ISO - DIS - 11295 - Rehab Classiffication

DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 11295
ISO/TC 138/SC 8 Secretariat: JISC

Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2021-02-01 2021-04-26
Plastics piping systems used for the rehabilitation of

pipelines — Classification and overview of strategic and
operational activities
Systèmes de canalisation en plastique destinés à la réhabilitation des réseaux enterrés — Classification et
vue d’ensemble des activités stratégiques et opérationnelles
ICS: 23.040.01; 23.040.01
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ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)
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ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

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ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Contents Page
Foreword...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
3.2 Techniques................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
3.3 Service conditions................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
4 Abbreviated terms............................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
5 Pipeline rehabilitation process.............................................................................................................................................................. 6
6 Investigation and condition assessment of the existing pipeline....................................................................... 6
6.1 Performance criteria........................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.1.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.1.2 Hydraulic requirements.............................................................................................................................................. 7
6.1.3 Structural requirements............................................................................................................................................. 8
6.1.4 Environmental requirement................................................................................................................................... 8
6.1.5 Operational requirements........................................................................................................................................ 8
6.2 Investigation of performance...................................................................................................................................................... 8
6.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
6.2.2 Hydraulic investigation............................................................................................................................................ 10
6.2.3 Structural investigation........................................................................................................................................... 10
6.2.4 Environmental investigation............................................................................................................................... 10
6.2.5 Operational investigation....................................................................................................................................... 11
6.3 Condition assessment..................................................................................................................................................................... 11
6.4 Risk analysis............................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
6.5 Control measures................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
7 Classification and characteristics of rehabilitation techniques........................................................................12
7.1 Classification of renovation techniques.......................................................................................................................... 14
7.1.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
7.1.2 Lining with continuous pipes............................................................................................................................. 14
7.1.3 Lining with close-fit pipes..................................................................................................................................... 16
7.1.4 Lining with cured-in-place pipes..................................................................................................................... 20
7.1.5 Lining with discrete pipes..................................................................................................................................... 22
7.1.6 Lining with adhesive-backed hoses............................................................................................................... 25
7.1.7 Lining with spirally-wound pipes................................................................................................................... 27
7.1.8 Lining with pipe segments.................................................................................................................................... 30
7.1.9 Lining with a rigidly anchored plastics inner layer......................................................................... 31
7.1.10 Lining with sprayed polymeric materials................................................................................................. 33
7.1.11 Lining with inserted hoses.................................................................................................................................... 35
7.2 Classification of trenchless replacement techniques........................................................................................... 36
7.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
7.2.2 Pipe bursting..................................................................................................................................................................... 37
7.2.3 Pipe removal...................................................................................................................................................................... 39
7.2.4 Horizontal directional drilling — HDD....................................................................................................... 41
7.2.5 Impact moling.................................................................................................................................................................. 44
7.2.6 Pipe jacking........................................................................................................................................................................ 46
8 Selection of rehabilitation techniques.........................................................................................................................................49
8.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
8.2 Pipeline system layout.................................................................................................................................................................... 49
8.3 Hydraulic performance.................................................................................................................................................................. 50
8.4 Structural performance................................................................................................................................................................. 51
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

8.4.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
8.4.2 Non-pressure pipes..................................................................................................................................................... 51
8.4.3 Pressure pipes.................................................................................................................................................................. 52
8.5 Environmental impact.................................................................................................................................................................... 55
8.6 Construction constraints.............................................................................................................................................................. 56
8.7 Project specification......................................................................................................................................................................... 56
9 Implementation of rehabilitation techniques.....................................................................................................................57
9.1 Preconstruction activities............................................................................................................................................................ 57
9.2 Inspection, storage and handling of the materials on site............................................................................... 58
9.3 Application of rehabilitation technique.......................................................................................................................... 58
9.3.1 Preparatory work.......................................................................................................................................................... 58
9.3.2 Construction...................................................................................................................................................................... 58
9.4 Acceptance control............................................................................................................................................................................ 59
9.4.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 59
9.4.2 Inspection............................................................................................................................................................................ 59
9.4.3 Leak tightness testing................................................................................................................................................ 59
9.4.4 Sampling............................................................................................................................................................................... 61
9.5 Completion of the work................................................................................................................................................................. 61
9.5.1 Finishing off the rehabilitation work........................................................................................................... 61
9.5.2 Lateral reinstatement................................................................................................................................................ 61
9.6 Documentation of the process................................................................................................................................................. 61
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 62
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
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expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
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URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by ISO/TC 138 Plastics pipes, fittings and valves for the transport of fluids,
Subcommittee SC 8, Rehabilitation of pipeline systems.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 11295:2017), which has been technically
revised, to now sequentially cover all steps in process of design of pipeline rehabilitation.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
This edition includes the following significant changes with respect to the previous edition:
— Title is renewed from “Classification and information on design and applications of plastics piping
systems used for renovation and replacement” to “Plastics piping systems used for the rehabilitation of
pipelines — Classification and overview of strategic and operational activities”;
— Clause 5 is new and describes the whole process of pipeline rehabilitation with references to the
other clauses for further details;
— Clause 6 is new and deals with the strategic activities to possibly come to the decision to rehabilitate;
parts of the content of the former Clause 8 are included;
— Clause 7 is a contraction of the former Clauses 5, 6 and 7, with largely unchanged content;
— Clause 8 is new and handles further strategic activities needed to specify the rehabilitation project;
parts of the content of the former Clauses 8 and 9 are included;
— Clause 9 still covers installation aspects but is revised and content on acceptance control is
included now.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Introduction
Pipeline systems are continuously required to satisfy physical, chemical, biochemical and biological
demands. These demands depend on planning, material, construction, type and period of use.
When pipeline systems become operational, they constitute a valuable asset to the network owner,
requiring adequate management. For general guidelines and requirement on asset management,
ISO 55000[28], ISO 55001[29] and ISO 55002[30] are applicable.
For pipeline systems in particular, proper pipeline system management has to be put in place, including
monitoring the performance of the pipeline system.
For the specific case of pipelines for water supply and wastewater collection, detailed information on
the overall management of the networks is provided by ISO 24516-1[25] and ISO 24516-3[26].
In case a malfunctioning of a pipeline system is recognized, reactive measures initially focus on
improving regular maintenance procedures, including cleaning. In case of deterioration or other serious
defects, more stringent measures to rehabilitate the pipeline become necessary.
Rehabilitation is carried out when there is a need to restore or upgrade the performance of a
pipeline system. Rehabilitation can consist of repair, renovation or replacement. In recent years, the
rehabilitation of pipeline systems has become increasingly important and will continue to be so.
This document provides information on the design process when considering rehabilitation of an
existing pipeline, in order of sequence:
a) investigation and assessment of the deficiencies of current performance of the existing pipeline;
b) determination of viable options, based on performance criteria and process-related factors;
c) specification of the selected type of technique and the required pipe material;
d) the installation;
e) testing the performance.
The techniques used for the renovation and trenchless replacement of existing pipelines are classified
in technique families and the typical characteristics of each is described in general terms.
vi © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)
Plastics piping systems used for the rehabilitation of

pipelines — Classification and overview of strategic and
operational activities
1 Scope
This document sets out the steps of the overall process of pipeline rehabilitation, comprising:
— Information on strategic activities:
a) Investigation and condition assessment of the existing pipeline;
b) Pipeline rehabilitation planning;
c) Project specification.
— Information on and requirements for operational activities:
d) Application of techniques;
e) Documentation of the design and application process.
Definitions, classification and description of families of renovation and trenchless replacement
techniques are provided, including their areas of application such as underground drainage and
sewerage networks and underground water and gas supply networks.
NOTE 1 The following aspects are not covered by the scope of this document:
— new construction provided as network extension;
— calculation methods to determine, for each viable technique, the characteristics of lining or replacement pipe
material needed to secure the desired performance of the rehabilitated pipeline;
— techniques for local repair.
NOTE 2 It is the responsibility of the designer to choose and design the renovation or trenchless replacement
pipeline system.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1043-1, Plastics — Symbols and abbreviated terms — Part 1: Basic polymers and their special
characteristics
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1043-1 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://w ww.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://w ww.iso.org/obp
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

3.1 General
3.1.1
assessment
process, or result of this process, comparing a specified subject matter to relevant references
3.1.2
design working life
assumed period for which a structure or part of it is to be used for its intended purpose with anticipated
repair and maintenance but without renovation or replacement being necessary
3.1.3
hazard
biological, chemical, physical or radiological agent in, or condition of water, with the potential to cause
harm to public health
Note 1 to entry: Condition includes quantity.
3.1.4
pipeline system
interconnecting pipe network for the conveyance of fluids
[SOURCE: EN ISO 11298-1:2018-07, 3.1.1]
3.1.5
rehabilitation
measures for restoring or upgrading the performance of existing pipeline systems, including renovation
(3.1.6), repair (3.1.7) and replacement (3.1.8)
3.1.6
renovation
work incorporating all or part of the original fabric of the pipeline, by means of which its current
performance is improved
3.1.7
repair
rectification of local damage
3.1.8
replacement
construction of a new pipeline, on or off the line of an existing pipeline, where the function of the new
pipeline system incorporates that of the old
3.1.9
network extension
new construction off the line of a pipeline or a network with the aim to expand the total capacity of
the network
3.1.10
trenchless replacement
replacement (3.1.8) without opening trenches other than small excavations to provide access for the
particular technique
3.1.11
maintenance
routine work undertaken to ensure the continuing performance of a pipeline system(3.1.4)
3.1.12
independent pressure pipe liner
liner (3.2.3) capable on its own of resisting without failure all applicable internal loads throughout its
design life
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

3.1.13
interactive pressure pipe liner
liner (3.2.3) which relies on the existing pipeline for radial support in order to resist without failure all
applicable internal loads throughout its design life
3.1.14
fully structural renovation
use of an independent pressure pipe liner (3.1.12) or a non-pressure pipe liner which is capable of resisting
all external loads and all externally induced post-lining deformations irrespective of the condition of
the existing pipeline
3.1.15
semi-structural renovation
use of an interactive pressure pipe liner (3.1.13) which is capable of long-term hole and gap spanning
at operational pressure or use of an independent pressure pipe liner (3.1.12) which is not capable of
resisting all external loads
3.1.16
flow diversion
temporary isolation of the section of pipeline to be rehabilitated by the use of a temporary bypass or
other means
3.2 Techniques
3.2.1
technique family
grouping of renovation (3.1.6) or trenchless replacement (3.1.10) techniques which are considered to
have common characteristics for standardization purposes
3.2.2
lining pipe
pipe inserted for renovation (3.1.6) purposes
3.2.3
liner
lining pipe (3.2.2) after installation
3.2.4
lining system
lining pipe (3.2.2) and all relevant fittings inserted into an existing pipeline for the purposes of
renovation (3.1.6)
3.2.5
lining with continuous pipes
lining with pipe made continuous prior to insertion, where the diameter of the lining pipe (3.2.2)
remains unchanged
3.2.6
lining with close-fit pipes
lining with a continuous pipe (3.2.5) for which the cross-section is reduced to facilitate installation and
reverted after installation to provide a close fit to the existing pipe
3.2.7
lining with cured-in-place pipes
lining with a flexible tube impregnated with a thermosetting resin, which produces a pipe after resin cure
3.2.8
lining with discrete pipes
lining with short lengths of pipe which are jointed to form a continuous pipe one by one during insertion

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

3.2.9
lining with adhesive-backed hoses
lining with a reinforced hose which relies on an adhesive bond to the host pipe to provide resistance to
collapse
3.2.10
lining with spirally-wound pipes
lining with a profiled strip, spirally wound to form a continuous pipe after installation
3.2.11
lining with sprayed polymeric materials
lining with a sprayed two-part polymeric resin material that forms a continuous pipe after resin cure
3.2.12
lining with inserted hoses
lining with a reinforced hose which is either permanently shaped or re-rounded after installation by
the application of an internal pressure
3.2.13
lining with a rigidly anchored plastics inner layer
lining with a single rigid annulus of structural cementitious grout formed between a plastics layer and
the host pipe, where the plastics layer is permanently anchored in the grout
3.2.14
lining with pipe segments
lining with prefabricated segments bonded to the existing pipe, which either have longitudinal joints
and cover the whole of the pipe circumference, or cover only part of circumference
3.2.15
pipe bursting
on-the-line replacement (3.1.8) method in which an existing pipe is broken by longitudinal splitting or
brittle fracture, using a mechanically applied force from within, where the pipe fragments are forced
into the surrounding ground and a new pipe of the same, smaller or larger diameter, is simultaneously
pulled in
3.2.16
pipe removal
on-the-line replacement (3.1.8) method, in which the existing pipe is removed by pipe eating (3.2.17) or
pipe extraction (3.2.18) and a new pipe is installed
3.2.17
pipe eating
type of pipe removal (3.2.16), where the existing pipe is progressively broken up and removed along
with an annulus of the ground immediately surrounding the existing pipe
3.2.18
pipe extraction
type of pipe removal (3.2.16), where the existing pipe is extracted by pulling or pushing and replaced
with a new one, either simultaneously or as a separate step
3.2.19
horizontal directional drilling
off-the-line trenchless replacement (3.1.10) method in which a pilot bore is drilled using a steerable
drilling head connected to flexible rods and then the bore is enlarged by reamers up to the diameter
required for the pipe or pipes subsequently pulled/pushed into place
3.2.20
impact moling
off-the-line trenchless replacement (3.1.10) method in which pipes are pulled in behind a pneumatic
powered soil displacement hammer

