Science

Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Feedback Mechanisms Involved
in the Regulating Processes of
Menstrual Cycle
Science – Grade 10
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Feedback Mechanisms Involved in the Regulating Processes of
Menstrual Cycle
First Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for the exploitation of such work for a
profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Region XI

Office Address: E-Park Apokon, Tagum City

Telefax: (084) -215-3504

E-mail Address: http://deped.tagumcity.gov.ph

 10
Science
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Feedback Mechanisms Involved
in the Regulating Processes of
Menstrual Cycle
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to
understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if
you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how
they can best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or
facilitator.
Thank you.
 Let Us Learn!

The different systems of the human body coordinate with one another
to function. If and when any part of these organ systems malfunctions, the
entire body will become unbalanced. Each system has its function in the
body. You have studied in the past that human body systems are the
combined functional units composed of various organs that work in full
coordination with one other.
As you go through this module, you will understand the feedback
mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the female reproductive
system. You will also learn about menstrual.
You will journey in this module with this competency:
Described the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the
Female reproductive system (e.g. menstrual cycle). (S10LT-IIIc-35)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe the stages of the menstrual cycle; and
2. Identify the feedback mechanisms involved in the female reproductive
system.
Let Us Try!

Hooray! Are you ready? Yes, indeed you are!

How well do you know about the menstrual cycle as a feedback
mechanism in the female reproductive systems?
Answer honestly the following questions. You can evaluate your
answer by checking the correct response in the last part of the module.

Multiple Choice
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. How many egg cell(s) does an ovary release every 28 days?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
2. Where does fertilization take place in the human body?
a. ovary
b. oviduct
c. follicle
d. uterus
3. It is the gland that controls the function of the testes and the ovaries.
a. pituitary glands
b. adrenal glands
c. thyroid glands
d. reproductive glands
4. Ovulation is one event that occurs in the menstrual cycle. What
happens during ovulation?
a. The egg develops inside the ovary.
b. The egg is released from the ovary.
c. The egg moves through the fallopian tube.
d. The egg produces large amounts of estrogen.

5. Which of the following are the functions of luteinizing hormones (LH)?

a. Formation and maintenance of the corpus luteum.
 b. Thinning of the Graafian follicles membrane.
c. Stimulation of follicle development.
d. Stimulation of GnRH production.
6. Each of these terms refers to a stage in the human menstrual cycle
EXCEPT?
a. ovulation.
b. luteal phase.
c. corpus phase.
d. follicular phase.
7. What do you call the shedding of the lining of the uterus along with
some blood once a month?
a. gestation
b. ovulation
c. menstruation
d. fertilization
8. Where are luteinizing hormones (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) produced?
a. hypothalamus
b. anterior pituitary
c. posterior pituitary
d. adrenal glands
9. At which point is the menstrual cycle is a woman most fertile?
a. Days 1-5
b. Days 9-16
c. Days 17-21
d. Days 22-28
10. In a normal 28 day menstrual cycle, when would you expect the LH
flow to occur?
a. Days 8-10
b. Days 11-13
c. Days 14-16
d. Days 17-19
 Let Us Study

Way to go! Let us level up!

In each illustration, write your observations about changes or
experiences that a female undergoes during the development of the female
reproductive system.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Some females have symptoms—such as bloating, abdominal cramps,
and mood swings—for several days before or during menstruation every
month. If the symptoms are serious enough to interfere with daily life, the
condition is called premenstrual syndrome, or PMS. Symptoms of PMS can
often be helped by medicines or lifestyle changes.
THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The interaction of the reproductive system and the endocrine system
in women after puberty takes a complex sequence of periodic events called
the menstrual cycle. It takes place an average of 28 days to be controlled by
hormones released by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries and is
controlled by the internal feedback mechanism.
At puberty, the menstrual cycle starts and lasts until a female is in
her mid-forties. The production of estrogen decreases at this time, and
ovulation and menstruation end. The permanent discontinuation of the
menstrual cycle is called menopause. The average age is around 51,
although it can occur between the late 30’s to 50’s at any time.
During the menstrual cycle, the egg develops and is released from the
ovary. The uterus is also prepared to receive a fertilized egg. When the egg is
fertilized, it is implanted in the uterus, and the embryonic development
begins. If the egg is not fertilized, it is released and discharged along with
the lining of the uterus.

