ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

Chapter 2

2.3 AZn  65.40 amu

2.5 (a) 1.66  1024 g/amu;

(b) 2.73  1026 atoms/lb-mol

2.9 P5+: 1s22s22p6;

I: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p6

2.16 (a) FA  1.10  10 8 N

1/(1  n)
 A
2.18 (b) r0   
 nB 

A B
(c) E0 =  1/(1  n)
+ n/(1  n)
 A  A
 nB   nB 

2.19 (c) r0 = 0.236 nm, E0 = 5.32 eV

2.25 73.4%IC for MgO; 14.8%IC for CdS

2.1FE (A) 1s22s22p63s23p6

 Chapter 3

3.2 VC = 1.213  1028 m3

3.7  Mo  10.22 g/cm 3

3.9 R = 0.138 nm

3.12 (a) VC = 1.06  1028 m3;

(b) a = 0.296 nm, c = 0.468 nm

3.16 Metal B: simple cubic

3.18 (a) n = 4 atoms/unit cell; (b)  = 7.31 g/cm3

3.21 VC = 6.64  102 nm3

3.26 (a) Sodium chloride; (d) cesium chloride

3.28 APF = 0.79

3.29 APF = 0.84

3.30 APF = 0.68

3.32 (a) a = 0.437 nm; (b) a = 0.434 nm

3.34 (a)  = 4.21 g/cm3

3.36 Sodium chloride and zinc blende

3.41 (a)  (calculated) = 4.11 g/cm3; (b)  (measured) = 4.10 g/cm3

 11 11 11 11 1 1
3.46 000, 100, 110, 010, 001, 101, 111, 011, 0, 1, 1 ,0 , 0 , and
22 22 22 22 2 2

1 1
1
2 2

3.55 Direction 1: [2 12]

3.57 Direction A: [110] ; Direction C: [0 1 2 ]

3.58 Direction B: [4 03]; Direction D: [11 1]

3.59 (a) [110]

3.61 (b) [100], [010], and [0 10]

3.63 (a): [1 123]

3.68 Plane A: (11 1) or (1 11)

3.69 Plane B: (122)

3.70 Plane B: (02 1)

3.71 (c) [110] or [1 10]

3.74 (a) (100) and (0 10 )

3.78 (a) (0 110)

1
3.80 (a) LD100 =
2R 2

3.81 (b) LD111(Fe) = 4.03  109 m1

 1
3.82 (a) PD111 =
2R 2 3

3.83 (b) PD110(Mo) = 1.434  1019 m2

3.85 (a) FCC; (b) tetrahedral; (c) one-half

3.87 (a) tetrahedral; (b) one-half

3.92 d111 = 0.1655 nm

3.93 2 = 45.88°

3.96 (a) d211 = 0.1348 nm; (b) R = 0.1429 nm

3.99 d110 = 0.2244 nm, d200 = 0.1580 nm, R = 0.1370 nm

3.101 (a) FCC

3.1FE (A) 0.122 nm

3.3FE (C) 1.75 g/cm3

3.5FE (D) (102) plane

Chapter 4

4.3 DP = 4800

4.5 (a) M n = 49,800 g/mol; (c) DP = 498

4.8 (a) CCl = 29.0 wt%

4.9 L = 2682 nm; r = 22.5 nm

4.16 9333 of both acrylonitrile and butadiene repeat units

4.18 Vinyl chloride

4.21 f(styrene) = 0.32, f(butadiene) = 0.68

4.25 (a) a = 1.300 g/cm3, c = 1.450 g/cm3;