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

3.2.21
pipe jacking
off-the-line trenchless replacement (3.1.10) method in which pipes are pushed through the ground, and
the soil inside removed either manually, mechanically or using a slurry system
3.2.22
auger boring
type of pipe jacking (3.2.21), where the bore is excavated by a rotating cutting head attached to an
auger which continuously removes the spoil, and the pipeline is pushed independently from the auger
3.2.23
microtunnelling
type of pipe jacking (3.2.21) where pipes are pushed behind a steerable, small scale tunnelling machine,
remotely controlled from the surface
3.2.24
grout system
cement-based grout including any fillers, reinforcement or other additives or admixtures, in specified
proportions
3.3 Service conditions

3.3.1
internal pressure resistance
ability to withstand internal fluid pressurization
3.3.2
allowable operating pressure
PFA
maximum hydrostatic pressure that a component is capable of withstanding continuously in service.
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in bars 1).
4 Abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the abbreviated terms given in ISO 1043-1 and the following apply.
CCTV closed circuit television
HDD horizontal directional drilling
EP epoxy resin
GRP glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics
PE polyethylene
PP polypropylene
PRC polyester resin concrete
PUR polyurethane
PVC-U unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride)
UP unsaturated polyester resin
VE vinyl ester resin
1) 1 bar =0,1 MPa = 0,1 N/mm2 = 105 N/m2.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

5 Pipeline rehabilitation process

A pipeline rehabilitation process involves taking several sequential steps from the assessment of
the performance condition to its set requirements, via the selection of the appropriate technique of
rehabilitation to the actual rehabilitation work.
This document provides information and requirements for each of the steps:
1 Investigation of functional performance of the existing pipeline 

2 Condition assessment of performance against set requirements 
 Clause 6
3 Measures to control risks / pipeline rehabilitation 

4 Pre-selection of suitable types of rehabilitation techniques } Clause 7
5 Project specification 
 Clause 8
6 Selection of technique / installer 
7 Application of rehabilitation technique 
 Clause 9
8 Acceptance control 
9 Documentation of the rehabilitation process } Clause 10
A substantial part of this document (Clause 7) is dedicated to the Classification of techniques for
pipeline rehabilitation, both renovation and trenchless replacement, by means of technique families.
Typical characteristics and process related factors are provided for each technique family.
NOTE 1 Guidance on the whole process of integrated management of drains and sewers is presented in
EN 752[41].
6 Investigation and condition assessment of the existing pipeline
6.1 Performance criteria
6.1.1 General
For every pipeline system certain objectives apply, depending on their intended functionality.
These are the basis for the performance requirements of a pipeline system. The pipeline system
objectives, that impact on the performance requirements of the individual pipeline, shall be identified.
For drinking water distribution networks and wastewater collection networks, detailed guidance and
requirements is provided by ISO 24516-1[25] and ISO 24516-3[26] respectively. The items detailed below
specifically relate to the rehabilitation process of the pipeline systems in these networks, as well as in
gas supply networks.
Pipeline system objectives include at least the following:
— Health and safety;
— Environmental protection;
— Sustainable operation.
Health and safety encompasses (depending on the function of the pipeline):
— Provision of access to safe and good quality drinking water;
— Preventing spread of disease by safe disposal of wastewater;
— Meeting user’s needs and expectations;

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

— Minimizing occupational health and safety risks;

— Maintaining pipeline system integrity.
Environmental protection includes:
— Preventing pollution and minimize generating pollutants;
— Minimizing energy consumption;
— Avoiding nuisance in construction, operation and maintenance.
Sustainable operation includes:
— Providing service over many years - economic, social, environmental;
— Monitoring the quality of water (sampling, surveillance, maintenance);
— Minimizing mains failures and leakages.
The objectives shall be transformed to performance requirements and the resulting design criteria
that ensure functionality of the pipeline system, such as: structural integrity, design working life, water
tightness, prevention of pollution, sustainability, maintenance of flow.
Objectives can be split into the following categories:
— Hydraulic requirements;
— Structural requirements;
— Environmental requirements;
— Operational requirements.
NOTE 1 In ISO 24512[24] ‘performance requirements’ are recommended to be clearly defined in objective,
verifiable ‘Performance Indicators (PIs)’, allowing for a clear comparison with the targeted objectives.
NOTE 2 In EN 752[41], ‘performance requirements’ are for the status quo. When any predicted changes in time
are taken into account, they become ‘design criteria’.
6.1.2 Hydraulic requirements
The following hydraulic requirements shall be considered:

a) sufficient capacity, allowing for foreseeable increases in flow over the design working life of the
pipeline system;
b) ensuring operation of the pipeline system to be safe, and economically efficient;
c) water tightness in accordance with national or local testing requirements;
d) in the case of water supply pipelines, additional requirements apply:
— The effects on water quality shall satisfy the requirements of national legislation;
— Sufficient pressure, flow rate and continuity of supply;
— Prevention of back flow (via valves and wash outs);
— Minimize stagnation to avoid possible deterioration of water quality;
— Requirements for firefighting (hydrants) to follow requirements of national legislation;
— Prevention of contamination at pumping stations.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

e) in the case of non-pressure drainage and sewerage networks,

— The hydraulic capacity shall limit surcharge and flooding to national prescribed levels.
6.1.3 Structural requirements
The following shall apply:

a) Structural integrity over the design working life of the pipeline system;
The pipeline system shall be able to withstand the loads without defects which can:
— Lead to risk of loss of structural integrity;
— Impair the function of the pipeline system.
6.1.4 Environmental requirement

a) Protection of groundwater;
b) Sustainable use of products and the potential re-use of recycling;
c) Minimize the use of energy over the design working life of the pipeline system;
d) Prevention of odours and toxic, explosive and corrosive gases.
6.1.5 Operational requirements

a) Trouble-free operation of the pipeline system, without interruptions of service;
b) Minimize the risk of failures: collapses (non-pressure pipelines) or bursts (pressure pipelines);
c) Maintenance to be carried out safely and without risks to the health of personnel;
d) Adequate access and working space;
e) Prevention of noise and vibration;
f) Not endangering adjacent structures and utility services.
6.2 Investigation of performance
6.2.1 General
Prior to the actual investigation, the following basic information about the existing pipeline shall be
collected:
a) location;
b) pipe material;
c) actual internal diameter or other non-circular section dimensions;
d) wall thickness (especially in the case of pressure pipelines where interactive lining considered);
e) fluid transported;
f) accessibility and section lengths between access points;

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

g) frequency and location of any lateral connections, branches and/or valves;

h) depth of cover;
i) height of ground water table (both mean long term and peak short term);
j) flow quantity;
k) failure and repair records;
l) historical operating pressure regimes;
m) traffic or other surface loads;
n) proximity of adjacent buried services and structures.
NOTE 1 Some of this information can be ascertained from records and plans.
If available, following additional information shall be acquired additionally:

— Year of installation;
— Pipe class (e.g. crushing strength, stiffness or pressure class);
— Joint type;
— Bedding and backfill of the original construction.
Methods for determining the condition of the existing pipeline affecting functional performance differ
in some respects for non-pressure and pressure applications and as a function of material, section size
and shape.
In the case of non-pressure pipelines, the initial investigation shall be done by visual inspection in
the form of a CCTV survey and/or profiling equipment and/or by man-entry, and should be recorded
systematically such that the exact location of each feature, condition and defect is known and an
assessment of its severity can be made.
In the case of pressure pipelines, the initial investigation shall be done by non-flow-interrupting
techniques, such as via sonar/acoustic sensors, tracer gas leak detection and ground penetrating radar
measurements, in a second step possibly to be followed by a CCTV survey.
In both cases, further investigation shall be done by checking exposed pipe sections and/or by
extraction and evaluation of pipe samples.
NOTE 2 Where a substantial pipeline network shall be investigated, priorities shall be assigned, using the
already available information. Those pipelines with the likely most serious problems, or those where the cost of
investigation are best justified, then shall be investigated first.
Prior to inspection, in particular in the case of non-pressure drainage and sewerage networks, the
pipelines should be cleaned thoroughly (removing sediments etc.).
NOTE 3 Further information on the investigation and assessment of and other service activities relating
to drinking water and waste water and management of these utilities, is given in ISO 24510[22], ISO 24511[23],
ISO 24512[24], ISO 24516-1[25] and 24516-3[26] and additionally, just for waste water networks by EN 752[41] and
EN 13508-1[36]. Further information on the inspection and leak survey of gas pipeline systems is provided by
EN 12007-1[34] and EN 12007-4[35].

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

6.2.2 Hydraulic investigation
The following aspects of hydraulic condition of the pipeline shall be investigated:

with non-pressure lines:
a) infiltration (groundwater) and exfiltration;
b) obstacles to flow such as ponding, sedimentation, encrustations, protruding laterals and root growth;
and with pressure lines:
c) leakage; the quantity of leakage shall be assessed;
d) obstacles to flow such as sedimentation, scaling, protruding service lines.
NOTE 1 Investigation techniques include pressure testing, flow measurement, water level measurement and
hydraulic calculations. Furthermore, smoke and/or acoustic testing and tracer measurements are applied. In
particular for water mains, acoustic testing methods are used to detect any leaks.
6.2.3 Structural investigation
The following aspects of structural condition of the pipeline shall be investigated:

a) interior geometric features:
— changes in diameter (for non-circular pipelines, of section size and shape);
— degree of ovality or other relevant measure of section deformation;
— angular change of alignment (vertical and horizontal);
— approximate radius of any bends;
— radial and axial displacements such as stepped and pulled joints.
b) structural defects, including:
— cracks/breaks and collapses;
— abrasion and corrosion;
— loss of section due to chemical attack.
c) pipe surround aspects, including:
— any sources of possible future ground movement, including seismic events;
— geotechnical information along the potential route, where relevant;
— any evidence of deterioration of the surrounding soil, e.g. contamination.
NOTE 1 Detailed information on the classification of CCTV inspection results of drainage and sewerage
networks is provided by EN 13508-2[37]. In this European standard a coding system for the description of the
internal condition of the pipeline and the manhole/inspection chamber is specified. Colour photographs showing
examples of some observations are included to illustrate the use of the coding systems.
The extent of the structural investigation (either on the complete pipeline system or more selectively)
should take into account the age and location of the pipeline system and the possible effect of any
deficiencies on the environment, including other utility services and buildings.
6.2.4 Environmental investigation
Environmentally, adjacent water courses, aquifers, local ecology, etc. shall be investigated.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

6.2.5 Operational investigation
The operational performance of the pipeline system shall be assessed from:

a) records of operational incidents or failures;
b) customer complaints, in the case of water supply, concerning pressure and quality (clarity, colour,
taste and odour).
and additionally, with regard to possible potential arrangements for rehabilitation works, shall be
investigated:
c) access to the site and the pipeline;
d) temporarily traffic diversion arrangements;
e) maintenance of service during rehabilitation works.
6.3 Condition assessment

At this stage in the process, the performance condition of the pipeline (as determined according to 6.2)
shall be assessed against the set performance requirements (as prescribed in 6.1).
Deficiencies in hydraulic, structural and operational performance shall be identified.
The causes of the deficiencies, in particular of the structural deficiencies, shall be identified to assist in
preventing them from occurring again.
The possible consequences of deficiencies shall be considered, including the following:
a) effect on public health, including continuity of supply with water supply pipelines;
b) endangering safety;
c) environmental damage, in particular with non-pressure drainage and sewerage networks:
— pollution, both of surface water (following flooding) and ground water (following exfiltration);
— subsidence (following pipe collapses and soil ingress); can cause damage to the road surface,
other utility services, buildings or other structures;
— social disruption, caused by road closures (following pipe failures), or e.g. excessive odours.
d) financial costs
— direct costs, e.g. cost of rehabilitation or increased energy costs due to infiltration;
— indirect costs, e.g. damage to buildings and contents, compensation for loss of service.
6.4 Risk analysis

The risk of each deficiency, typically called ‘hazard’ in the case of water supply lines, shall be analysed,
taking into account the likelihood/probability of a negative effect occurring and its consequence.
The aim shall be to make distinction between different sorts of risks (significant to less significant) and
thus to provide tools for prioritization for further pipeline management actions. Risk can be expressed
as a product of Likelihood and Consequence:
Risk = Likelihood x Consequence
NOTE 1 As proposed by WHO WSP, the likelihood of occurrence is indicated by e.g. ‘certain’, ‘possible’ and
‘rare’, and the consequence may be indicated by e.g. ‘catastrophic’, ‘major’ and ‘insignificant’.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

NOTE 2 Further detailed information on risk analysis is provided for non-pressure drainage and sewerage
networks in EN 13508-1[36], EN 14654-2[39], for water supply pipelines in EN 15975-2[40], WHO WSP[53], WIS 4-01-
04[51] and for gas supply pipelines in EN 12007-1[34].
6.5 Control measures

The result of the assessment and risk analysis shall be worked up into adjustment of operational
procedures and, if applicable, a plan for the rehabilitation of the pipeline.
Operational measures are generally short-term and include:
— Cleaning to improve efficiency and chlorination (water supply pipelines);
— Pump station operation / Pressure management.
Pipeline rehabilitation measures are generally medium-term to long-term and include:
— Selection of type of pipeline rehabilitation;
— Design of the new pipe;
— Allocating sufficient funding, possibly involving multi-year work plans.
Selecting the optimal measure of control to prevent any risks from occurring is complex and involves
both technical and financial considerations.
Within the scope of this standard, pipeline rehabilitation options are limited to renovation and
trenchless replacement techniques. Open-cut replacement and repair are excluded. See 7.
For further information on pipeline rehabilitation design, see 8.
7 Classification and characteristics of rehabilitation techniques