Illustration by: Alexander Regie L. Cobrado

The menstrual cycle has the following phases:
1. FOLLICLE PHASE.
It begins when the level of estrogen is relatively low. Hypothalamus
reacts to low estrogen levels by producing a releasing hormone. The
hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary to the secretions of FSH and LH.
2. OVULATION PHASE.
It is the cycles’ shortest stage. It happens about halfway, which takes
three to four days to last. The hypothalamus produces both FSH and LH by
transmitting vast quantities of hormones to the pituitary gland. Therefore,
fertilization is only possible after ovulation within 15 to 24 hours.
3. CORPUS LUTEUM PHASE.
The cells in the broken follicle change as the egg moves through the
fallopian tube. The follicle turns yellow, becoming corpus luteum-a yellow
tissue that secretes progesterone. This hormone causes a thickening of the
uterine liner. During the first two days of the luteal stage, immediately after
ovulation, the chances of fertilization are greatest. It is usually between 10
and 14 days from the end of the last menstrual cycle.
When the egg is fertilized by sperm, the process of cell division called
mitosis begins to multiply. A cell ball is formed and implanted in the lining
of the uterus after several divisions. Through repeated mitotic divisions, the
embryo continues to grow.
4. MENSTRUAL FLOW PHASE.
It happens when there is no fertilization taking place within 2-3 days
of ovulation. Without implantation, the egg will pass through the uterus.
The corpus luteum begins to disintegrate. As the old follicle breaks down, it
releases less estrogen and less progesterone, resulting in lower blood levels
of these hormones. When it falls at a certain point, the lining of the uterus
begins to detach the blood and the unfertilized egg from the uterine wall
through the vagina. This stage is called menstruation that normally lasts
from three to seven days. A new cycle begins on the first day of
menstruation.
Once it is over, the levels of estrogen in the blood are again low
enough to stimulate the hypothalamus that produces the releasing hormone
that acts on the pituitary gland, which then begins to secrete FSH and LH,
and the menstrual cycle starts again.
 If fertilization occurs, the menstrual cycle is interrupted. The zygote
has been implanted in the uterus. The placenta stimulates the body luteum
to continue the production of progesterone until the baby is born.

Feedback mechanisms control the female reproductive system. The

different hormones interact to produce the menstrual cycle and pregnancy
events.

Let Us Practice

Very good! You made it this far! Let us continue rolling!

After honestly answering this, you may check your answers in the
Answer Key Section.

Activity 1: Pick Me!

A. Direction: Below are randomly arranged specific events during each of the
four phases of the menstrual cycle. Complete the Table 1. Phases of
Menstrual Cycle by filling-in the correct events in each phase of the
menstrual cycle. Copy the complete table to your answer sheet.
The egg has been released, estrogen and progesterone
increase, the endometrium is thickening.
Low estrogen levels causing the endometrium to begin
breaking down
Low estrogen levels cause the secretion of FSH and LH
The egg has been released into the oviduct because of the
maximum level of estrogen
MENSTRUAL PHASES EVENT/S OCCURRED
Follicle phase
Ovulation phase
Corpus luteum phase
Menstrual flow phase

Table 1. Phases of Menstrual Cycle

Activity 2: Who’s My Pal?

C. Directions: Match the statements described in Column A with the correct
terms listed in Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on your
answer sheet.

_____1. causes the follicle to mature

and break open

_____2. causes the endometrium to _____5. changes occurring in the

thicken uterus due to hormone
_____3. changes occurring in the changes
ovaries due to hormone a. estrogen
changes b. progesterone
_____4. causes and maintains the c. luteinizing hormone (LH)
endometriums’ thickening
d. ovarian cycle f. ovulation
e. menstrual cycle

Let Us Practice More

Activity 3: Who’s Incharge Here?