(b) % crystallinity = 57.4%

4.2FE (C) density of crystalline polymer > density of amorphous polymer

Chapter 5

5.3 (a) Nv/N = 4.56  104

5.5 Qv = 1.40 eV/atom

5.13 FeO and CoO

5.14 (a) Li+ vacancy; one Li+ vacancy for every Ca2+ added

5.18 (a) r = 0.414R

5.20 (a) r = 0.051 nm

5.23 = 87.9 at%, = 12.1 at%

5.25 CCu = 1.68 wt%, CPt = 98.32 wt%

5.27 ' = 58.1 at%
= 41.9 at%, CZn

5.30 NPb = 3.30  1028 atoms/m3

5.32 CSi"  19.6 kg/m 3

5.35 a = 0.405 nm

5.38 NMo = 1.73  1022 atoms/cm3

NC
5.40  1.55  10 3
Ns

5.42 N Al  4.99  1015 atoms/m 3

5.45 CGe =11.7 wt%

5.47 a = 0.289 nm

5.55 (a) d  0.07 mm

5.57 (b) NM = 320,000 grains/in.2

5.59 G = 4.8

5.61 (a) ℓ  0.038 mm ; (b) G = 6.14

5.D1 CLi = 2.38 wt%

5.2FE (A) 2.6 at% Pb and 97.4 at% Sn

Chapter 6
6.4 110 family of directions

6.8 M = 4.1  103 kg/h

6.10 D = 2.3  1011 m2/s

6.13 t = 31.3 h

6.17 x = 0.697 m

6.19 t = 135 h

6.21 D = 9.64  1015 m2/s

6.23 T = 901 K (628C)

6.27 (a)Qd = 315, 700 J/mol, D0 = 3.5  104 m2/s;

(b) D = 1.1  1014 m2/s

6.29 Qd = 212,200 J/mol, D0 = 2.65  104 m2/s;

6.32 T = 884 K (611°C)

6.35 (b) 1.08 h

6.37 x = 15.1 mm

6.40 t = 4.61 min

6.43 (a) Q0 = 3.63  1017 atoms/m2

(c) x = 0.343 m

6.D1 Not possible

6.D5 td = 0.94 h

6.2FE (C) 4.7  1013 m2/s

Chapter 7

7.4 l0 = 475 mm (18.7 in.)

7.7 (a) F = 44,850 N (10,000 lbf);

(b) l = 76.25 mm (3.01 in.)

7.9 (a) E(titanium alloy) = 100.5 GPa

7.10 ∆l = 0.43 mm (0.017 in.)

7.13

 dF  2A (n)(n 1)B
 d r  =  +
r  A
3/(1 n) (n 2)/(1 n)
0  A
 nB   nB 

7.15 (a) l = 0.325 mm (0.013 in.);

(b) d = 5.9  103 mm (2.3  104 in.), decrease

7.16 F = 7,800 N (1,785 lbf)

7.17  = 0.367

7.19 E = 100 GPa (14.7  106 psi)

7.23 (a) l = 0.15 mm (6.0  103 in.);

(b) d = –5.25  103 mm (–2.05  104 in.)

7.25 Steel and brass

7.28 (a) Both elastic and plastic;

(b) l = 8.5 mm (0.34 in.)

7.30 (b) E = 200 GPa (29  106 psi);

(c) y = 750 MPa (112,000 psi);

(d) TS = 1250 MPa (180,000 psi);

(e) %EL = 11.2%;

(f) Ur = 1.40  106 J/m3 (210 in.-lbf/in.3)

7.32 (b) Nickel and steel

7.34 (a) y = 1450 MPa

(c) Ductility = 14.0 %EL

7.36 (a) y MPa

(b) TS = 275 MPa

7.38 Figure 7.12: Ur = 3.32  105 J/m3 (48.2 in.-lbf/in.3)

7.39 Ur(aluminum) = 5.48  105 J/m 3 (80.0 in.-lbf /in.3 )

7.40 y = 926 MPa (134,000 psi)

7.45 T = 0.311
7.47 T = 460 MPa (66,400 psi)

7.49 Toughness = 7.33  108 J/m3 (1.07  105 in.-lbf/in.3)

7.51 n = 0.245

7.53 (a)  (elastic)  0.0087,  (plastic) 0.0113;

(b) li = 616.9 mm (24.26 in.)

7.55 R = 9.1 mm (0.36 in.)

7.56 Ff = 17,200 N (3870 lbf)

7.58 (a) E0 = 265 GPa (38.6  106 psi); (b) E = 195 GPa (28.4  106 psi)

7.60 (b) P = 0.144

7.67 Er(10) = 3.66 MPa (522 psi)

7.73 (a) HK = 710

(b) P = 0.880 kg

7.75 (a) 125 HB (85 HRB)

7.78 HRG = 48.4 HRG, s = 1.95 HRG

7.81 Figure 7.12: w = 125 MPa (18,000 psi)

7.D2 t (plain steel) = 6.02 mm

Cost (plain steel) = 33.10 $US

7.D3 (a) x = 3.66 mm; (b)  = 22.0 MPa

7.2FE (A) 0.00116

7.4FE (D) decrease in width of 2.18  106 m

Chapter 8

8.9 Cu: |b| = 0.2556 nm

8.11 cos  cos  = 0.490

8.13 (b) crss = 0.91 MPa (130 psi)

8.14 crss = 5.68 MPa (825 psi)

8.15 For (111)  [1 10] : y = 1.22 MPa

8.17 y = 8.82 MPa

8.25 d = 4.34  10-3 mm

8.26 d = 6.94  10-3 mm

8.29 rd = 8.80 mm

8.31 r0 = 7.2 mm (0.280 in.)