Renovation and replacement techniques within the scope of this document are classified in Figure 1.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

a Outside the scope of this document.
Figure 1 — Renovation and trenchless replacement technique families using plastics pipes
defined in the overall context of rehabilitation of pipeline systems

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

7.1 Classification of renovation techniques
7.1.1 General
Lining system functions generally include one or more of the following:

a) separation of the inner surface of the existing pipeline from the transported fluid to prevent
mutual adverse reactions (for example, barrier function against corrosion of the existing pipeline
by aggressive water);
b) sealing of the existing pipeline against infiltration of ground water or exfiltration of the transported
fluid through leaking joints, cracks or holes;
c) stabilization or strengthening of the existing pipeline structure to extend its service life (e.g. where
corrosion or chemical attack has resulted in loss of structural integrity) or to allow for increases in
operating pressure or other loads;
d) providing sufficient hydraulic capacity (e.g. by creating a smooth flow path);
e) providing earthquake protection, in particular, by preventing leakage and consequential losses
that might otherwise result from sudden and severe damage to the existing pipeline network.
Renovation technique families using plastics pipes are classified in accordance with Figure 1.
Techniques used for the renovation of continuous lengths of existing pipeline usually between two or
more access points shall be classified in accordance with 7.1.2 to 7.1.11, where the different renovation
technique families are defined and their respective features including materials, application, as well as
geometric performance and installation characteristics are described.
NOTE 1 The pipe materials listed in 7.1.2 to 7.1.11 reflect the state-of-the-art in the technique families on the
date of publication of this document. Not all technique families/material-combinations are covered by a product
standard. The Bibliography gives relevant available documents.
NOTE 2 The application areas covered by existing product standards include underground drainage and
sewerage networks and underground water and gas supply networks.
NOTE 3 The maximum and minimum sizes and lengths listed for technique families are those typical at the
time of publication of this document.
7.1.2 Lining with continuous pipes
Lining is carried out with pipes made continuous prior to insertion, where the diameter of the lining
pipe remains unchanged (see Figure 2 and Table 1).
NOTE This is often referred to as slip-lining.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Key
1 pulling head
2 lining pipe
3 prior jointing of lining pipe
4 existing pipe
Figure 2 — Lining with continuous pipes
Table 1 — Features of lining with continuous pipes

Feature Description
Relevant ISO 11296-2, ISO 11297-2, ISO 11298-2, ISO 11299-2, ISO 23818-1
documents:
Materials: PE
Applications:
— non-pressure pipes;
— pressure pipes.
Geometric
characteristics: — minimum size: 100 mm;
— maximum size: 1 200 mm;
— maximum length: 750 m;
— capable of accommodating slightly curved alignments of the existing pipe.

Performance:
— significant reduction in hydraulic (volumetric and flow) capacity;
— invert grade of liner can deviate from that of existing pipeline;
— structural rehabilitation is possible;
— abrasion resistance depends on liner material;
— chemical resistance depends on liner material.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Table 1 (continued)
Feature Description
Installation
characteristics: a) pipes manufactured or prior assembled into the continuous length required;
b) insertion possible by pushing and/or pulling;
c) surface working space: storage of the whole insertion length required on surface:
1) small diameters (typically ≤180 mm) can be supplied on coils, small space;
2) larger diameters: supplied in straight lengths;
d) access to the existing pipeline: generally requires local excavation;
e) technique does not rely on adhesion to host pipe;
f) flow diversion is typically required for installation;
g) the annular space can be grouted, e.g. in non-pressure applications, to fix line and
level and/or prevent subsequent movement;
h) live insertion is possible (but excl. drinking water applications for hygiene
reasons);
i) reconnection of laterals: generally requires excavation.

Installation
equipment: — rollers to support the entire length of the lining pipe string (except where pipe is
inserted directly from a coil);
— pushing unit, if applicable;
— rollers to guide the lining pipe into the existing pipeline;
— winch or rod puller to pull the lining pipe through the existing pipeline;
— jointing equipment appropriate to the material;
— grouting equipment, if applicable.

Surface area:
— for the lining pipe string (or coil trailer for smaller diameters) at the insertion end;
— for a winch or a rod puller at the receiving end.

Excavation:
at the insertion end:
— long enough to allow the lining pipe to enter the existing pipeline;
— taking account of the permissible minimum bending radius;
— wide enough for the guidance equipment and pushing equipment if applicable.
at the receiving end:
— large enough to accommodate the lining pipe nose cone and the winch mast or rod
puller, where applicable.
7.1.3 Lining with close-fit pipes
Lining is carried out with a continuous pipe for which the external dimension is reduced to facilitate
installation and reverted after installation to provide a close fit to the existing pipe.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Methods of lining with close-fit pipes are shown in Figure 3 (Method A), Figure 4 (Method B) and
Table 2.
a) Method A: reduction in the pipe manufacturing plant — the pipe is supplied coiled on a reel from
which it is directly inserted.
b) Method B: reduction on site — the pipe is fed through diameter reduction or folding equipment and
simultaneously inserted.
Key
1 drum trailer 4 pulling head 7 guide pulley
2 pipe guide 5 winch cable 8 bracing
3 lining pipe (folded) 6 winch
NOTE Pipe reverted (unfolded) after insertion by application of heat and/or pressure.
Figure 3 — Lining with close-fit pipes — Schematic representation of installation of a pipe

reduced in external dimension in the pipe manufacturing plant (Method A)

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Key
1 pulling head 5 winch or rod pulling device
2 initial lining pipe 6 guide pulley
3 reduced lining pipe 7 bracing cage
4 device for reducing
NOTE Pipe reverted (expanded or unfolded as applicable) after insertion by release of pulling force or
application of pressure.
Figure 4 — Lining with close-fit pipes — Schematic representation of installation of a pipe

reduced in external dimension on site (Method B)
Table 2 — Features of lining with close-fit pipes

Feature Description
Relevant ISO 11296-3, ISO 11297-3, ISO 11298-3, ISO 11299-3, ISO 23818-1, ISO 23818-3a
documents:
Materials: PE and PVC-U
Applications: — non-pressure pipes;
— pressure pipes.
Geometric — some deviation from nominally circular shape possible;
characteristics:
— minimum size: 100 mm for both Method A and Method B;
— maximum size: 500 mm for Method A, 1 500 mm for Method B;
— some techniques can accommodate bends.

Performance: — minimal reduction in volumetric capacity; increase in flow due to reduced friction
possible;
— gradient cannot be restored;

a Under development.
b Where reducing is carried out simultaneously with insertion, winching forces can be high, necessitating substantial
anchoring of winch and reducing equipment.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Table 2 (continued)
Feature Description
Installation a) lining pipe first reduced in size by mechanical or thermo-mechanical means (in
characteristics: the manufacturing plant or on site), inserted (in the case of PVC-U pre-heating
generally required) and then reverted by relief of installation forces or application
of heat and/or pressure;
b) surface working space: no particular constraint for Method A, storage of the whole
insertion length can be required on surface for Method B (depends on specific
technique);
c) access: typically through manhole for Method A, requires local excavation for
Method B;
d) technique does not rely on adhesion to host pipe;
e) flow diversion is required;
f) grouting not applicable;
g) reconnection of laterals:
1) gravity pipelines: possible from inside (re-opening and tight connection);
2) in pressure applications: generally requires excavation.

Installation — rollers to support the entire length of the lining pipe string (except where pipe is
equipment: inserted directly from a coil);
— guide for entrance of the lining pipe into the existing pipeline;
— winch to pull the lining pipe through the existing pipelineb;
— a compressor and a steam generator (where applicable), for lining pipe reversion;
— jointing equipment appropriate to material.

Surface area: — for the lining pipe string (or coil trailer for smaller diameters and/or folded pipe) at
the insertion end;
— for reducing or folding equipment at the insertion end where reduction or folding is
carried out simultaneously with insertion;
— for a winch at the receiving end;
— for reversion equipment.

Excavation: — for Method A, not necessary for sewer applications, where access through existing
manholes is sufficient due to flexibility of the lining pipe; in other applications, only
small excavations at both ends;
— for Method B, at the insertion end: long enough to allow the lining pipe to enter the
existing pipeline, taking account of the permissible minimum bending radius; wide
enough for the guidance equipment and pushing equipment, if applicable;
— at the receiving end: large enough to accommodate the lining pipe nose cone and
longitudinal retraction during reversion of the lining pipe, if applicable.
b Where reducing is carried out simultaneously with insertion, winching forces can be high, necessitating substantial
anchoring of winch and reducing equipment.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

7.1.4 Lining with cured-in-place pipes
Lining is carried out with a flexible tube impregnated with a thermosetting resin, which produces a
pipe after resin cure [see Figure 5 (Method A), Figure 6 (Method B) and Table 3].
a) Method A: installation by inversion.
b) Method B: installation by winching and subsequent inflation.
Key
1 impregnated lining pipe 4 inversion face
2 applied water head for inversion 5 scaffold tower
3 water reservoir 6 clamping flange or ring
NOTE 1 The equipment used to cure resin on the completion of inversion (e.g. by heating water or injecting
steam) is not shown.
NOTE 2 Other methods, including inversion with air from a pressure vessel, are commonly used for smaller
sizes, e.g. up to DN 600.
Figure 5 — Lining with cured-in-place pipes — Schematic representation of installation

by inversion (Method A), showing use of scaffold tower and water

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Key
1 impregnated lining pipe
2 winch
NOTE The equipment used to inflate and cure lining pipe once winched in place (e.g. air compressor and
steam generator or UV light train) is not shown.
Figure 6 — Lining with cured-in-place pipes — Schematic representation of installation

by winching and subsequent inflation (Method B)
Table 3 — Features of lining with cured-in-place pipes

Feature Description
Relevant ISO 11296-4, ISO 11297-4, ISO 11298-4a, ISO 23818-2a
documents:
Materials: A composite consisting of a reinforced or unreinforced fabric carrier material impreg-
nated with thermosetting resin (UP, EP or VE), which can include optional internal and/
or external membranes. For details, see the relevant International Standard.
— pressure pipes.
Geometric — circular and non-circular cross-section;
characteristics:
— minimum size: 100 mm;
— maximum length: Method A:1000 m, Method B: 500 m;
— bends can be accommodated;
— change of dimensions can be accommodated.

Performance: — minimal reduction in volumetric capacity; increase in flow due to reduced friction
possible;
— restoring of invert is not possible;
— abrasion resistance depends on wall structure;
— chemical resistance mainly depends on resin type.


ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Table 3 (continued)
Feature Description
Installation a) insertion of the impregnated lining pipe, prior to curing, can be achieved by:
characteristics:
1) inverting into position with pressure only (water or air) or
2) winching into place and then inflating;
3) combinations of Methods A and B are also possible;
b) curing process can be initiated or accelerated by either:
1) heat (hot water, steam);
2) UV or other electromagnetic wavelengths;
3) ambient temperature;
c) surface working space: generally minimal, varies with technique;
d) access: entry through existing manhole or small excavation possible;
e) structural effect does not rely on adhesion to host pipe;
f) flow diversion required;
g) re-opening of laterals from inside is possible;
h) reconnection of laterals:
1) gravity pipelines: possible from inside (re-opening and tight connection);
2) in pressure applications: generally requires excavation.

Installation — lining pipe delivery unit, including conveyor system, if applicable;
equipment:
— site impregnation unit, if applicable;
— for inverted-in-place pipeline systems: water column or air compressor;
— for winched-in-place pipeline systems: winch and water boiler or steam

generator for heat curing, or equipment including power supply for UV or other
electromagnetic wavelengths.
Surface area: — for lining pipe delivery unit immediately adjacent to the insertion access;
— for site impregnation unit, if applicable;
— for inversion or winching equipment;
— for curing equipment.

Excavation: — not generally necessary for sewer applications, where access through existing
manholes is sufficient due to flexibility of the uncured lining pipe;
— excavations at both ends for other applications.

7.1.5 Lining with discrete pipes
Lining is carried out with pipes shorter than the section to be renovated, which are jointed to form
a continuous pipe only during insertion [see Figure 7 (Method A), Figure 8 (Method B), Figure 9
(Method C) and Table 4].
a) Method A: installation by pushing.
b) Method B: installation by pulling.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

c) Method C: installation by individual pipe placement.
Key
1 thrust plate 4 pushing guide
2 pushing device 5 existing pipe
3 jointed lining pipe
NOTE The diameter of discrete pipes for insertion is slightly reduced against the existing pipe.
Figure 7 — Lining with discrete pipes — Schematic representation of installation by pushing

(Method A)
Key
1 winch 4 stock of discrete pipes
2 pulling head 5 existing pipe
3 jointed lining pipe with end load bearing joints 6 re-rounding and pulling head
Figure 8 — Lining with discrete pipes — Schematic representation of installation by pulling

(Method B)

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Key
1 manhole
2 individual discrete pipe being pulled or pushed into place
3 existing pipe
4 pipes already in position
Figure 9 — Lining with discrete pipes — Schematic representation of installation by individual

pipe placement (Method C)
Table 4 — Features of lining with discrete pipes

Feature Description
Relevant ISO 10467, ISO 10639 and ISO 16611 for GRP; for other materials not yet available
documents:
Materials: PE, PP, PVC-U, GRP
Applications: pressure pipes;
non-pressure pipes.
characteristics:
— minimum size:
Method A and B: 100 mm;
Method C: 800 mm;
— maximum size:
Method A and B: 600 mm;
Method C: 4 000 mm;
— maximum length:
Method A and B: 150 m;
Method C: no limit intrinsic to technique.
— bends: bends with large radii can be accommodated by Method C only.

