RAM

Ram stands for random access memory . RAM is used to temporarily store data
that is currently being processed or accessed by the CPU (Central Processing Unit)
This includes program code, application data, and system data. It is called the
main memory because it is inbuilt in computer system. RAM is called "random
access" because data can be accessed in any order. It is Volatile in nature which
means once the computer is switched off the data automatically gets lost . Ram
has small storage capacity . but it can be increased by inserting additional chips on
motherboard to a certain limit. Adding up more RAM will help boost the
computer system’s speed and performance.
ROM
ROM stands for Read-Only Memory, which is used to permanently stores data
and instructions that are necessary for performing the basic functions of a
computer for eg. Input , output operations , initiating hardware devices , strting
up a computer. permanently programmed into the memory. ROM is non-volatile
in nature which means that the data stored in it is not lost when the power is
turned off. ROM is called read-only because it can read data but the data stored
in ROM cannot be modified or erased. ROM has slower access speed compared
to RAM. This is because the data stored in ROM is accessed sequentially.
There are different types of ROM, including PROM , EPROM, EEPROM
PROM
PROM stands for Programmable Read-Only Memory. It stores data and
instructions that are programmed by the users themselves using a special device
called EPROM programmer. PROMs are commonly used in devices such as
calculators, remote controls, and electronic toys.
One limitation of PROMs is that they can only be programmed once, which means
that errors in the programming process cannot be corrected
To overcome this limitation, other types of programmable memory, such as EPROMs , EEPROMs were
developed, which allow for the memory to be erased and reprogrammed. For expanding use points from
ROM applies to EPROM , EEPROM
EPROM
EPROM stands for erasable programmable read only memory . It …….programmer but
The data and instructions stored in it can be erased using UV light and
reprogrammed to store New information. This can be done multiple times.
This technology is quite old , it used to take a lot of time 20 – 30 minutes to
erase data and it has largely been replaced by more modern memory
technologies. Like EEROM.
Include more points from above to expand it.

EEROM
EPROM stands for electrically erasable programmable read only memory. Here
data and instructions stored in it can be erased using electric signals and
reprogrammed to store New information. Either a single byte or the entire
memory chip can be erased in one operation making it more flexible and
convenient for editing . It requires much shorter time few milliseconds than
EEROM . That’s why it is also called flash memory. It is used by R&D personnel
during experiments to check the efficiency of computer system or other devices .
It is used in computers , modem routers and medicals devices

Cache Memory
Cache memory is a small, high speed memory that is used to store Copy of
frequently accessed data or instructions by the CPU. It is located between the
main memory (RAM) and the CPU and its main purpose is to reduce the access
time to data or instructions that are frequently used by the CPU. The smaller size
of the cache reduces the time required to locate the data within it.
Working
When the CPU needs to access data or instructions, it first checks the cache
memory to see if the requested data or instructions are already stored there. If
the data or instructions are found in the cache, it is called a cache hit and If the
data or instructions are not found in the cache, it is called a cache miss, and the
CPU needs to retrieve the data or instructions from the main memory, which
takes more time.
The cache memory improves the performance of computer system by reducing
the dependence of CPU on RAM , it can directly access frequency accessed data
from cache memory itself.
Cache memory is typically divided into levels, with each level providing
increasingly larger capacity but slower access times.
 The first level cache (L1 cache) is usually integrated into the CPU itself and
has the smallest capacity but the fastest access time.
 The second level cache (L2 cache) is larger but slower than the L1 cache,
and it is typically located on the same chip as the CPU.
 Higher-level caches (L3, L4, etc.) may be located on separate chips or on the
scanners. Handheld scanners are often used in retail environments and can
be connected to a computer or mobile device via Bluetooth or USB. Fixed-
position scanners are commonly used in manufacturing and logistics
environments and are often integrated into conveyor systems. Smartphone
scanners use the camera on a mobile device to scan barcodes and are
commonly used by consumers to access product information or make
purchases.

Bar Code Reader

A barcode reader is a device that uses optical sensors to read and decode
information stored in a barcode. Barcodes are a series of parallel lines of varying
widths and spacing, which represent data in a machine-readable format.
Barcode readers are commonly used in retail shops , shopping malls to quickly
and accurately identify products. They can also be used in industries such as
healthcare, e commerce , Libraries , manufacturing , transportation, and logistics
There are several types of barcode readers, including handheld scanners, fixed-
position scanners, and smartphone scanners. Handheld scanners are often used in retail environments and
can be connected to a computer via Bluetooth or USB. Fixed-position scanners are commonly used in manufacturing and logistics.
environments and are often integrated into conveyor systems. Smartphone scanners use the camera on a mobile device to scan barcodes and
are commonly used by consumers to access product information or make purchases. What barcode could store.