8.33 crss = 6.28 MPa (910 psi)

8.38 (a) t  3000 min

8.40 t = 1110 min

8.41 (b) d = 0.109 mm

8.44 y = 124 MPa (18,000 pai)

8.51 TS = 112.5 MPa

8.59 fraction sites crosslinked = 0.174

8.61 fraction of repeat unit sites crosslinked = 0.352

8.D1 Possible

8.D4 Brass

8.D6 Cold work to 27%CW [to d '  8.9 mm (0.35 in.)], anneal, then cold work
0

to give a final diameter of 7.6 mm (0.30 in.).

8.1FE (A) an increased tensile strength and a decreased ductility

Chapter 9

9.1 m = 2800 MPa (400,000 psi)

9.3 c = 33.6 MPa

9.6 Fracture will occur

9.8 ac = 1.08 mm

9.10 2ac = 4.1 mm (0.16 in.)

9.11 Is subject to detection since a  3.0 mm

9.14 t = 4.1 nm

9.17 (b) –100°C; (c) –110°C

9.20 (a) max = 280 MPa (40,000 psi), min = –140 MPa (–20,000 psi);

(b) R = –0.50; (c) r = 420 MPa (60,000 psi)

9.21 Fmax = 297 N

9.24 Nf  3  106 cycles

9.26 (b) S = 100 MPa; (c) Nf  6  105 cycles

9.27 (a)  = 74 MPa; (c)  = 115 MPa

9.29 (a) t = 30 min; (c) t = 27.8 h

9.36 /t = 3.2  102 min1

9.37 l = 41.5 mm (1.64 in.)

9.39 d0 = 17.2 mm

9.41 tr = 2,000 h

9.44 650°C: n = 10.2

9.45 (a) Qc = 442,800 J/mol

9.46  = 59.4 MPa


9.48 s = 4.31  102 (h)1

9.D4 Least expensive: 1045 steel

9.D6 T = 1210 K (937°C)

9.D8 For 1 year:  = 150 MPa (21,750 psi)

9.2FE (B) Brittle

9.4FE (D) d0 = 13.7 mm

Chapter 10

10.1 (a) ms = 2846 g;

(b) CL = 64 wt% sugar;

(c) ms = 1068 g

10.5 (b) The pressure must be lowered to approximately 0.003 atm

10.8 mNi = 1.32 kg

10.10 (a)  + ; C = 5 wt% Sn-95 wt% Pb, C  98 wt% Sn-2 wt% Pb;

(c)  L; C= 92 wt% Ag-8 wt% Cu, CL = 77 wt% Ag-23 wt% Cu;

(e) ; C = 8.2 wt% Sn-91.8 wt% Pb

(g) L + Mg2Pb; CL = 94 wt% Pb-6 wt% Mg, CMg Pb = 81 wt% Pb-19 wt%
2

Mg

10.11 Is possible; T  800C

10.14 (a) T = 1320°C;

(b) C = 62 wt% Ni-38 wt% Cu;

(c) T = 1270°C;

(d) CL = 37 wt% Ni-63 wt% Cu

10.17 (a) W = 0.89, W = 0.11;

(c) W = 0.53, WL = 0.47;

(e) W = 1.0;

(g) WL = 0.92, WMg Pb = 0.08

2

10.18 (a) T = 280°C (535°F)

10.20 mCu = 3.75 kg

10.22 (a) T  540°C (1000°F);

(b) C = 26 wt% Pb; CL = 54 wt% Pb

10.24 C = 88.3 wt% A-11.7 wt% B; C = 5.0 wt% A-95.0 wt% B

10.26 Is possible at T  800°C

10.29 (a) V = 0.84, V = 0.16

10.36 Not possible because different C0 required for each situation

10.39 C0 = 25.2 wt% Ag-74.8 wt% Cu

10.40 C0 = 77.1 wt% Pb

10.42 Schematic sketches of the microstructures called for are shown below.
 [[Insert art]]

10.49 Ti3Au

10.52 Eutectics: (1) 10 wt% Au, 217°C, L   + ;

(2) 80 wt% Au, 280°C, L   + ;

Congruent melting point: 62.5 wt% Au, 418°C, L  

Peritectics: (1) 30 wt% Au, 252°C, L +  ;

(2) 45 wt% Au, 309°C, L +   ;

(3) 92 wt% Au, 490°C, L +   

No eutectoids are present.