Performance: — significant reduction in hydraulic (volumetric and flow) capacity;
— uniform gradient can be restored using Method C in man-entry pipes;

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Table 4 (continued)
Feature Description
Installation — the type of joint is a significant feature of each technique;
characteristics:
— pipe joints can be locked (end load bearing) or unlocked;
— surface working space: no particular constraint;
— access to the existing pipeline: short pipe lengths can allow insertion from existing
manholes (Methods A and B), but man-entry sizes installed by Method C can
require local excavation;
— technique does not rely on adhesion on host pipe;
— flow diversion is typically required for installation and grouting;
— the annular space is typically grouted;
— reconnection of laterals: generally requires excavation; except in man-entry sizes.

Installation — pipe handling equipment;
equipment:
— generator to power pipe jacking equipment.
Surface area: — for storage of pipes,
— for pipe handling equipment,
— for a generator to power the pipe jacking equipment.

Excavation: — not generally necessary for sewer applications, access through manhole due to
availability of short pipe lengths;
— for other applications, excavation large enough to accommodate jacking equipment

at the insertion end;
— man-entry access needed at receiving end.
7.1.6 Lining with adhesive-backed hoses
Lining is carried out with a reinforced hose which relies on an adhesive bond to the host pipe to provide
resistance to collapse (see Figure 10 and Table 5).

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Key
1 inversion unit 6 steam exhaust
2 clamping flange 7 steam lance
3 adhesive impregnated textile liner 8 retaining belt
4 inversion face 9 bracing
5 heating unit (steam boiler, compressor, generator)
Figure 10 — Schematic representation of lining with adhesive-backed hoses
Table 5 — Features of lining with adhesive-backed hoses

Feature Description
Relevant Not yet available
documents:
Materials: A circular woven hose coated on one side with a thermoplastic barrier layer and on the
other with a thermosetting resin.
Applications: Pressure pipes (water and gas)
Geometric — minimum size: 80 mm;
characteristics:
— bends can be accommodated.

Performance: — minimal reduction of volumetric capacity; increase in flow possible;
— structural rehabilitation is not possible;

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Table 5 (continued)
Feature Description
Installation — insertion of the adhesive-backed hose by inversion with air;
characteristics:
— adhesive cured with heat or at ambient temperature;
— surface working space generally minimal;
— technique does rely on adhesion on host pipe;
— flow diversion is required for installation;
— re-opening of services and creation of a pressure-tight connection from inside is

possible, relying on local adhesion of liner to existing pipe to seal annulus.
Installation — at the insertion end, guide rollers;
equipment:
— at the receiving end, winch with trench mast;
— a compressor or pre-compressed gas and heating unit for hose reversion, if

applicable.
Surface area: — for drums of lining hose at the insertion end;
— for inversion unit;
— for heating unit, if applicable.

Excavation: — small access excavation sufficient due to flexibility of hose.
7.1.7 Lining with spirally-wound pipes
Lining is carried out with a profiled strip, spirally wound to form a continuous pipe after installation
[see Figure 11 (Method A1), Figure 12 (Method A2), Figure 13 (Method B) and Table 6].
a) Method A1: installation by fixed diameter winding from the manhole.
b) Method A2: installation by expanded diameter winding from the manhole.
c) Method B: installation by winding of liner from pipe-traversing winding machine.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Key
1 plastics strip to be spirally wound
2 guidance head (where applicable)
3 winding machine in the manhole
4 spirally-wound lining pipe
Figure 11 — Lining with spirally-wound pipes — Schematic representation of fixed diameter

winding from the manhole (Method A1)
Key
2 winding machine in the manhole
3 spirally-wound lining pipe temporarily locked at reduced diameter for insertion
4 expanded diameter
Figure 12 — Lining with spirally-wound pipes — Schematic representation of expanded liner

winding from the manhole (Method A2)

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Key
2 winding machine in the pipe
3 spirally-wound liner
Figure 13 — Lining with spirally-wound pipes — Schematic representation of winding of liner

from pipe-traversing winding machine (Method B)
Table 6 — Features of lining with spirally-wound pipes

Feature Description
Relevant ISO 11296-7, ISO 23818-1, ISO 23818-3a
documents:
Materials: PVC-U, PE, optional steel reinforcement
Applications: — non-pressure;
— applicable for manholes.

Geometric — Method A circular cross-section only; Method B adaptable also to non-
characteristics: circular sections;
— minimum size: 150 mm for Method A; 800 mm for Method B;
— maximum size 3 000 mm for Method A, 1 800 mm for Method Bb;

Performance: — reduction in capacity dependent on annular space and ratio of diameter to overall
profile height;
— uniform gradient can generally not be restored;
— structural renovation is possible;

b Larger sizes are possible with steel reinforcement.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Table 6 (continued)
Feature Description
Installation — lining pipe formed on site by spirally winding a strip, which is jointed and sealed by
characteristics: solvent welding and/or mechanical means;
— individual winding machines can produce a range of diameters;
— no pipe storage on site;
— surface working space generally minimal;
— access through manholes possible;
— technique does not rely on adhesion to host pipe;
— flow diversion during installation is required for grouting and installation;
— grouting of annular space is required for fixed diameter;
— for (re)connection of laterals in non-man-entry pipes, local excavation is generally

required; reconnection from the inside is also possible.
Installation — strip winder;
equipment:
— grouting equipment (if applicable).
Surface area: — for drums of liner strip at the insertion end;
— for a generator to power the winder at the insertion end.

Excavation: — manhole access sufficient due to flexibility of lining strip and small size of the winder.
b Larger sizes are possible with steel reinforcement.
7.1.8 Lining with pipe segments
Lining carried out with prefabricated segments bonded to the existing pipe (see Figure 14 and Table 7),
which have longitudinal joints.
Key
1 lining pipe segments
2 grout
3 longitudinal joints
4 existing pipe
Figure 14 — Schematic representation of lining with pipe segments

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

NOTE Partial lining, not covering the whole circumference of the pipeline, is outside the scope of this
document.
Table 7 — Features of lining with pipe segments

Feature Description
documents:
Materials: GRP, PRC
Applications: — non-pressure pipes
characteristics:
— minimum size: man-entry sewer only;
— maximum size: no limit;
— maximum length: no limit;
— bends can be accommodated;
— change of dimensions can be accommodated.

Performance: — hydraulic performance: reduction in capacity dependent on annular space and
thickness in relation to diameter; uniform gradient can be restored;
— structural enhancement: structural renovation is possible;
— abrasion and chemical resistance: liner pipe material determines abrasion and
chemical resistance.
Installation — jointing by either mechanical interlock or laminate/bonding;
characteristics:
— lining pipe segments prefabricated or shaped in place;
— mechanical link to host pipe using grouting, gluing and/or anchoring is required;
— surface working space minimal at access point, but site storage for segments
required;
— access through manholes is possible;
— flow diversion dependent on safety requirements due to man entry;
— grouting of annular space is required;
— reconnection of laterals is possible from inside.

Installation — winch;
equipment:
— grouting equipment (if applicable).
Surface areas: — for material storage at the insertion end;
— for a generator to power the winch at the receiving end.

Excavation: — manhole access sufficient.
7.1.9 Lining with a rigidly anchored plastics inner layer
Lining is carried out with a single rigid annulus of structural cementitious grout formed between the
host pipe and a plastics inner layer with integral ribs or studs permanently anchored to the grout (see
Figure 15 and Table 8). This technique family relies on the rigid annulus of grout for its structural
performance.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Key
1 anchored plastics inner layer 5 anti-flotation spacers
2 grout system x height of anchors
3 existing pipe y minimum thickness of grout above height of anchors
4 spacer (technique dependent)
Figure 15 — Typical wall construction of a lining system with plastics inner layer rigidly
anchored in structural cementitious grout
Different types of internal plastics layers are used by different techniques. In addition to tubes of
studded plastics sheeting winched in place and inflated prior to grouting, these include discrete pipes
of plastics materials installed according to 7.1.5, as well as profiled plastics strips formed into a pipe by
spirally winding according to 7.1.7 or by other means and pipe segments of plastics materials according
to 7.1.8, where structural performance depends on permanent anchorage of the plastics components to
a rigid annulus of cementitious grout.
Table 8 — Features of lining with a rigidly anchored inner plastics layer

Feature Description
Relevant EN 16506 (to be replaced by ISO 11296-9 (under development))
documents:
Materials: Inner layer of PE, PP or PVC-U, with a structural cementitious grout with or without
reinforcement, and optional outer plastics layer
Applications: — non-pressure pipes
capabilities:
— minimum size: 200 mm but technique dependent;
— maximum size: 2 000 mma;

a Sizes up to 5 000 mm are possible with certain specialized techniques and materials.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Table 8 (continued)
Feature Description
Performance: — reduction in capacity dependent on annular space and ratio of diameter to overall
profile height;
— uniform gradient can generally not be restored;
— structural renovation is possible (depending on the strength of the grout);
— inner plastics layer material determines abrasion resistance;
— mechanically anchored inner plastics layer determines chemical resistance.

Installation — surface working space is generally minimal;
characteristics:
— access is generally possible through manholes;
— technique does not rely on adhesion to host pipe;
— requires flow diversion and absence of groundwater infiltration;
— grouting of annular space part of this technique;
— reconnection of laterals is possible from inside, if outer plastics layer used.

Installation — winch (if applicable);
equipment:
— grouting equipment.
Surface area: — for material storage at the insertion end;
— for a generator to power the winch at the receiving end.

Excavation: — manhole access usually sufficient.
a Sizes up to 5 000 mm are possible with certain specialized techniques and materials.
7.1.10 Lining with sprayed polymeric materials
Lining is carried out by spraying a layer of a polymeric material typically 3 mm thick or greater onto
the internal surface of the pipeline (see Figure 16 and Table 9). This technique family relies for its
structural performance on the existing pipeline.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Key
1 lined pipe 6 metering pump
2 lining head 7 reservoirs
3 static mixer 8 air compressor and generator
4 base/activator/air supply hose 9 existing pipe with encrustation still to be cleaned and lined
5 hose drum/winch
Figure 16 — Lining with sprayed polymeric materials
Derived from the traditionally used spray method using cement mortar, different techniques are in use,
applying polymeric materials.
NOTE The main difference between this technique and the spraying of cement mortar is that the two
components of the polymer lining are mixed with a specific ratio inside the spray nozzle before spraying and a
chemical reaction takes place.
Table 9 — Features of lining with sprayed polymeric materials

Feature Description
documents:
Materials: Polymeric two-part resin systems (PUR, EP)
Applications: — pressure pipes
capabilities:
— maximum size: 600 mm;
— maximum length: 150 m.

Performance: — minimal reduction in capacity;
— Class B semi-structural renovation;
— polymeric layer material determines abrasion resistance.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Table 9 (continued)
Feature Description
Installation — surface working space is generally minimal;
characteristics:
— service connections generally not blocked provided they are blown through
immediately after lining;
— technique requires aggressive cleaning of internal surface of host pipe to provide a

hydraulically smooth finish;
— moisture tolerant but requires host pipe to be taken out of service and drained down;
— short 2 h curing period required; same day return to service.

Installation — aggressive pipe cleaning equipment;
equipment:
— settling tank;
— CCTV equipment;
— spray unit;
— compressor.
Surface area: — space for cleaning equipment, settling tank, compressor and spray unit at the
insertion end.
Excavation: — access excavations for insertion end and receiving end
7.1.11 Lining with inserted hoses
Lining with a circular woven reinforced textile which is either permanently restructured to provide
a pipe after installation or inflates when fluid is transported under pressure, without bonding to the
existing pipe (see Figure 17 and Table 10).
Key
1 drum and dispensing unit 4 pulling head
2 hose to be inserted 5 guide roller
3 insertion roller 6 winch
Figure 17 — Schematic representation of lining with inserted hoses

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Table 10 — Features of lining with inserted hoses

Feature Description
documents:
Materials: A circular woven hose of synthetic fibres, with coatings of the same or different
thermoplastic materials on the inside and outside
Applications: pressure pipes; water and gas supply pipelines
characteristics:
— maximum length: 2 km.