Key Concept:
On average, we have learned that an ovary releases only one egg every
28 days. Now, what is controlling this timing? Hormones control many
changes in the reproductive system. Remember that hormones are
chemicals that affect certain organs of the body. Monthly changes to the
female reproductive system are called menstruation.
Directions: The statements below are the important events during the
menstrual cycle. Figure 4. The Menstrual Cycle shows the visual summary
of the menstrual cycle. Identify which statements is described in the labels
shown in Figure 4. Put your answer in the Table 1. Events in the Menstrual
Cycle. The first one is done for you as a guide.

a. The pituitary gland controls and begins the cycle.

b. The pituitary gland releases hormones that cause the egg to mature in
the ovaries. The luteinizing hormone (LH) initiates the follicles' maturation,
converts broken follicles into corpus luteum, and causes the secretion of
progesterone. The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) helps in the follicles'
maturation and causes the follicles' secretion to estrogen.
c. Meanwhile, the ovary itself releases a hormone called estrogen, which
causes the uterine lining to increase its thickness. The uterine lining is
thicker so that the fertilized egg can be attached to it.
d. The ovary releases an egg on day 14. Suppose there is no sperm.
e. The egg moves through the oviduct and enters the uterus.
f. Meanwhile, the lining of the uterus continues to thicken.
g. The egg has not been fertilized and therefore will not be attached to the
uterus.
h. The thick uterine lining is no longer needed, so the cells of the thickened
uterine lining break down and leave the vagina. The unfertilized egg is lost,
and some blood is lost. This loss of uterine, blood, and egg cells is called
menstruation.
i. After menstruation, the cycle starts again.

Figure 4. DepEd. 2021. The Menstrual Cycle. Image.

https://www.depedk12.com/2019/07/science-grade-10-learners-materials-pdf.html.

Table 1. Events in the Menstrual Cycle

Label No. Events Occurred
5 The egg moves through the oviduct and enters the uterus.
1
The uterine lining is thicker so that the fertilized egg can be
3 attached to it.
Meanwhile, the ovary itself releases a hormone called
estrogen, which causes the uterine lining to increase its
thickness.
8
The egg has not been fertilized and therefore will not be
attached to the uterus.
 2
The unfertilized egg is lost, and some blood is lost.
4

Guide Questions:
1. What gland starts and control the process of menstruation?
2. What do glands releases to facilitate the menstruation process?
3. What happens if fertilization of the ovum does not occur?
4. Why is hormone important in menstruation?
5. What would happen if there were abnormalities in the release of
hormones by the glands involved in the menstruation?

Activity 4: Check and Balance

Key Concept:
The hormones that control menstrual cycles are the estrogen, LH, and
FSH. Estrogen controls the secretion of the two pituitary hormones by
acting on the hypothalamus that controls the pituitary gland. This is shown
in the following figure. When the estrogen level rises in the blood, it
stimulates the pituitary gland (via the hypothalamus) to secrete more or less
LH and FSH.
This Diagram Shows How Hormones Control The Menstrual Cycle With Negative And Positive Feedback.. 2021.
Image. https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology-advanced-concepts/section/17.82/.
In negative feedback, an increase in hormone feedback to the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland reduces the production of hormones. In
positive feedback, an increase in hormone feedback is needed to increase
hormone production. Estrogen and progesterone provide negative feedback
to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland during most of the menstrual
cycle. This keeps their level more or less constant. During days 12–14,
however, estrogen provides positive feedback to the hypothalamus and
pituitary gland. This causes a rapid increase in ovarian estrogen production
and leads to ovulation.
Progesterone is a hormone that promotes gestation or the birth of a
fetus. The function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle is to maintain the
uterine endometrium.
During the first half of the cycle, negative feedback maintains
relatively stable levels of FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone. During
ovulation, positive feedback causes FSH, LH, and estrogen to burst. During
the second half of the cycle, progesterone rises as the corpus luteum in the
ovaries matures and produces this hormone. Negative feedback helps
maintain a fairly constant level of the other three hormones.

Guide Questions:
1. What will happen when the pituitary gland stops producing LH/FSH?
2. What will happen if the estrogen level rises?
3. What will happen if the estrogen provides negative feedback to the
pituitary gland through the hypothalamus? What will happen if there is less
LH/FSH?
4. What will happen if the estrogen provides positive feedback? What will
happen if there is more LH/FSH?
5. How does the relatively high concentration of artificially produced
estrogen and progesterone in contraceptive pills prevents pregnancy in
women who take the pills regularly as prescribed?
 Let Us Remember

Awesome! Now, let us gather what we have learned.