10.56 (a) 8.1% of Mg2+ vacancies

10.57 (a) C = 45.9 wt% Al2O3-54.1 wt% SiO2

10.58 For point A, F = 2

10.62 = 0.69 wt% C

10.65 (a) -ferrite; (b) 5.62 kg of ferrite, 0.38 kg of Fe3C; (c) 2.52 kg of

proeutectoid ferrite, 3.47 kg of pearlite

10.70 = 0.63 wt% C

10.72 = 1.41 wt% C

10.75 Not possible; C0  C0

10.78 WFe C'' = 0.108

3

10.79 Two answers are possible: C0 = 0.84 wt% C and 0.75 wt% C

10.82 HB (alloy) = 141

10.84 (a) T (eutectoid) = 700°C (1290°F); (b) ferrite;

(c) W' = 0.20, Wp = 0.80

10.1FE (D) All of the above

10.4FE (A) α = 17 wt% Sn—83 wt% Pb; L = 55.7 wt% Sn—44.3 wt% Pb

Chapter 11

11.3 r* = 1.10 nm

11.6 t = 500 s

11.8 rate = 8.76  10-3 min-1

11.11 y = 0.65

11.12 (c) t  250 days

11.16 (b) 200 HB (93 HRB)

11.19 (a) 100% bainite; (d) 100% spheroidite; (e) 100% tempered martensite;

(g) 100% fine pearlite

11.21 (a) martensite; (c) bainite; (e) cementite, medium pearlite, bainite, and

martensite; (g) proeutectoid cementite, pearlite, and martensite

11.24 (a) coarse pearlite

11.28 (a) proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite; (c) martensite and bainite

11.37 (d) 180 HB, 67% RA; (g) 350 HB, 36% RA

11.39 (b) TS = 932 MPa (135,000 psi); ductility = 20% RA

11.D1 Yes; coarse pearlite

11.D3 (c) 380C

11.D5 Yes; an alloy having a carbon of at least 0.80 wt% that has been heat

treated to have a spheroidite microstructure.

11.D8 Temper at between 300°C and 400°C (570°F and 750°F) for 1 h

11.D10 Not possible

11.D12 Heat for about 0.4 h at 204°C, or between 10 and 20 h at 149°C

11.2FE (B); C > D > B > A

Chapter 12

12.2 d = 1.29 mm

12.5 (a) R = 6.70  10-3 ;

(b) I = 6.0 A;
 (c) J = 3.06  105 A/m2;

(d) E = 8.0  10-3 V/m [[note that E should be script]]

12.11 (a) n = 1.98  1029 m3;

(b) 3.28 free electrons/atom

12.14 (a) 0 = 1.58  108 -m, a = 6.5  1011 (-m)/C;

(b) A = 1.18  106 -m;

(c)  = 5.24  108 -m

12.16  = 5.56  106 (-m)1

12.18 (a) for Si, ~2  1012 electron/atom; for Ge, ~9  1010 electron/atom

12.25  = 0.028 (-m)1

12.29 (a) n = 1.46  1022 m-3; (b) p-type extrinsic

12.31 e = 0.495 m2/V-s; h = 0.144 m2/V-s

12.33  = 94.4 (-m)1

12.37 = 1040 (-m)1

12.39 = 128 (-m)1

12.42 Bz = 0.735 tesla

12.49 l = 3.36 mm

12.53 pi = 3.84  1030 C-m

12.55 (a) V = 39.7 V; (b) V = 139 V; (e) P = 2.20  107 C/m2

12.58 Fraction of r due to Pi = 0.67

12.D2  = 2.60  107 (-m)1

12.D3 Not possible

12.1FE (C) 9.14  10-3 

12.4FE (D) In the band gap just below the bottom of the conduction band

12.5FE (B) 7.42  1024 m3

Chapter 13

13.4 VGr = 8.1 vol%

13.16 (a) T = 2220°C (4030°F)

13.18 (a) WL = 0.73

13.19 (b) T  2800°C; pure MgO

13.D4 titanium. aluminum, steel, brass

13.2FE (D) Both pearlite and ferrite

Chapter 14
14.9 (a) At least 915°C (1680°F)

14.10 (b) 800°C (1470°F)

14.22 (b) Qvis = 212,700 J/mol

14.36 (a) m(ethylene glycol) = 6.39 kg;

(b) m[poly(ethylene terephthalate)] = 19.79 kg

14.D2 (b) 8660 alloy

14.D5 Maximum diameter = 50 mm (2 in.)

