious tasks.

In addition, the internet enables you to share knowledge and information quickly
and easily. Whether you are sharing documents or best business practices,
emails, apps, webinars and everything in between, sharing resources has
become easy and efficient.

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Disadvantage: Potentially Lower Profit Margins

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The internet has upped the market for many different types of businesses.
Although this has made it easier for customers to access your products and
services, the internet has also made it easy for customers to access the
products and services of your competitors, as well. To be at the forefront of
customers' minds, businesses have resorted to slashing prices drastically,
which has also drastically reduced profit margins. If you conduct your business
on the internet, prepare to lose sales if customers can find the same product on
the market at a lower cost.

Disadvantage: Reduced Physical Interactions

Some of the most creative ideas are borne out of the face-to-face interactions
that people have with one another. While the internet has succeeded in
connecting people to one another in a superficial way, it cannot adequately
replicate the human interactions of interacting face-to-face with colleagues and
customers.

Disadvantage: Negative Reviews

People now take to social media to voice their concerns and their viewpoints
about a business. People are more likely to complain than they are to
compliment a business, and this can damage the reputation of a company.
Plenty of examples can be found of complaints that have gone ‘viral’ and that
have forced businesses to change their strategies or change their products,
resulting in a loss of revenue.

The internet is a powerful tool not only for businesses but also for consumers.
Handle it with care and in accordance with the needs and model of your
business, so that the advantages are maximized and that the disadvantages
can be mitigated.

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Q9> Differentiate characteristics of local area &. Wide area!

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Ans- LAN is a computer network established within a small geographic area,

such as a house, office or buildings. WAN, on the other side, is a computer
network that covers a broad geographical area. LANs allow users to transfer
the data faster, whereas WANs have a comparatively slower data transfer
rate.

Major Differences between LAN and WAN

The other major differences between a local area network and a wide area
network can be explained in a tabulated form, as below:-

Attributes LAN WAN

Complete The complete form of LAN is 'Local Area The complete form of WAN is the 'Wide Area Network'.
Form Network'.

Definition LAN is a group of devices connected in a
small geographic area, such as houses,
offices, or buildings.
WAN is an arrangement of several devices attached over a
network covering a broad area. A network having
communication links crossing the regional, metropolitan, or
national boundaries over a large distance is an example of
WAN.

Geographical LAN covers a small geographical area, and it WAN covers a large distance geographical area that usually
Area does not require any leased crosses regional or metropolitan boundaries and requires
telecommunication lines. leased telecommunication lines.

Speed LAN provides a comparatively higher speed. WAN has a slower speed as compared to LAN.

Data Transfer LAN provides a high data transfer rate than WAN provides a relatively slower data transfer rate. It can reach
Rate WAN. It can reach up to 1000 Mbps. up to 150mbps.

Propagation In LANs, the propagation delay is short. In WANs, the propagation delay is comparatively long.
Delay

Ownership LAN is owned, managed, and used by an WAN can be either private or public. The Internet is the best
individual or an organization. Therefore, it is example of public WAN.
a private network.

Congestion LAN has low congestion than WAN. WAN has relatively higher congestion as compared to LAN.

Fault LAN has higher fault tolerance. WAN has a lower fault tolerance as compared to LAN.
Tolerance

Technologies LANs tend to use some particular WANs tend to use Frame Relay, MPLS, and ATM along with
connectivity technologies, mainly Ethernet X.25 for connectivity over larger distances.
and Token Ring.
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Connection LANs can be attached over any distance In WAN, the devices are connected through public networks,
using telephone lines and radio waves. such as the telephone system. They can also be connected via
Typically, co-axial or UTP cable is used as the leased lined or satellites.
transmission medium.

Components The main components of LAN include Layer 1 The main components of WAN include Layer 3 devices (e.g.,
devices (e.g., hubs, repeaters) and Layer 2 Routers, Multi-layer switches) and technology-specific devices
devices (e.g., switches, bridges). (e.g., AM, Frame-relay switches).

Bandwidth LAN offers high bandwidth for the WAN offers low bandwidth for the transmission.
transmission.

Maintenance Designing and maintenance of LANs are Designing and maintenance of WAN are complex.
easy.

Core Principle It works on the principle of broadcasting. It operates on the principle of point-to-point.

Cost Since LAN covers a small area, it can be set The setup for WAN is high because of its wider geographical
up very cheaply. area.

Scalability If there is a requirement to connect more When it comes to WAN, the setup of additional devices will
devices in a LAN, it can be easily done. It will cost high because networks in remote areas must be
not cost much. connected. Besides, WANs using public networks are easy to
set up and are not expensive.

Q10>What is difference between primary and secondary memory . explain

primary and secondary storage devices.

Computer memory is categorized into primary and secondary memory. While

primary memory is the main memory of the computer which is used to store data
or information temporarily, whereas secondary memory refers to external storage
devices that are used to store data or information permanently.

1. Basics of Primary and Secondary Memory

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Memory plays a critical part in computers to store and retrieve data. Computer
memory is categorized into primary and secondary memory. While primary
memory is the main memory of the computer which is used to store data or
information temporarily, whereas secondary memory refers to external storage
devices that are used to store data or information permanently.

2. Access of Primary and Secondary Memory

Primary memory holds only those data or instructions which the computer is

currently processing allowing the processor to access running applications and

services that are stored temporarily in a specific memory address. Secondary

memory, on the other hand, is persistent in nature which means instructions are

transferred to the main memory first and then re-routed to the central processing

unit.

3. Data in Primary and Secondary Memory

In primary memory, data is directly accessed by the processing unit and it resides

in the main memory until processing. Information and data are stored in

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semiconductor chips so they have a limited storage capacity. In secondary

memory, information is stored in external storage devices and they cannot be

directly accessed by the processing unit.

4. Nature of Primary and Secondary Memory

Primary memory is volatile in nature which means data or information stored in

the main memory is temporarily which may lead to loss of data in case of power

failure and it cannot be retained. On the contrary, secondary memory is non-

volatile in nature which means information is stored permanently with no data

loss in case of power failure. Data is intact unless the user erases it intentionally.

5. Devices for of Primary and Secondary Memory

Primary memory can also be referred to as RAM, short for Random Access

Memory, because of the random selection of memory addresses. RAM holds data

in a uniform manner and it can be lost when power fails. Secondary memory

refers to external storage devices such as hard disk, optical disk, compact disk,

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flash drives, magnetic tapes, etc. They are high-storage devices with substantial

storage capacities, in the range of gigabytes to terabytes.

6. Speed of Primary and Secondary Memory

In primary memory, applications and instructions are stored in the main memory

which makes them relatively faster to access via data bus. Processor is able to

retrieve data faster than it does with secondary memory, which acts more like a

backup memory to store data in external storage devices.

SHASHWAT PRAKASH

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Project of Computer Application of Business
Project of Computer Application of Business