Performance: — the liners have full internal pressure resistance;
— minimal reduction in volumetric capacity;
— abrasion and chemical resistance: inside of liner determines abrasion and chemical
resistance;
Installation — the lining pipe is pulled in by forming it into a U-shape;
characteristics:
— reversion by applying internal pressure (compressed air);
— the liner is not bonded to the existing pipe, but will stay round under depressurized
conditions, provided that it is not subject to external load.
Installation — winch;
equipment:
— compressor.
Surface areas: — winch at receiving end;
— drums with coiled material and dispensing unit at the insertion end.
Excavation: — access excavation for insertion end and receiving end
7.2 Classification of trenchless replacement techniques
7.2.1 General
Replacement pipeline system functions generally include one or more of the following:
a) Utilizing the existing sub-surface space occupied by the existing pipeline structure;
b) upsizing of the existing pipeline structure;
c) installation with minimal disruption of existing customer service;
d) re-alignment of existing pipeline where required.
Replacement technique families within the scope of this document are shown in Figure 1.
This clause establishes a classification of techniques into families, where replacement is applied to
continuous lengths of existing pipeline usually between two or more access points.
Individual techniques shall be classified into families according to 7.2.2 to 7.2.6 where the different
replacement technique families are defined and their respective features, including materials,
applications, as well as geometric, performance and installation characteristics, are described.
NOTE 1 The pipe materials listed in 7.2.2 to 7.2.6.3 reflect the state-of-the-art improvements in the technique
families on the date of publication of this document. Not all technique families/material-combinations are
covered by a product standard. The Bibliography gives relevant available document.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

NOTE 2 The application areas covered by existing product standards include underground drainage and
sewerage networks, and underground water and gas supply networks. This document is not applicable to other
possible areas of application of the technique families described.
7.2.2 Pipe bursting
Replacement is done by bursting or splitting the existing pipe, and displacing it into the surrounding
ground, while simultaneously pulling in a new continuous or discrete pipe, of the same or larger
diameter. A bursting head with a cone with or without fixed blades is generally used for brittle pipe
materials such as clay, grey cast iron or fibre cement, whereas a splitting head with cutting discs is
generally used for non-brittle pipe materials such as ductile iron, steel or plastics. Both types of head
embody an expansion cone to displace the existing burst or split pipe into the surrounding ground and
form a bore for the new pipe [see Figure 18 (Method A), Figure 19 (Method B) and Table 11]. Methods
used are static pipe bursting (Method A) or dynamic pipe bursting (Method B).
NOTE Dynamic pipe bursting creates impact in the surrounding ground with the potential to damage
adjacent infrastructure. For some cases, e.g. large diameter concrete pipes, the bursting forces can be very high.
Key
1 bursting head 4 pulling rig
2 expander cone 5 hydraulic unit
3 jointed lining pipe 6 pipe fragments
Figure 18 — Schematic representation of replacement by static pipe bursting

(Method A: Installing discrete pipes)
Key
1 bursting head/expander and hammer 4 air compressor/hydraulic power unit
2 continuous lining pipe 5 pipe fragments
3 cable winch
Figure 19 — Schematic representation of Installation by dynamic pipe bursting

(Method B: Installing continuous pipes)

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Table 11 — Features of replacement by pipe bursting

Feature Description
Relevant ISO 21225-1, ISO 23818-1, EN 12889
documents:
Materials new pipe: PE, PP, GRP, PVC-U
Materials host pipe: all materials except pre-stressed concrete pipes
— pressure pipes.
Geometric — the technique can also be used with severely deformed nominally circular host pipe
characteristics: cross-sections;
— bends with large radii can be accommodated, subject to pipe size and flexibility of
pulling rods.
Performance: — minimal or no reduction in hydraulic capacity, hydraulic (volumetric and flow)
capacity can be increased;
— uniform gradient cannot generally be restored;
— abrasion resistance depends on pipe material;
— chemical resistance depends on pipe material.

Installation — typically pipes manufactured or prior assembled into the continuous length;
characteristics:
— discrete pipes also possible;
— insertion by pulling; forces can be recorded/limited;
— surface working space: storage of the whole insertion length required on

surface (continuous pipe); no particular constraint (discrete pipe);
— access to the existing pipeline: typically requires local excavation; access

through manhole generally also possible;
— isolation of existing pipeline required prior to bursting;
— flow diversion typically required for installation;
— lateral connections need to be cut or disconnected before the bursting operation;
— reconnection of laterals: generally requires excavation.

Installation — rollers to support the entire length of the lining pipe string (except where the
equipment: pipe is inserted directly from a coil);
— rollers to guide the lining pipe into the existing pipeline;
— for Method A, rod pulling device to propel bursting head through the existing
pipeline;
— for Method B, winch to maintain the alignment of the bursting head through
the existing pipeline;
— jointing equipment appropriate to the material;
— bursting/splitting head;
— hydraulics or pneumatics in case of dynamic bursting.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Table 11 (continued)
Feature Description
Surface area: — for the lining pipe string (or coil trailer for smaller diameters) at the insertion end;
— in the case of Method B, for a winch at the receiving end, and an air compressor at
the insertion end.
Excavation: — at the insertion end:
— long enough to allow the lining pipe to enter the existing pipeline, taking account of
the permissible minimum bending radius given by the manufacturer in dependence
of the pipe dimension and the temperature;
— at the receiving end:
— large enough to accommodate the lining pipe nose cone and the winch mast
or rod pulling unit, as applicable.
7.2.3 Pipe removal
7.2.3.1 General
Replacement is carried out by destroying the existing pipe, conveying the fragments above ground,
and subsequently installing a new discrete pipe of a same or larger diameter than the existing pipe
[see Figure 20 (Method A), Figure 21 (Method B) and Table 12]. Methods used are pipe eating (Method A)
or pipe extraction (Method B).
7.2.3.2 Pipe eating
Method A uses a microtunnelling machine to break up the existing pipe and an auger or slurry system
to extract the pipe fragments together with the surrounding ground if enlargement is required. New
discrete pipe sections are pushed in behind. The tunnelling machine shield can have an extended guide
running within the old pipe to keep the machine centred, and can incorporate a seal to prevent slurry
going forward.
Key
1 microtunnelling machine 5 auger
2 auger casing 6 target pit
3 driving unit in starting pit 7 spoil skip
4 hydraulic unit 8 auger drive motor
Figure 20 — Schematic representation of replacement by pipe eating method (Method A)

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

7.2.3.3 Pipe extraction
Method B uses a rod puller to pull the old pipe through the ground, removing or bursting old pipe
sections as they arrive at the rod puller, while simultaneously pulling in new pipe. This would typically
be used for pressure pipes, as it allows installation of continuous pipe, and leaves behind no shards of
old pipe. Due to the high friction forces, only a short length of pipe can be extracted between pits.
Key
1 new pipe 5 existing pipe; pulling rod inserted
2 entry pit 6 exit pit
3 pulling head 7 pipe splitting / cracking cone
4 pipe extraction adapter 8 hydraulic rod pulling device
Figure 21 — Schematic representation of replacement by pipe extraction method (Method B)
Table 12 — Features of replacement by pipe removal

Feature Description
documents:
Materials new pipe: Method A: GRP, PRC
Method B: PE, PP
Materials host pipe: Method A: vitrified clay, non-reinforced concrete; fibre cement, cast iron
Method B: steel, cast iron, ductile iron, lead
Applications: — pressure pipes;
— non-pressure pipes, Method A only;

Geometric — circular host pipe only;
characteristics:
— minimum size: Method A: 100 mm; Method B: 20 mm;
— maximum size: Method A: 800 mm; Method B: 400 mm;
— maximum length: Method A: 80 m; Method B: 30 m;
— bends cannot be accommodated with Method A; with Method B possible to

accommodate bends by use of intermediate pits.
Performance: — no reduction in hydraulic capacity, hydraulic (volumetric and flow) capacity
can be increased;
— uniform gradient can be restored with Method A; not with Method B;

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Feature Description
Installation — only discrete pipes can be installed with Method A; with Method B also
characteristics: continuous pipes;
— insertion by pushing with Method A; by pulling with Method B;
— significant surface space necessary with Method A for pipe eating equipment;
with Method B no constraint for discrete pipe, and for continuous pipe
sufficient storage for the whole part of insertion length;
— access to the existing pipeline: typically requires local excavation;
— isolation of existing pipeline required prior to displacement;
— flow diversion typically required for installation;
— lateral connections need to be cut or disconnected before pipe removal;
— annular space typically has to be grouted with Method A;
— reconnection of laterals: generally requires excavation for both methods.

Installation — pipe handling equipment;
equipment:
— with Method A:
— microtunnelling machine including auger or slurry system;
— slurry mixing unit;
— generator to power the microtunnelling machine;
— with Method B:
— winch (cable or rod pulling);
— rollers with continuous pipe to support the entire length of the pipe string
(except where pipe is inserted directly from a coil);
— jointing equipment appropriate to the material.

Surface area: — for a microtunnelling machine at the receiving end;
— for a generator to power the microtunnelling;
— for slurry mixing unit;
— for storage of pipes;
— for pipe handling equipment.

Excavation: — at the insertion end: large enough to accommodate the microtunnelling
machine and pipe jacking frame with Method A and the pipe pulling machine
with Method B;
— at the receiving end: large enough to retrieve the microtunnelling machine with
Method A and to allow man-entry access with Method B.
7.2.4 Horizontal directional drilling — HDD
Replacement is carried out off the existing pipe-line by using a steerable installation technique
(see Figure 22, Figure 23 and Table 13).
HDD is using a machine in which flexible rods are rotated and pushed, propelling a cutter which is
generally slant headed through the ground. Steering is accomplished by the reaction of the slant head
against the ground when pushed without rotation. Supported by a location device, this enables a pilot

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

hole to be established to a planned line and grade, after which the hole is enlarged by pulling back a
rotating reamer. Simultaneously or in a separate process the product pipe is pulled into the bore hole.
There are many different types of cutter to enable steering capability to be maintained in difficult
ground conditions such as rock, where a slant head cutter will not work effectively. No steering is done
with reamers.
When drilling, the soil or rock cuttings always need to be removed. As drilling proceeds, this is carried
out from the hole by the drilling fluid that is continually pumped down the drilling rods, serving also to
cool the cutter/reamer, and support the hole to prevent it collapsing.
Figure 22 and 23 schematically show the use of the method started from the surface. However, the
method can also be used started from pits. This pit started method is mainly used for steered house
connections.
Key
1 drill rig 5 transmitter housing
2 drill entry pit 6 drill head
3 drill string 7 planned bore path
4 pilot bore 8 drill exit pit
Figure 22 — Schematic representation of replacement by horizontal directional drilling —

Pilot bore
Key
1 drill rig 6 swivel
2 pipe exit pit with mud sump 7 final bore
3 drill string 8 new pipe
4 pilot bore 9 pipe entry pit
5 back reamer
Figure 23 — Schematic representation of replacement by horizontal directional drilling —

Pipe installation

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Table 13 — Features of replacement by HDD

Feature Description
documents:
Materials: PE, PP
— pressure pipes.
Geometric — circular cross-section;
characteristics:
— maximum length: 2 000 m.

Performance: — no reduction in hydraulic capacity, hydraulic capacity (pipe diameter) can be
increased;
— steerable;
— hydraulic gradient can be restored;

Installation — typically pipes manufactured or prior assembled into the continuous length;
characteristics:
— insertion by pulling;
— surface working space:
a) storage required for the whole insertion length (continuous pipe) or

discrete pipes;
b) space for drilling fluid mixing tanks and pumps;
c) where required, space for control room and slurry treatment system and
recycling system;
— connection of laterals: generally requires excavation.

Installation — drilling machine;
equipment:
— generator;
— fluid mixing unit;
— location device;
— rollers for continuous pipes to support the entire length of the pipe string
— jointing equipment for continuous pipes appropriate to the material;
— pipe handling equipment.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Feature Description
Surface area: — for a drilling machine at the receiving end;
— for a fluid mixing unit at the receiving end;
— for a drilling fluid recycling system where required;
— for pipe handling equipment;
— for the pipe string (or coil trailer for smaller diameters) at the insertion end.
— long enough to allow the pipe to enter the ground, taking account of the
permissible minimum bending radius;
— long and large enough to allow drilling launch, to accommodate the

pipe nose cone, reamer and swivel, and to provide the sump for
pumping returning mud to the recycling unit.
7.2.5 Impact moling
Replacement is carried out off the existing pipeline using a percussive soil displacement hammer or
impact mole (see Figure 24 and Table 14).
Impact moling is a technique, generally considered to be non-steerable, using a pneumatic powered
torpedo shaped device, known as a mole. This incorporates a reciprocating internal hammer impacting
on the back of a nose cone which in some cases can move independently of the main body. The friction
between the main body and the ground enables the nose cone to move forward at each hammer blow,
while the length of the main body keeps the mole on line. There are several designs of nose cone, which
claim to give better penetration, or to be less susceptible to being pushed off line by lumps of stone.
Because the excavated material has to be forced out into the surrounding ground, this technique is
confined to small pipe diameters, typically service pipes. The pipe is generally pulled in behind the
mole, or can be pulled back as the mole is reversed out. A pneumatic mole has lubricating oil injected
into the air supply, so in the case of clean water applications, care shall be taken to prevent exhaust
air getting into the pipe being installed; inserting the new pipe by pulling back as the mole is reversed
minimizes this risk.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Key
1 air compressor 4 launching device
2 aiming device 5 impact mole
3 entry pit 6 planned bore path
Figure 24 — Schematic representation of replacement by impact moling
Table 14 — Features of replacement by impact moling

Feature Description
documents:
Materials: PE, PP, PVC-U, GRP
— pressure pipes.
Geometric — circular cross-section:
characteristics:

Performance: — hydraulic gradient can be restored within the limits of the procedure;

Installation — applicable in displaceable soils only;
characteristics:
— typically pipes manufactured or prior assembled into the continuous length;
discrete pipes;
— insertion by pulling;
— surface working space: no particular constraints;
— connection of laterals: generally requires excavation.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Feature Description
Installation — pneumatic hammer, a cylinder with tapered or stepped head;
equipment:
— air compressor to power the hammer;
— aiming and launching equipment;
— rollers for continuous pipes to support the entire length of the pipe string
— jointing equipment for continuous pipes appropriate to the material;
— pipe handling equipment.

