NAME : Kowsona Chakraborty

ROLL : 222121025
Experiment 5 : Hall Effect in Semiconductors
Date:14/03/23
OBSERVATION
Table 1 : Parameters Supplied
Parameter Symbol Value Unit Error Error Estimate
Sample Width w 4 mm 0 OEM
Sample Thickness d 0.5 mm 0 OEM
Charge of Electron e 1.60E-19 Coulumb 0 NIST

Error in mili-ammeter 0.2% of reading ± 1 digit

Error in mili-voltmeter 0.1% of reading ± 1 digit
Error in Gaussmeter 0.5% of reading
Error in Constant Current Source 0.01 A

Table 2 : Calibration Curve

Average
Current Through Magnetic Magnetic
Magnetic delta(B) (in delta(I)
Electromagnet (I) Field (B) (in Field (-B)
Field (B) Gauss) (in A)
(in A) Gauss) (in Gauss)
(in Gauss)
0.00 49 -34 42 0.21 0.01
0.50 507 -483 495 2.48 0.01
1.00 1027 -1065 1046 5.23 0.01
1.46 1470 -1640 1555 7.78 0.01
1.98 2040 -2020 2030 10.15 0.01
2.45 2530 -2670 2600 13.00 0.01
2.96 3080 -3020 3050 15.25 0.01
3.47 3500 -3460 3480 17.40 0.01
4.01 3930 -3930 3930 19.65 0.01
4.12 4050 -4050 4050 20.25 0.01

Callibration Curve
4500
Average Magnetic Field (B) (in Guass)

4000 y = 980.07x + 76.49

3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
Current Through the Electromagnet I (in A)

Slope Intercept
Value 980.07 76.49
Standard Error 16.05 41.60
FORMULAE AND THEIR CORRESPONDING ERRORS
d ∆slope ∆d ∆B
Hall Coefficient, R = slope × ∴ ∆R = R + +
B slope d B

1 1 ∆q ∆R
R = ⇒ Charge Carrier Density, n = ∴ ∆n = n +
nq qR q R

Magnetic field determined from the calibration curve,

B = slope(s) × current I + intercept(c)

∴ ∆B = I∆s + s∆I + ∆c
Mobility, μ
1
= ×𝑅 ∆slope ∆d ∆𝑅
slope × d ∴ ∆μ = μ + +
slope d 𝑅

Table 3a : Observation for Hall Voltage with Current Through the Electromagnet = 1.00 A

Hall
Sample Current (Is) V1 (B,I) in V2 (B,-I) in V3 (-B,I) in V4 (-B,-I) in delta (Vh) delta (Is)
Voltage
(in mA) mV mV mV mV (in mV) (in mA)
(Vh) in mV

0.26 1.4 -1.5 -1.2 1.1 1.3 0.10 0.01

0.99 5.2 -5.3 -4.4 4.3 4.8 0.10 0.01
1.54 8.2 -8.3 -6.7 6.6 7.5 0.11 0.01
2.08 11.0 -11.1 -9.0 9.0 10.0 0.11 0.01
2.54 13.4 -13.4 -11.0 11.0 12.2 0.11 0.02
3.08 16.3 -16.3 -13.3 13.3 14.8 0.11 0.02
3.71 19.7 -19.6 -16.1 16.0 17.9 0.12 0.02
4.08 21.6 -21.6 -17.7 17.7 19.7 0.12 0.02
4.55 23.3 -23.4 -19.8 19.9 21.6 0.12 0.02
4.98 25.6 -25.8 -21.9 21.7 23.8 0.12 0.02
5.60 30.2 -29.1 -25.2 24.4 27.2 0.13 0.02
6.05 32.1 -32.1 -27.3 27.1 29.7 0.13 0.02
6.59 34.3 -35.0 -28.9 29.3 31.9 0.13 0.02
7.12 37.0 -36.6 -31.7 31.8 34.3 0.13 0.02
7.66 39.6 -39.6 -33.9 34.0 36.8 0.14 0.03
 y = 4.8247x - 0.0175
Plot of Vh vs Is for Current through electromagnet
40.0 1.00 A
35.0

Hall Voltage (Vh) (in mV)

30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00
Sample Curent (Is) (in mA)
Slope Intercept
Value 4.82472 -0.0175
Standard Error 0.02 0.11

Parameters Symbol Value Unit Error % Error Source

Slope s 4.82 mV/mA 0.02 0.48 Computed
Magnetic Field B 1056.56 Gauss 0.12 0.01 Computed
Hall Coefficient RH 0.023 m^3/C 0.000109 0.48 Computed
Charge Carrier
n 2.73E+20 m^-3 1.31E+18 0.48 Computed
Density
Mobility of charge
μ 9.46 A/V-m 0.06 0.68 Computed
carriers

Table 3b : Observation for Hall Voltage with Current Through the Electromagnet = 0.47 A