Direction: After reading the summary, create a concept map or a
graphic organizer that will give you the key concepts of the feedback
mechanisms involved in the regulating processes of the menstrual cycle.
Write it down on your answer sheet.

I Learned that……
1. Menstrual cycle changes occurring in the uterus due to hormonal
changes have an average of 28 days.
2. Releasing hormones stimulates the anterior pituitary.
3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates follicle and oocyte
development in the ovary.
4. Luteinizing hormone (LH) causes the follicle to mature and break
open.
5. Estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken.
6. Progesterone causes and maintains the endometriums’ thickening.
7. The follicular phase is when the estrogen levels are low, causing the
endometrium to begin to breakdown.
8. The ovulation phase is when the egg has been released into the
oviduct because of the maximum level of estrogen.
9. The proliferation phase or the corpus luteum phase is when the
endometrium is fully removed and has started to grow back.
10. Hypothalamus contains the releasing hormone, while the anterior
pituitary contains the FSH and the LH.
 Let Us Assess

Superb! Just Superb! It’s time to try the fruit of our journey!
Multiple Choice
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. How many egg cell(s) does an ovary release every 28 days?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
2. Where does fertilization take place in the human body?
a. ovary
b. oviduct
c. follicle
d. uterus
3. It is the gland that controls the function of the testes and the ovaries.
a. pituitary glands
b. adrenal glands
c. thyroid glands
d. reproductive glands
4. Ovulation is one event that occurs in the menstrual cycle. What
happens during ovulation?
a. The egg develops inside the ovary.
b. The egg is released from the ovary.
c. The egg moves through the fallopian tube.
d. The egg produces large amounts of estrogen.
5. Which of the following are the functions of luteinizing hormones (LH)?
a. Formation and maintenance of the corpus luteum.
b. Thinning of the Graafian follicles membrane.
c. Stimulation of follicle development.
d. Stimulation of GnRH production.
 6. Each of these terms refers to a stage in the human menstrual cycle
EXCEPT?
a. ovulation.
b. luteal phase.
c. corpus phase.
d. follicular phase.
7. What do you call the shedding of the lining of the uterus along with
some blood once a month?
a. gestation
b. ovulation
c. menstruation
d. fertilization
8. Where are luteinizing hormones (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) produced?
a. hypothalamus
b. anterior pituitary
c. posterior pituitary
d. adrenal glands
9. At which point is the menstrual cycle is a woman most fertile?
a. Days 1-5
b. Days 9-16
c. Days 17-21
d. Days 22-28
10. In a normal 28 day menstrual cycle, when would you expect the LH
flow to occur?
a. Days 8-10
b. Days 11-13
c. Days 14-16
d. Days 17-19
11. What is the path that blood travels during menstruation?
a. Uterus, Fallopian tube, Vagina
b. Uterus, Cervix, Vagina
c. Vagina, Uterus, Fallopian tube.
d. Cervix, Uterus, Vagina.
 12. What is the hormone released by female reproductive system?
a. estrogen
b. androgen
c. insulin
d. testosterone
13. How many days are in an average menstrual cycle?
a. 7
b. 14
c. 28
d. 35
14. It serves as the passageway of eggs from the ovary to the uterus.
a. Ovary
b. Uterus
c. Oviduct
d. Vagina
15. Which body system coordinates activities of body parts by releasing
hormones into the body?
a. Nervous System
b. Digestive System
c. Endocrine System
d. Reproductive System

Let Us Enhance

You are doing great! Let us supersized what you have learned.

Activity 1: Point Out!

B. Directions: Fill in the boxes with the correct letters to complete the word
or words described by the statement. Write them on your answer sheet.
1. Changes occurring in the ovaries due to hormone changes
O V I A Y C E
2. Stimulates anterior pituitary.
E E A N H R E

3. Changes occurring in the uterus due to hormone changes

N S R L Y E

4. Causes and maintains the endometrium’s thickening

P G S E R E

5. It contains the releasing hormones.

Y P H L U

Let Us Reflect

Congratulations! Might want to share your deep thoughts on this!