Surface area: — for a compressor to power the hammer;
— for pipe handling equipment;
— for the pipe string (or coil trailer for smaller diameters) at the insertion end.
— long enough to allow the pipe to enter the ground, taking account of the
permissible minimum bending radius, if the pipe is to be pulled in behind
the mole;
— large enough to accommodate the pneumatic hammer.
7.2.6 Pipe jacking
7.2.6.1 General
Methods used are auger boring and microtunnelling (see Figure 25, Figure 26 and Table 15).
Replacement is carried out in displaceable ground, generally off the line of the existing pipeline, by
using a non-steerable or a steerable (guided) installation technique.
7.2.6.2 Auger boring
Replacement is carried out in displaceable ground, generally off the line of the existing pipeline, by
using a non-steerable or a steerable (guided) installation technique.
NOTE Pipe eating (see 7.2.3.2) uses very similar equipment to achieve replacement on the line of the existing
pipeline.
With non-steerable auger boring, a jacking machine pushes discrete pipe sections through the ground,
and drives the cutter head through an auger running inside the pipe. The excavated soil is brought out
by the auger, and discharged into a tub under the machine bed, and as the pipe advances, new pipe
sections and new auger sections are added. If required, the auger sections may incorporate their own
pipe enclosure, so as to prevent the excavated material damaging the internal surface of the new pipe.
With guided auger boring, firstly pilot rods are rotated and jacked through the ground, propelling a
cutting head which is generally slant-faced. Steering is accomplished by the reaction of the slant head
against the ground when pushed without rotation. Supported by a location device, this enables a pilot
hole to be established to a planned line and grade. Once the pilot rods are installed, the pilot bore is
enlarged by casings with an auger continuously removing the soil and guided by the pilot rods. The
product pipes are then installed while pushing the casings out of the ground.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Key
1 cutting head 5 auger
2 auger casing 6 target pit
3 driving unit in starting pit 7 spoil skip
4 hydraulic unit 8 auger drive motor
Figure 25 — Trenchless replacement by pipe jacking — Schematic representation

of replacement by (non-steerable) auger boring
7.2.6.3 Microtunnelling
Replacement is carried out off the existing pipeline using hydraulic jacks to push discrete pipes through
the ground behind a remotely controlled microtunnel boring machine which is used to excavate soil or
rock to form a bore.
Entry and reception shafts shall be excavated and a thrust wall shall be constructed in the entry shaft
to provide support for the boring machine. The excavation face is supported by applying mechanical or
fluid pressure to balance groundwater and earth pressures. The boring machine is operated remotely
from the surface from where precise grade and alignment are controlled using inline cameras, a laser
target system, and steering jacks. Excavated material is transported from the bore to the entry pit by
either an auger or a slurry system. Where a slurry system is used, slurry tanks are normally provided
on the surface to remove the spoil from the slurry water which is then recycled. The microtunnelling
process is cyclical; after one pipe has been jacked into the bore, the jacks are retracted and another pipe
is lowered into position in the entry shaft and the process repeated.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Key
1 power unit 5 hydraulic jacks
2 microtunnelling machine 6 crane or lifting equipment
3 jacking pipes 7 spoil skip
4 flush-fitting collars 8 spoil auger
Figure 26 — Trenchless replacement by pipe jacking — Schematic representation

of replacement by microtunnelling
Table 15 — Features of replacement by pipe jacking

Features Description
Relevant EN 12889, EN 14636-1, ISO 18672-1, ISO 25780
documents:
Materials new pipe: GRP and PRC
Materials host pipe: Not applicable (trenchless replacement off the existing line)
— pressure pipes.
Geometric — circular cross-section:
characteristics:
— maximum size: 4 000 mm maximum length: 100 m.

Performance: — hydraulic gradient can be restored within the limits of the procedure;
— fully structural rehabilitation is possible;

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Features Description
Installation — surface working space
characteristics:
a) Pipe jacking: Storage for pipe and auger sections, access for spoil, pipe and
auger vehicles.
b) Microtunnelling: Control room, power unit, slurry handling system, spoil

handling system, pipe handling system, storage for pipe sections, access for
pipe and spoil vehicles.
Installation — Pipe jacking: Auger and pipe jacking unit, power unit, pipe and
equipment: auger handling system, spoil handling system.
— Microtunnelling: Microtunnelling machine, control room, power unit,

slurry handling system, spoil handling system, pipe handling system.
Surface area: — Pipe jacking: Storage for pipe and auger sections, power unit,
spoil handling system, access for spoil, pipe and auger vehicles.
— Microtunnelling: Storage for pipe sections, control room, power unit,

slurry handling system, spoil handling system, access for pipe
and spoil vehicles.
— to accommodate the jacking, pipe installation, and spoil removal systems.
— to allow the removal of auger sections or the microtunnelling machine as

applicable.
8 Selection of rehabilitation techniques
8.1 General
After the condition assessment and pre-selection of pipeline rehabilitation options (see 6.5), a detailed
analysis and selection of the most appropriate rehabilitation solution shall be performed, where, besides
the typical features of the available technique families (see 7.1, 7.2), the economic considerations (costs
and benefits) shall be taken into account.
From a technical point of view, the condition assessment data shall be used as a basis.
In addition, following design criteria shall be taken into account:
— Pipeline system layout;
— Hydraulic performance;
— Structural performance;
— Environmental impact;
— Construction constraints.
8.2 Pipeline system layout

The location of the existing pipeline is most relevant to the choice of rehabilitation technique.
Individual site requirements, such as crossing of roads, railways and rivers, location of buildings,
difficult terrain and risk of damage to and from tree roots, can limit the choice of rehabilitation
technique and shall be considered.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

A survey of site conditions relevant to pipeline rehabilitation system selection should generally
determine and record the following:
a) access to existing pipe, including:
— depth of cover;
— surface type above pipeline;
— manhole or excavation;
— available working area at access points;
— traffic, both vehicular and pedestrian;
— proximity of other services;
b) construction constraints, including:
— ground water table;
— section and/or working lengths;
— gradients;
— changes in direction;
— junctions;
— laterals/services;
— provision for continuity of pipeline service;
— availability of water supply where required by the lining process.
Much of this information can be obtained initially from records and plans, but should always be
confirmed by site inspection.
8.3 Hydraulic performance

Determining the hydraulic capacity that is required for the pipeline system is a key factor in the
selection of the most economic rehabilitation technique for individual pipelines within it. Possible new
performance requirements, e.g. expected changes in flow demand, shall be taken into account. The
required capacity fixes the minimum internal dimensions of the installed pipeline system.
Requirements for the fluid carrying capacity of the rehabilitated pipeline system, of which the pipeline
forms a part, shall be agreed with the client, including the design working life of the rehabilitated
pipeline system.
In the case of water mains, these shall be provided again with valves for air release, both for filling and
emptying the pipeline and also for air release under pressure whilst in operation
The design assumptions made in the fluid capacity calculations shall be documented, e.g. in the
installation manual.
NOTE 1 The improved hydraulic characteristics of a close-fit lined pipe can offset or even negate the effect on
flow capacity due to the reduction in internal diameter of the existing pipe due to the presence of the liner.
NOTE 2 For pressure applications detailed guidance on hydraulic design is provided by EN 805[42].

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

8.4 Structural performance
8.4.1 General
Plastics pipes used for renovation and trenchless replacement can be required to withstand internal
and/or external loads in service and shall be designed accordingly.
The short-term and long-term effects of installation loads shall also be taken into account. The design
shall include specifying limits for these installation loads.
In addition, the effects of loads, both internal and external, acting on those parts of the new pipe which
are not wholly contained within the existing pipeline structure, e.g. at broken or missing parts of the
existing pipeline, in manholes, at fittings, joints, lateral connections and at entry and exit installation
excavations, shall be considered, where applicable.
NOTE 1 In the case of renovation, loads acting on a liner and the associated response of the plastics lining
system are not generally comparable with those of a flexible pipe buried directly in soil by open excavation. This
is because:
— the lining pipe is installed without disturbing the existing pipe-soil structure, which at least initially continues
to be self-supporting and further limits the potential for transfer of soil load to the liner over time;
— lining system response to internal pressure as well as external loads can be either positively or negatively
influenced by the presence of the existing pipeline, which cannot therefore be ignored, even if severely
deteriorated.
NOTE 2 In the case of trenchless replacement, structural design considerations are likely to be dominated by
installation loads and the pressure rating required.
When considering the external loading due to groundwater pressure, the possibilities of short-term
saturation of the ground under storm conditions, or even of flood water standing above ground level,
should be taken into account.
When aggressive or contaminated soils surround the existing pipelines are involved, any corrosion
protection systems shall be restored.
8.4.2 Non-pressure pipes
8.4.2.1 Renovation
Plastics pipes used for renovation of non-pressure pipelines generally require independent ring
stiffness to fulfil their structural function.
NOTE 1 Minimum short-term ring stiffness is specified as a function of pipe material in the technique-related
parts of the ISO 11296 series. The minimum short-term ring stiffness for each technique family is intended to
reflect a minimum long-term load capability to resist a sustained water head of 1 m above pipe invert.
Loads that should generally be considered include the following, as applicable:

a) installation loads, including:
1) pipe preparation forces (e.g. section reduction and spiral winding);
2) insertion forces (tensile, compressive, bending and torsion);
3) reversion forces (pressure and thermal);
4) grouting forces (external pressure and flotation);

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

5) residual effects of the above installation forces in the permanent works;

b) internal loads, including:
1) surcharge pressure;
2) negative pressures: due to hydraulic gradient variations;
3) thermal loads due to temperature of transported fluid;
c) external loads, including:
1) ground water pressure;
2) transferred soil loads, from overburden soil weight and traffic surcharge;
3) ground movements, from differential settlement, soil wetting and drying, soil freeze/thaw
cycles and earthquakes;
4) point loads, from irregularities of the existing pipeline and bedding/backfill conditions;
5) Point loads from lateral connections;
6) thermal loads due to the environment.
NOTE 2 In the case of non-pressure drainage and sewerage networks, components and materials in "I"-stage at
an ambient temperature of 10 °C, should be suitable for a continuous water discharge temperature of 45 °C in the
case of DNs less than or equal to 200, or of 35 °C for DNs over 200. Components and materials in "I"-stage should
also be resistant to corrosion by domestic waste water, surface water and the effects of soil and ground water.
NOTE 3 The resistance to buckling under groundwater pressure and/or negative pressure (vacuum) of a
close-fitting liner (or where any annular space is grouted) is significantly enhanced by radial support from the
existing pipeline compared with the resistance of a loose-fitting liner.
NOTE 4 Detailed structural design methods are provided by DWA-A 143-2[50], ASTEE_3R[46] and WRc
Sewerage Rehabilitation Manual[54].
NOTE 5 Information on the full range of dynamic and permanent ground displacements requiring
consideration in design of liners for anti-seismic protection is outside the scope of this document.
8.4.2.2 Replacement
Plastics pipes installed by replacement techniques will generally have a fluid annulus after installation
and therefore may be susceptible to unrestrained hydrostatic buckling in the short to medium term
before natural consolidation of the surrounding soil fills the annular space. After taking this into
account, design for the long term should be carried out as described in 8.4.2.1.
NOTE For replacement techniques, resistance to installation forces is generally the critical consideration in
pipe design.
8.4.3 Pressure pipes
8.4.3.1 Renovation
Plastics pipes used for renovation of pressure pipelines generally require internal pressure resistance
and ring stiffness to fulfil their structural function. The structural action of pressure pipe liners is
classified as indicated in Table 16.
NOTE 1 Maximum allowable pressure is specified as a function of pipe material in the technique-related parts
of ISO 11297, ISO 11298 and ISO 11299 series.
NOTE 2 This document is not applicable to non-structural Class D liners.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Table 16 — Structural classification of pressure pipe liners

Liner characteristics Class A Class B Class C Class D
Can survive internally or externally induced (burst, + — — —
bending or shear) failure of host pipe
Long-term pressure rating ≥ maximum allowable + — — —
operating pressure (PFA)
Inherent ring stiffness a + + —b —b
Long-term hole and gap spanning at PFA + +c + —
Provides internal barrier layer d + + + +
+ applies
— does not apply
a The minimum requirement is for the liner to be self-supporting when pipe is depressurized.
b The liner relies on adhesion to the host pipe to be self-supporting when depressurized.
c The liner becomes sufficiently close-fit for radial transfer of internal pressure stress to the host pipe, either during
installation or within a short period from initial application of operating pressure.
d The liner serves as barrier to the corrosion, abrasion and/or tuberculation/scaling of the host pipe and to the
contamination of the pipe contents by the host pipe; it also generally reduces surface roughness for improved flow capacity.
An independent (Class A) pressure pipe liner is, by definition, capable on its own of resisting, without
failure, all applicable internal loads throughout its design life, without relying on the existing pipeline
for radial support. When tested independently from the host pipe, it should exhibit long-term 50-year
internal pressure strength equal to or greater than the PFA of the rehabilitated pipeline. An independent
pressure pipe liner can be a loose-fitting or close-fitting installation (see 7.1.2, 7.1.3, 7.1.4, 7.1.5).
An interactive (Class B or C) pressure pipe liner is, by definition, not capable on its own of resisting,
without failure, all applicable internal loads throughout its design life, and therefore relies on the
existing pipeline for some measure of radial support. A liner is considered interactive if, when tested
independently from the host pipe, the long-term pressure strength is less than the PFA of the rehabilitated
pipeline. An interactive pressure pipe liner is a close-fitting installation (see 7.1.3, 7.1.4, 7.1.6).
The ring stiffness properties of independent and interactive pipe liners should be assessed to determine
their resistance to buckling under the action of external hydrostatic or internal vacuum forces. Liners
should be at least self-supporting when depressurized, but can require additional stiffness enhancement
or incorporate pipe wall adhesion systems to resist specific vacuum loads in service and/or external
groundwater loads applicable during any period that the pipeline is out of service.
Where connections, e.g. ferrules or service taps, are to form part of the renovated pressure pipe at any
time, the design of the lining system, in respect of external loading, should ensure that either
a) the liner does not collapse under conditions of simultaneous maximum groundwater pressure and
negative internal pressure (vacuum), or
b) the design of the connection fitting is such that it maintains full integrity with the liner when
collapsed. Such integrity should apply to both sealing to the liner and mechanical attachment to the
host pipe.
NOTE 3 A close-fitting liner pipe in service remains in radial contact with the wall of the existing pipe and the
consequent interaction between the liner and the host pipe results in the transfer of internal pressure loads onto
the host pipe. The rate of transfer is dependent on the initial liner strain required to close any initial annular gap,
and the stress relaxation properties of the liner material. Pressure loading of the host pipe can be reduced by
appropriate combination of liner strain and relaxation effects though this can be difficult to quantify in practice.
NOTE 4 Self-supporting liners are considered to be more capable of resisting joint and/or ground movements,
as well as external groundwater pressure, than liners which depend entirely on adhesion to the pipe wall to
prevent collapse (see Table 16).