Hall
Sample Current (Is) V1 (B,I) in V2 (B,-I) in V3 (-B,I) in V4 (-B,-I) in delta (Vh) delta (Is)
Voltage
(in mA) mV mV mV mV (in mV) (in mA)
(Vh) in mV

0.62 1.4 -1.4 -1.3 1.3 1.4 0.10 0.01

1.08 2.2 -2.4 -2.4 2.3 2.3 0.10 0.01
1.54 3.1 -3.1 -2.7 2.8 2.9 0.10 0.01
1.99 3.8 -3.8 -3.6 3.7 3.7 0.10 0.01
2.45 4.7 -4.6 -4.4 4.5 4.6 0.10 0.01
3.08 5.9 -5.8 -5.6 5.6 5.7 0.11 0.02
3.39 6.4 -6.3 -6.0 6.1 6.2 0.11 0.02
4.08 7.8 -7.7 -7.4 7.2 7.5 0.11 0.02
4.79 9.3 -9.2 -8.4 8.5 8.9 0.11 0.02
5.08 9.8 -9.7 -8.9 9.0 9.4 0.11 0.02
5.51 10.5 -10.5 -9.7 9.9 10.2 0.11 0.02
6.14 11.7 -11.5 -11.0 11.0 11.3 0.11 0.02
6.77 13.6 -13.4 -13.0 13.0 13.3 0.11 0.02
7.30 14.5 -14.4 -13.7 13.7 14.1 0.11 0.02
 y = 1.8827x - 0.0021
Plot of Vh vs Is for Current through electromagnet
0.47A
16.0

Hall Voltage (Vh) (in mV)

14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
Sample Curent (Is) (in mA)

Slope Intercept
Value 1.88 0.00
Standard Error 0.03 0.14
Parameters Symbol Value Unit Error % Error Source
Slope s 1.88 mV/mA 0.03 -1.70 Computed
Magnetic Field B 537.13 Gauss 0.15 0.03 Computed
Hall Coefficient RH 0.018 m^3/C 0.000298 1.70 Computed
Charge Carrier
n 3.56E+20 m^-3 6.05E+18 1.70 Computed
Density
Mobility of charge
μ 18.62 A/V-m 0.45 2.40 Computed
carriers

Table 3c : Observation for Hall Voltage with Current Through the Electromagnet =1.37 A

Hall
Sample Current (Is) V1 (B,I) in V2 (B,-I) in V3 (-B,I) in V4 (-B,-I) in delta (Vh) delta (Is)
Voltage
(in mA) mV mV mV mV (in mV) (in mA)
(Vh) in mV

0.62 4.3 -4.2 -4.3 4.3 4.3 0.10 0.01

0.99 6.8 -7.4 -6.9 6.9 7.0 0.11 0.01
1.54 10.5 -10.4 -9.8 9.9 10.2 0.11 0.01
1.99 13.6 -13.5 -12.7 12.7 13.1 0.11 0.01
2.54 18.6 -18.4 -16.1 17.4 17.6 0.12 0.01
2.99 20.4 -20.2 -18.9 19.1 19.7 0.12 0.01
3.53 23.0 -23.0 -21.8 21.7 22.4 0.12 0.01
4.07 27.6 -27.5 -25.8 26.0 26.7 0.13 0.01
4.58 30.7 -30.5 -28.9 29.0 29.8 0.13 0.01
5.06 34.4 -33.9 -32.2 32.4 33.2 0.13 0.02
5.53 37.2 -37.0 -35.1 35.4 36.2 0.14 0.02
6.14 41.5 -41.3 -39.0 39.2 40.3 0.14 0.02
6.68 45.2 -45.0 -42.1 42.3 43.7 0.14 0.02
7.30 49.4 -49.2 -46.0 46.1 47.7 0.15 0.02
 y = 6.4766x + 0.3418
Plot of Vh vs Is for Current through electromagnet
60.0
1.37 A

50.0

Hall Voltage (Vh) (in mV)

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
Sample Curent (Is) (in mA)

Slope Intercept
Value 6.48 0.34
Standard Error 0.05 0.20

Parameters Symbol Value Unit Error % Error Source

Slope s 6.48 mV/mA 0.05 -0.72 Computed
Magnetic Field B 2546.27 Gauss 0.23 0.01 Computed
Hall Coefficient RH 0.013 m^3/C 0.000092 0.72 Computed
Charge Carrier
n 4.91E+20 m^-3 3.55E+18 0.72 Computed
Density
Mobility of charge
μ 3.93 A/V-m 0.04 1.02 Computed
carriers

Mobility
Hall Charge
Current Through of Charge Average
Coefficient carrier Average RH Average n
The Electromagnet Carriers (μ) (in
(RH) (in Density (n) (in m^3/C) (in m^-3)
(I) (in A) (μ) (in A/V- A/V-m)
m^3/C) (in m^-3)
m)
1.00 0.023 9.46 2.73E+20
0.47 0.018 18.62 3.56E+20 0.018 10.7 3.73E+20
1.37 0.013 3.93 4.91E+20
Errors (±) 0.00017 0.2 3.64E+18