14.D6 Maximum diameter = 95 mm (3.75 in.)

14.D8 Not possible

14.1FE (B) Recrystallization temperature

14.3FE (A) Composition of the steel

14.4FE (D) Alumina (Al2O3) and silica (SiO2)

14.5FE (A) Glass transition temperatures

Chapter 15

15.2 kmax = 31.0 W/m-K; kmin = 28.7 W/m-K

15.6 c = 43.1 MPa

15.9 Not possible

15.10 Ef = 104 GPa (15  106 psi); Em  2.6 GPa (3.77  105 psi)

15.13 (a) Ff/Fm = 44.7;

(b) Ff = 52,232 N (11,737 lbf), Fm = 1168 N (263 lbf);

(c) f = 242 MPa (34,520 psi); m = 4.4 MPa (641 psi);

(d)  = 1.84  10-3

15.15  cl* = 905 MPa (130,700 psi)

15.17  cd
* = 822 MPa (117,800 psi)

15.26 (b) Ecl = 59.7 GPa (8.67  106 psi)

15.D2 Carbon (PAN standard-modulus)

15.D3 Is possible

15.1FE (D) 171 GPa

15.3FE (C) Fracture toughnesses

Chapter 16

16.4 (a) V = 0.011 V;

(b) Sn2+ + Pb  Sn + Pb2+

16.6 [Cu2+] = 0.784 M

16.11 t = 5.27 yr

16.14 CPR = 36.5 mpy

16.17 (a) r = 4.56  1012 mol/cm2-s;

(b) VC = 0.0167 V

16.28 Mg: P-B ratio = 0.81; nonprotective

16.30 (a) Parabolic kinetics; (b) W = 3.78 mg/cm2

16.2FE (C) +0.12 V

16.4FE (A) Increasing degree of crosslinking, increasing molecular weight, and

increasing degree of crystallinity

Chapter 17

17.2 Tf = 65.1C (149.2F)

17.4 (a) cv = 47.8 J/kg-K; (b) cv = 392 J/kg-K

17.7 l = 12.5 mm (0.50 in.)

17.13 Tf = 247.4C

17.14 (b) dQ/dt = 2.88  109 J/h (2.73  106 Btu/h)

17.21 k(upper) = 29.3 W/m-K

17.25 (a)  = 136 MPa (19,600 psi); compression

17.26 Tf = 41.3C (105F)

17.27 d = 0.0375 mm

17.D1 Tf = 41.8C (106.8F)

17.D4 Soda-lime glass: Tf = 111C

17.2FE (B) 7.92  106 (°C) 1

17.3FE (C)
High fracture strength
High thermal conductivity
Low modulus of elasticity
Low coefficient of thermal expansion

Chapter 18

18.1 (a) H = 24,000 A-turns/m;

(b) B0 = 3.0168  102 tesla;

(c) B = 3.0177  102 tesla;

(d) M = 7.51 A/m

18.5 (a)  = 1.26  106 H/m;

(b) m = 2.387  103

18.7 (a) Ms = 1.73  106 A/m

18.13 1.07 Bohr magnetons/Cu2+ ion

18.19 (b) i  2.5  104 H/m, ri = 200;

(c) (max)  3.0  102 H/m

18.21 (b) (i)   3.36  102 H/m, (iii) m  26,729

18.25 Ms = 1.58  106 A/m

18.28 (a) 2.5 K: 5.62  104 A/m; (b) 6.29 K

18.1FE (B) 8.85  103

Chapter 19

19.7 v = 1.28  108 m/s

19.8 Fused silica: 0.53; polystyrene: 0.98

19.9 Fused silica: r = 2.13; polyethylene:  r = 2.28

19.16 IT' / I 0' = 0.884

19.18 l = 29.2 mm

19.27 E = 1.78 eV

19.1FE (B) 3.18 eV