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

For all liners, whether loose-fitting independent, close-fitting independent or interactive, as defined in
this document, due consideration should be given to any requirements for support of longitudinal and
lateral pressurization forces at bends or other changes of alignment.
Independent and interactive pressure pipe liners shall be classified in accordance with Table 17.
Table 17 — Structural classification of pressure pipe liners and correspondence to technique

families within the scope of this document
Class A Class B Class C Class D
Independent Interactive
Fully structural Semi-structural Non-structural
Lining with
—
continuous pipes
Lining with
—
discrete pipes
Lining with close-fit pipes —
This document is
Lining with cured-in-place pipes
not applicable
Lining with adhesive-
—
backed hoses
— Lining with inserted hoses —
Lining with sprayed
— — —
polymeric materials
NOTE 1 An inserted hose can classify as an independent or an interactive pressure pipe liner, but in either case provides
only semi-structural renovation.
NOTE 2 Dots in illustrations for Classes C and D depict required adhesion.
Loads that should generally be considered include the following, as applicable:

a) installation loads, including:
1) lining pipe preparation forces (e.g. section reduction);
2) insertion forces (tensile, compressive, bending and torsion);
3) reversion forces (pressure and thermal);
4) grouting forces (external pressure and flotation;
5) residual effects of the above installation forces in the permanent works;
b) internal loads, including:
1) design and operating pressures (long-term);
2) test pressure;
3) pressure transients, positive and negative (e.g. water hammer, surge caused by seismic events,
pressure cycling and vacuum);
4) thermal loads due to temperature of transported fluid;

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

5) longitudinal loads on both liner and end connectors due to pressurization especially where
liner loose-fitting and/or alignment curved;
c) external loads, including:
1) transferred soil loads, from overburden soil weight and traffic surcharge;
2) ground movements, from differential settlement, frost action and earthquakes;
3) point loads from irregularities of the existing pipeline;
4) thermal loads due to the environment;
5) groundwater pressure and/or negative pressure (vacuum).
NOTE 5 The resistance to buckling under groundwater pressure and/or negative pressure (vacuum) of a
close-fitting liner (or where any annular space is grouted) can be significantly enhanced by radial support from
the existing pipeline compared with the resistance of a loose-fitting liner.
NOTE 6 Information on the full range of dynamic and permanent ground displacements requiring
consideration in design of liners for anti-seismic protection is outside the scope of this document.
8.4.3.2 Replacement
Plastics pipes installed by replacement techniques will generally have a fluid annulus after installation
and therefore should be designed for internal pressure in the same way as a conventionally buried pipe,
neglecting any radial restraint from the embedment.
NOTE For replacement techniques, resistance to installation forces can be the critical consideration in pipe
design for pressure applications dependent upon the combination of operating pressure and installation length.
8.5 Environmental impact

The environmental impact of the pipeline rehabilitation shall consider all relevant environmental
requirements including but not limited to:
a) preserving surface water quality;
b) protection of groundwater;
c) social disruption to residents and the general public due to e.g. traffic delays, noise and vibration;
d) prevention of chemical emissions, in the form of odours and toxic, explosive and corrosive gases;
e) sustainable use of resources.
The extent of environmental impact depends on:
— local excavation (frequency, size, etc.);
— working equipment (noise, fumes, dust, agricultural damage, etc.);
— the material of the original pipeline, in case it is fractured (pollution of groundwater, etc.);
— handling of waste (from cleaning, local excavations, process materials, offcuts, etc.);
— effect on traffic;
— choice of process materials (lubricants, hydraulic oils, resins, adhesives, etc.).
NOTE Attention is drawn to any national legislation relating to environmental impact.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

8.6 Construction constraints

The various rehabilitation techniques have different working space requirements. These can affect the
choice of technique depending on the local conditions, especially:
a) access to the site;
b) access to the existing pipeline, including:
— through existing manholes;
— by local excavation;
— by means of robots (e.g. for laterals);
c) access to existing laterals/services for external reconnection;
d) surface area available for:
— equipment (cleaning, inspection and installation);
— preparation and insertion of the lining pipe;
— temporary storage (lining pipe, processing materials and waste);
e) adjacent pipe work;
With trenchless replacement, technique family selection generally shall take account of the risk of
collateral damage (e.g. with pipe bursting).
Another factor to be considered is the compatibility of the end restraint requirements of the new
pipeline system at the points of connection to the existing network. For example, where a PE pressure
pipe is connected to a spigot and socket jointed iron pipe, separate provision for end restraint of the PE
will be required.
8.7 Project specification

At this stage, the layout of the existing pipeline shall be sufficiently known, as well as the hydraulic and
structural requirements for the rehabilitated pipeline and the possible effects on the environment and
construction.
The rehabilitation technique family/families that meet all these design criteria shall be prescribed, and
where public tenders are involved, the respective tender specification shall reflect this.
A tender specification for a pipeline rehabilitation project shall typically address the following:
— standards & regulations, both for the proposed products and for the handling on site;
— pipeline system description;
— pipe materials applied;
— quality requirements, both for the products and the installation;
— bill of quantities;
— administrative issues, including liability and insurance, deadlines, warranty, payments;
— documentation, including site reports, test data and CCTV records.
The project specification shall state the tools that will be used to measure the quality after installation,
e.g. post-CCTV inspection, the type of leak tightness testing and/or sampling pipe sections for analysis
as well as the method of reconnecting to the network after construction is completed.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Some renovation systems use lining pipes which differ from standard pipes in diameter and wall
thickness or which are physically deformed at some stage of the renovation process, for instance, by
reducing or folding. In such cases, the integrity of fittings shall be demonstrated by testing with the
relevant lining pipe and renovation system in the installed condition.
Where the rehabilitation system requires fittings to have full end-load capability, this should be tested
to demonstrate a design life at least equalling that of the rehabilitation system itself.
NOTE Further information on management and control of operational activities with drainage and sewerage
networks is provided by EN 14654-2[39].
9 Implementation of rehabilitation techniques
9.1 Preconstruction activities

Once the rehabilitation project has been awarded to a construction company, the pipeline system owner
(or an appointed consultant) and the construction company shall jointly develop a detailed project plan.
Regarding timing, any seasonal weather influences shall be taken into account.
When the planning is in place, locally involved authorities (road department, police, etc.) shall be
notified. Where applicable, traffic management shall be organised.
Any planned excavation which is required for the construction, shall take account of the applied
technique, the depth of cover of the existing pipeline, the pipe diameter and any other factor that affects
the construction.
Consultation with other utilities shall take place, to minimize the risk on collateral damage, taking into
account any available data on the presence and location of other pipelines, cables and other buried object.
Data of the existing pipeline system obtained from existing records shall be checked on site, including
exact location, depth of anticipated access points, bends and connections, location of other underground
apparatus. The relevant dimensions, amongst which, the length and actual internal diameter of
the existing pipeline system comprising all components shall be checked. This shall be by direct
measurement.
Affected customers (re. supply, parking, etc.), emergency services and traffic control authorities and, in
case of water supply networks, the local firefighting department (re. hydrants) shall be notified about
the coming construction work. When other utility providers are informed, coordination with other
planned construction work is possible.
The need to bypass flows (in the case of drainage and sewerage networks) or to provide a temporary
supply (water or gas) during rehabilitation works shall be identified.
Where gas supply is concerned, particular attention shall be given to safety of personnel involved in the
construction works and the impact of the construction itself shall have the least as possible impact on
the environment (in particular in winter time).
In the case of renovation, prior to lining, any local obstructions to installation, including intruding side
connections, shall be removed in accordance with the requirements of the selected technique.
With non-pressure drainage and sewerage pipelines, any necessary repairs, e.g. to loose brickwork,
locally collapsed or excessively deformed sections of pipe or holes in the pipe wall, shall be completed.
With pressure pipelines, thorough cleaning and removal of encrustations, tuberculation and other
forms of deterioration (including remains of earlier coatings and linings) shall be carried out and valves
and other fittings that might obstruct the installation shall be removed.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Appropriate measures shall be taken to prevent the release of toxic gases and odours during the
installation.
NOTE 1 With renovation it is recommendable to check the internal diameter along the pipeline length with an
appropriate sizing or proving device.
NOTE 2 An impartial and voluntary Quality Control Scheme has been established by the Danish Construction
Association. The purpose of this Control Scheme is to ensure that contract work performed with the rehabilitation
system approved under the scheme complies with the quality manual of the company and with the declaration of
the rehabilitation system in question.
Any company involved in trenchless pipeline rehabilitation or construction can apply for admission.
In connection with application for admission, the company is required to submit the following
material to the relevant Control Committee for evaluation: a quality manual and a declaration of the
construction system in question.
NOTE 3 Further useful information on the required preconstruction activities is provided by EN 14654-2[39]
for non-pressure drainage and sewer networks, by EN 805[42] and AWWA M28[47] for water supply networks and
by EN 12007-4[35] for gas supply networks.
9.2 Inspection, storage and handling of the materials on site

Upon delivery of the pipes, pipeline components and accessories on site, these shall be inspected for
appropriate marking and examined for compliance with the design requirements and the relevant
product standard, e.g. the components shall be free from damage. This shall be documented.
All materials shall be stored in accordance with the supplier’s instructions, to avoid degradation or
contamination, e.g. protecting from direct sunlight exposure, standing on an even, solid ground and
respecting maximum permissible storage times.
Components shall be handled using appropriate equipment for reasons of human safety as well as to
avoid any damage to the components or contact with hazardous substances. The instructions provided
by the supplier of the components shall be strictly adhered to, to ensure continued fitness for purpose.
9.3 Application of rehabilitation technique
9.3.1 Preparatory work
In accordance with the design, flows shall be isolated. In the case of non-pressure drainage and sewerage
networks this involves blocking upstream discharge or creating a temporary by-pass discharge system.
In the case of water and gas supply pipelines, a temporarily by-pass supply can be involved.
Any ambient weather influences that might affect the functionality of above ground by-passes, such
as hot temperatures and frost conditions, shall be taken into account and where applicable, provisions
shall be made to protect the by-pass system.
In particular in the case of renovation, immediately prior to lining, the existing pipeline system shall be
re-checked and cleaned, e.g. by jetting, pigging or scraping.
9.3.2 Construction
Construction work shall only be executed by competent personnel, respecting the specifications and
instructions provided by the technique system supplier in the installation manual.
Excavation of access points or trenches shall be carried out such that construction personnel can work
safely and no detrimental effects to adjacent structures take place. See 9.1.
Adequate precautions shall be taken to support any adjacent buried apparatus (pipelines, cables) during
and after the construction process.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Inspection of the construction by an appointed supervisor shall ensure that the requirements adopted
in the design are adhered to and that the work is carried out in the agreed time span.
In case, with renovation, hot water is applied with the selected technique, this shall not be released
until its temperature has dropped below 40 °C.
In drainage and sewerage networks, the joints between installed liners and existing chambers shall be
tight to prevent any groundwater infiltration via the annulus between liner and existing pipeline.
9.4 Acceptance control
9.4.1 General
Appraisal of the quality of construction shall be carried out in line with the project specification (see
8.7). Typically this consists of the two following methods:
— Inspection;
— Leak tightness testing;
— Sampling.
The installed new pipeline system shall meet the test requirements to ensure the integrity of pipes,
joints, and fittings and the fitness for purpose requirements as specified in the product standards.
All tools and equipment used shall be checked and controlled on a regular basis on their functionality
and accuracy, in particular instruments for pressure recording in leak tightness testing. This shall be
documented. Only calibrated measuring instruments shall be used.
The potential for any residues of materials, lubricants or other chemical agents from the installation
process to damage the surrounding environment shall be taken into account.
9.4.2 Inspection
Inspection generally consists of visual inspection, either direct (e.g. in man-entry pipelines) or via CCTV.
In the latter case, a continuous recording shall be made. In case any defects are recorded, these shall
be reported to the network owner, who then shall find a solution with the installer and/or technique
supplier.
NOTE In addition to visual inspection, a sizing instrument is used to check upon proper installation and to
detect possible inaccuracies such as wrinkling or incomplete reversion when applying a renovation technique or
point load effects when applying a trenchless replacement technique.
9.4.3 Leak tightness testing
9.4.3.1 Tightness testing of non-pressure pipelines
Testing gravity pipelines for leak tightness against infiltration and exfiltration shall be done as
prescribed in the project specification, either with air or water. Generally testing shall be done prior to
the reconnection of any lateral connections.
Testing with air pressure is potentially dangerous for personnel and can be destructive for the newly
installed pipeline. This shall be taken into account.
Testing with water shall simulate the situation of a surcharged chamber of max. 5 meter height.
Generally the test pressure results from filling the test section up to the ground level of the downstream