Based on the lessons that you have learned from this module about
the feedback mechanisms involved in the regulating processes of the
menstrual cycle, share your thoughts by performing the assigned task:

Topic: CONTRACEPTIVE MEASURES

GOAL:
Your objective is to provide the public with information on common
and effective contraceptive measures in family planning under the
Reproductive Health Act. The video or poster you are going to create must be
in a persuasive form. The challenge is how you can convince people of the
benefits of various contraceptive measures by using the facts and scientific
evidence gathered.
ROLE:
Assume the role of a professional videographer or visual artist. You
are responsible for producing a promotional video or poster for advertising
campaigns on various contraceptive measures used in family planning.
AUDIENCE:
Your voice, as part of the youth, will be heard through your
advertising campaign. To let people, view your multimedia or poster
presentation, you will present the finished video on social media advertising.
It is important to communicate your purpose clear from the beginning of the
video.
SITUATION:
Campaign advertising is often accomplished by combining a short
message with a catchy tune that people are likely to remember. As one of the
most powerful means of communicating information today through Tiktok
apps or poster presentations, you can persuasively share your thoughts and
ideas on the subject using this app. After studying the topic of menstrual
cycle regulation and the human reproductive system, you will use scientific
and logical explanations to promote various contraceptive measures. Some
challenges need to be overcome in carrying out a task, such as conflicting
judgments by people on the issue that may give rise to various disputes. It is
important to be objective in presenting ideas rather than being subjective.
PRODUCT/PERFORMANCE:
Produce a campaign video or poster presentation featuring common
and effective contraceptive measures used in family planning. The maximum
video time is three minutes. You may seek assistance from your MAPEH
Teacher on health issues, as well as any health professionals, but be sure to
observe health protocols. You can also ask your English Teacher for help in
the use of wordplay. Choose only one format, whether video or poster
presentation.
STANDARDS AND CRITERIA:
You will be rated according to the following criteria:
Details and Information 5 points
Method of Presentation/Dissemination 5 points
Techniques 5 points
Accuracy 5 points
Feedback/Result 5 points
TOTAL 25 points
Answer key to Activities
Let Us Practice More: Activity 3: What Controls the Cycle?
Label No. Events Occurred
5 The egg moves through the oviduct and enters the uterus.
1 The pituitary gland controls and begins the cycle.
3 The uterine lining is thicker so that the fertilized egg can be attached to it.
3 Meanwhile, the ovary itself releases a hormone called estrogen, which causes the
uterine lining to increase its thickness.
8 The thick uterine lining is no longer needed, so the cells of the thickened uterine
lining break down and leave the vagina.
7 The egg has not been fertilized and therefore will not be attached to the uterus.
2 The pituitary gland releases hormones that cause the egg to mature in the
ovaries.
8 The unfertilized egg is lost, and some blood is lost.
4 The ovary releases an egg on day 14.
 References

Rabago, Lilia M., Alumaga, Marie Jessica B., Antero, Echel Simon, Joaqin,
Crescencia C., Lagunzad, Catherine Genevieve B., Crisostomo, Ricardo M.,
Padua, Alicia L., Obille Jr., Eligio C. and Mingo, Thelma R., Science and
Technolog Worktext for Grade 10, K to 12 Edition, Vibal Group, Inc, 2014
Johnson, George B., HOLT Biology Visualizing Life, Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, 1998
The Authors of Biology The Living World, Prentice Hall, Inc.
The Authors of Science Power9 Science•Technology•Society•Environment,
1999 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited.
Miller, Kenneth R., Levine, Joseph S. , California Biology Prentice Hall 2007
Science – Grade 10 Learner’s Material 1st Edition DepEd-IMCS
https://www.helpingwomenperiod.org/
Foundation, CK-12. 2021. "Welcome To CK-12 Foundation | CK-12
Foundation". CK-12 Foundation.
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology-advanced-concepts/section/17.
82/.

Illustrations:
Cobrado, Alexander Regie L.
Cobrado, Regie L.
DepEd. 2021. The Menstrual Cycle. Image.
https://www.depedk12.com/2019/07/science-grade-10-learners-materials-
pdf.html.
This Diagram Shows How Hormones Control The Menstrual Cycle With
Negative And Positive Feedback.. 2021. Image.
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology-advanced-concepts/section/17.
82/.