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

or upstream manhole, as appropriate, with a maximum pressure of 50 kPa (= 0,5 bar approximately
equal to 0,5 m head of water)
NOTE Further detailed information on leaktightness testing for drainage and sewerage networks is
provided in EN 1610[55].
9.4.3.2 Pressure testing of pressure pipelines
Testing pressure pipelines on their pressure resistance and leak prevention capability shall be done as
described in the project specification, either with air or water. As with non-pressure pipelines, generally
testing shall be done prior to the reconnection of any service connections.
Testing with air or inert gas as a test medium is applied with gas supply pipelines.
Testing with water is regular practice with all other pressurized pipelines. Typically a test pressure of
up to 1.5 times the pipeline working pressure is applied and in some cases up to 1.5 times the pressure
rating of the new pipe.
Filling the pipeline section in question shall be done with the possibility to vent trapped air at the
high points.
Upon reaching the test pressure, a period of time to allow the pipe to stabilize shall be respected.
With plastics pipes, in particular PE pipes, the test pressure causes the pipe to expand due to the
creep characteristics of the material. This results in a drop of pressure and requires adding water to
maintain the required pressure. This expansion of the pipe when load is applied is normal behaviour
for a plastic material and is not an indication of failure.
Temperature variations and their influence on the strength characteristics of the pipe shall be taken
into account too, especially where significant lengths of the new pipe are unprotected and exposed to
external weather conditions.
Upon the successful completion of a test, the remaining pressure in the pipeline should be released
slowly. Tapping points at low points shall enable the water to be removed afterwards.
NOTE 1 Regarding safety, there are dangers involved when high pressures are being employed and the
following information, largely taken from IGN 4-01-03[51], should be considered:
— High pressures could be dangerous if there is an unexpected pipeline failure;
— Forces on end fittings or thrust blocks during testing are high and insecurely anchored ends could lead to the
end caps blowing off;
— Air in the pipeline is compressed during testing and can lead to a massive and sudden release of stored energy;
— Only competent and trained staff who are aware of the risks should be allowed near to any exposed part of
the pipeline when it is under pressure;
— The test area should be cordoned off and a warning notice erected when the test is in progress;
— When a long length of main is under test, staff involved in the test should be in radio / mobile phone contact
at all times;
— Air in the pipeline should be minimised through swabbing and the correct operation of valves.
NOTE 2 With some pipeline renovation techniques it is possible that conventional plastics pipe testing
methodologies do not apply, because of the interaction upon pressurization between the host pipe and the
installed liner.
NOTE 3 Further detailed information on leaktightness testing for water and gas supply networks in EN 805[42],
EN 12007-1[34], DVGW W 400-2[49] and IGN 4-01-03[51].

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

9.4.4 Sampling
For the purposes of quality control, such as checking liner thickness, samples shall be taken either from
actual installations or from simulated installations.
Where samples shall be taken from actual installations, this shall be done with the least amount of
destruction to the newly installed pipe and any cut sections shall be restored.
9.5 Completion of the work
9.5.1 Finishing off the rehabilitation work
The finishing off shall include operations, such as dismantling of the installation system, restoring any
corrosion protection equipment on the host pipe and preparing the ends of the installed pipeline for
subsequent reconnection. The latter shall be carried out as prescribed in the project specification.
When potable water supply pipe lines are involved, before returning the pipeline into service, flushing
and disinfection shall be carried out in accordance with national requirements.
Finally, on completion of backfilling any excavation work, surfaces shall be reinstated as specified in
the project specification.
9.5.2 Lateral reinstatement
Reconnection of service lines shall be in accordance with the project specification, and either be done
from the outside via a local excavation or from the inside, making use of a robotic tool (in non-entry
pipelines).
External reconnection requires digging an access pit for each lateral and creating a mechanical
connection between the rehabilitated pipeline and the lateral. Generally this shall be done by hand.
Alternatively, minimum excavation techniques with remote connection techniques may be employed.
Internal reconnection requires tracing the location of the lateral, cutting a dedicated hole and connect
the rehabilitated pipeline to the lateral.
9.6 Documentation of the process

The documentation of the rehabilitation process shall at least include:
— type of pipe (incl. marking), diameters and lengths;
— results of the survey of the original pipeline (with a separate damage report);
— the technique applied;
— the dates of execution of the rehabilitation;
— installation records;
— acceptance control report, incl. fusion report (if applicable) and tightness test data.
This documentation shall be made available to the network owner for possible inclusion in his
record system.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

Bibliography
[1] ISO 10467, Plastics piping systems for pressure and non-pressure drainage and sewerage — Glass-
reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) systems based on unsaturated polyester (UP) resin
[2] ISO 10639, Plastics piping systems for pressure and non-pressure water supply — Glass-reinforced
thermosetting plastics (GRP) systems based on unsaturated polyester (UP) resin
[3] ISO 11296-1, Plastics piping systems for renovation of underground non-pressure drainage and
sewerage networks — Part 1: General
sewerage networks — Part 2: Lining with continuous pipes
sewerage networks — Part 3: Lining with close-fit pipes
sewerage networks — Part 4: Lining with cured-in-place pipes
sewerage networks — Part 7: Lining with spirally-wound pipes
[8] ISO 11297-1, Plastics piping systems for renovation of underground drainage and sewerage
networks under pressure — Part 1: General
networks under pressure — Part 2: Lining with continuous pipes
networks under pressure — Part 3: Lining with close-fit pipes
networks under pressure — Part 4: Lining with cured-in-place pipes
[12] ISO 11298-1, Plastics piping systems for renovation of underground water supply networks —
Part 1: General
Part 2: Lining with continuous pipes
Part 3: Lining with close-fit pipes
[15] ISO 11298-42), Plastics piping systems for renovation of underground water supply networks —
Part 4: Lining with cured-in-place pipes
[16] ISO 11299-1, Plastics piping systems for renovation of underground gas supply networks —
Part 1: General
[17] ISO 11299-2, Plastics piping systems for renovation of underground gas supply networks — Part 2:
Lining with continuous pipes
[18] ISO 16611, Plastics piping systems for drainage and sewerage without pressure — Non-circular
pipes and joints made of glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) based on unsaturated
polyester resins (UP) — Dimensions, requirements and tests
2) Under development.

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

[19] ISO 18672-1, Plastics piping systems for non-pressure drainage and sewerage — Polyester resin
concrete (PRC) — Part 1: Pipes and fittings with flexible joints
[20] ISO 21225-1, Plastics piping systems for the trenchless replacement of underground pipeline
networks — Part 1: Replacement on the line by pipe bursting and pipe extraction
[21] ISO 21225-2, Plastics piping systems for the trenchless replacement of underground pipeline
networks — Part 2: Replacement off the line by horizontal directional drilling and impact moling
[22] ISO 24510, Activities relating to drinking water and wastewater services — Guidelines for the
assessment and for the improvement of the service to users
management of wastewater utilities and for the assessment of wastewater services
management of drinking water utilities and for the assessment of drinking water services
[25] ISO 24516-1, Guidelines for the management of assets of water supply and wastewater systems —
Part 1: Drinking water distribution networks
[26] ISO 24516-3, Guidelines for the management of assets of water supply and wastewater systems —
Part 3: Wastewater collection networks
[27] ISO 25780, Plastics piping systems for pressure and non-pressure water supply, irrigation, drainage
or sewerage — Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) systems based on unsaturated
polyester (UP) resin — Pipes with flexible joints intended to be installed using jacking techniques
[28] ISO 55000, Asset management — Overview, principles and terminology
[29] ISO 55001, Asset management — Management systems — Requirements
[30] ISO 55002, Asset management — Management systems — Guidelines for the application of
ISO 55001
[31] ISO/TS 23818-1, Assessment of conformity of plastics piping systems for the rehabilitation of
existing pipelines — Part 1: Polyethylene (PE) material
[32] ISO/TS 23818-23), Assessment of conformity of plastics piping systems for the rehabilitation of
existing pipelines — Part 2: Resin-fibre composite (RFC) material
[33] ISO/TS 23818-34), Assessment of conformity of plastics piping systems for the rehabilitation of
existing pipelines — Part 3: Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) material
[34] EN 12007-1, Gas infrastructure — Pipelines for maximum operating pressure up to and including
16 bar, Part 1: General functional requirements
[35] EN 12007-4, Gas infrastructure — Pipelines for maximum operating pressure up to and including
16 bar, Part 4: Specific functional requirements for renovation
[36] EN 13508-1, Investigation and assessment of drain and sewer systems outside buildings — Part 1
General requirements
[37] EN 13508-2, Investigation and assessment of drain and sewer systems outside buildings — Part 2
Visual inspection coding system
[38] EN 14654-1, Management and control of operational activities in drain and sewer systems outside
buildings — Part 1: Cleaning

ISO/DIS 11295:2021(E)

[39] EN 14654-2, Management and control of operational activities in drain and sewer systems outside
buildings— Part 2: Rehabilitation
[40] EN 15975-2, Security of drinking water supply — Guidelines for risk and crisis management —
Part 2: Risk management
[41] EN 752, Drain and sewer systems outside buildings — Sewer system management
[42] EN 805, Water supply — Requirements for systems and components outside buildings
[43] EN 12889, Trenchless construction and testing of drains and sewers
[44] EN 14636-1, Plastics piping systems for non-pressure drainage and sewerage — Polyester
resin concrete (PRC), Part 1: Pipes and fittings with flexible joints
[45] EN 165065), Systems for renovation of drains and sewers — Lining with a rigidly anchored plastics
inner layer (RAPL)
[46] ASTEE (French Scientific and Technical Association for Water and the Environment) 3R2017,
Recommandations pour le dimensionnement de la réhabilitation par chemisage et tubage des
réseaux d’assainissement (in French)
[47] AWWA (American Water Works Association) M28 Rehabilitation of water mains – Manual of
water supply practices
[48] Byggeri Dansk (Danish Construction Association), Quality control scheme for pipeline
rehabilitation (in Danish, with English summary)
[49] DVGW W 400-2 (German Technical and Scientific Association for Gas and Water), Technische
Regeln Wasserverteilungs- anlagen (TRWV), Teil 2: Bau und Prüfung (in German)
[50] DWA-A 143-2 (German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste), Sanierung von
Entwässerungssystemen außerhalb von Gebäuden - Teil 2: Statische Berechnung zur Sanierung von
Abwasserleitungen und -kanälen mit Lining- und Montageverfahren (in German)
[51] IGN 4-01-03 (UK Water Industry), Guide to pressure testing of pressure pipes and fittings for use by
public water suppliers
[52] UKWIR (UK Water Industry Research Ltd.), Civil Engineering Specification for the Water Industry
[53] WHO (World Health Organisation), WSP (Water Safety Plan) Manual, Step-by-step risk
management for drinking-water suppliers
[54] WRc (Water Research Centre) Sewerage Rehabilitation Manual
[55] EN 1610, Construction and testing of drains and sewers
5) To be replaced by ISO 11296-9, Plastics piping systems for the renovation of underground non-pressure drainage
and sewerage networks — Part 9: Lining with a rigidly anchored plastics inner layer; under development.

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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

ISO/TC 138/SC 8 Secretariat: JISC

Plastics piping systems used for the rehabilitation of

ICS: 23.040.01; 23.040.01

THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

ii ﻿ © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved ﻿ iii

iv ﻿ © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved ﻿ v

vi ﻿ © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Plastics piping systems used for the rehabilitation of

— new construction provided as network extension;

— techniques for local repair.

3 Terms and definitions

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved ﻿ 1

2 ﻿ © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved ﻿ 3

4 ﻿ © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

3.3 Service conditions

CCTV closed circuit television

HDD horizontal directional drilling

GRP glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics

PRC polyester resin concrete

PVC-U unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride)

UP unsaturated polyester resin

VE vinyl ester resin

1) 1 bar =0,1 MPa = 0,1 N/mm2 = 105 N/m2.

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved ﻿ 5

5 Pipeline rehabilitation process

1 Investigation of functional performance of the existing pipeline 

6 Investigation and condition assessment of the existing pipeline

6.1 Performance criteria

6 ﻿ © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

— Minimizing occupational health and safety risks;

6.1.2 Hydraulic requirements

The following hydraulic requirements shall be considered:

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved ﻿ 7

e) in the case of non-pressure drainage and sewerage networks,

6.1.3 Structural requirements

The following shall apply:

6.1.4 Environmental requirement

The following shall apply:

6.1.5 Operational requirements

The following shall apply:

6.2 Investigation of performance

8 ﻿ © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

g) frequency and location of any lateral connections, branches and/or valves;

If available, following additional information shall be acquired additionally:

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6.2.2 Hydraulic investigation

The following aspects of hydraulic condition of the pipeline shall be investigated:

6.2.3 Structural investigation

The following aspects of structural condition of the pipeline shall be investigated:

6.2.4 Environmental investigation

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6.2.5 Operational investigation

The operational performance of the pipeline system shall be assessed from:

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